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psychology

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the study of how each of us thinks, feels, and acts in our everyday life; scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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psychology's four primary goals

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description (provides observations), explanation (helps build the theory), prediction, and control (changing and modifying behavior)

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early pioneers in psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)- attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind; objective introspection; consciousness; "father of psychology" Edward Titchener(1867-1927)- structuralism; physical sensations William James(1842-1910)- functionalism; interested in the importance of consciousness to everyday life rather than the analysis of it; study of consciousness itself was not yet possible; heredity

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structuralism

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focus of study was the structure of mind; every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations interested in all memories and sensations

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functionalism

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how mind allows people to function in the real world- how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings

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Gestalt

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Max Wertheimer- "an organized whole" or "configuration"; studying whole patterns rather than small pieces of them

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud- theory and therapy based on Freud's ideas; early life experiences; development through stages; unconscious repression

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psychotherapy

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process in which a trained psychological professional helps a person gain insights into and change his/her behavior

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behaviorism

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John B Watson- observable behavior- something that can be directly seen and measured; conditioning; believed behavior is learned; early work examined phobias

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seven modern perspectives

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psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, humanistic perspective, cognitive perspective, sociocultural perspective, biopsychological perspective, evolutionary perspective

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Skinner

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behaviorist, developed theory of how voluntary behavior is learned- operant conditioning (1938)

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Maslow & Rogers

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(1908-1970), (1902-1987); one of the founders of the humanistic perspective; self- actualization, free will; self understanding & improvement

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psychologist

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has doctorate degree; (Ph.d., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) and works with either humans or animals in a variety of settings based on the area of specialization must be licensed to practice independently; typically doesn't prescribe medications but can go through specialized training to do so in a few states

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psychiatrist

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medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication

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other types of professionals who work in various areas of psychology

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psychiatric social worker

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why is psychology considered a science

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requires scientific knowledge; trying to determine facts and reduce uncertainty and bias

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scientific method

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1) Perceiving the Question 2) Forming a Hypothesis 3) Testing the Hypothesis 4) Drawing Conclusions 5) Reporting your results

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Describe some methods used to describe behavior; include main advantages and drawbacks

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naturalistic observation a) allows researchers to get realistic picture of how behavior occurs d) observer bias; ea naturalistic setting is unique and different laboratory observation a) control d) artificial behavior case studies surveys

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correlational technique

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statistical technique that allows researchers to discover and predict relationships between variables of interest

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designing an experiment

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tightly controlled manipulated of variables that allow researchers to determine cause-an-effect relationships

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two common sources of problems in an experiment; ways to control for these effects

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single-blind, subjects do not know if they are in the experimental/ control groups double-blind, neither the experiments nor the subjects know this information

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ethical concerns that can occur when conducting research with people and animals

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protection of rights and well-being of participants, informed consent, justification when deception is used, right to withdraw at anytime, protection from physical or psychological harm, confidentiality, debriefing

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basic principles of critical thinking; explain how it's useful

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few concepts not need to be tested, evidence vary in quality, claims by authority/ experts aren't automatically true, keep an open mind

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In the definition of psychology, mental processes means

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a) internal, covert processes b) unconscious processes c) outward or overt actions and reactions d) only human behavior

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Dr. Baker designs an experiment for studying lab rats' reaction to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr. Baker is most interested in the goal of

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a) description b) explanation c) prediction d) control

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Results of the study by Cheryan et al. (2009) suggest that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. This illustrates the goal of

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a) description b) explanation c) prediction d) control

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James is conducting research that he hopes will give psychotherapists more information about how to prevent their clients from attempting suicide. In the long run he hopes that a significant reduction in suicidal behavior among those with mental illness will be the result. The primary goal of James's research is

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a) description b) explanation c) prediction d) control

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Which of the following early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement "The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life?"

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a) Wilhelm Wundt b) William James c) John Watson d) Sigmund Freud

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Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?

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a) Mary Whiton Calkins b) Mary Cover Jones c) Margaret Washburn d) Ruth Howard

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The early perspective of ________ was developed by a neurologist, and emphasized the importance of both the unconscious and early childhood experiences.

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a) psychoanalysis b) Gestalt psychology c) functionalism d) structuralism

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Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?

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a) behaviorism b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis d) Gestalt

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Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics?

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a) humanistic b) behavioral c) psychodynamic d) evolutionary

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Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?

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a) psychodynamic b) behavioral c) biopsychological d) humanistic

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Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?

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a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) behavioral d) evolutionary

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Which of the following professionals in psychology has no medical training but has a doctoral degree?

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a) psychiatrist b) psychiatrist nurse c) psychiatrist social worker d) psychologist d

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If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work?

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a) university/ college b) self-employed c) federal government d) state or local government a

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In the scientific method, the final step is

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a) reporting your results b) perceiving a question c) drawing conclusions d) testing the hypothesis

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Which of the following is an example of observer bias?

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a) You ask your fellow students to be participants a study of adult memory b) you ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values c) You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment d) You allow a student to quit an experiment simply because he/she is bored

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The main advantage of a survey is that

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a) only a small number of subjects need to be accessed b) a large amount of data can be gathered c) the chance of experimenter error is removed d) subjects will not know if they are part of a control or experimental group

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Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?

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a) +1.04 b) -0.89 c) +0.01 d) -0.98

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In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep eight hours while another group is made to stay awake. In an experiment, the control group is

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a) the group that gets to sleep b) the group that remains awake c) the puzzle d) the difference in time for each group to complete the puzzle

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In a ___________ study, the participants don not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group

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a) placebo b) single- blind c) double- blind d) triple- blind

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What is the first guideline for doing research with people?

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a) Participants hae to give informed consent b) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings c) The rights and well-being of the participants must come first d) Data must remain confidential

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behavior means

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a) internal, covert processes b) outward behavior c) overt actions and reactions d) only animal behavior

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A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of

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a) description b) explanation c) prediction d) control

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Who is considered to be the father of african american psychology?

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a) Charles Henry Thompson b) Robert V Guthrie c) Francis Cecil Sumner d) Howard Hale Long

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Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis focused on

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a) observable behavior b) Gestalt perceptions c) Introspection d) Early childhood experiences

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Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue in return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?

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a) Evan Pavlov b) John Watson c) Sigmund Freud d) William James

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Which perspective is often referred to as the third force in psychology and focuses on a person's freedom of choice in determining their behavior?

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a) Biopsychological perspective b) Behaviorism c) Cognitive Psychology d) Humanism

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Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?

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a) psychoanalysis b) behaviorism c) cognitive psychology d) sociocultural

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