Chapter 8 – Massage Techniques, Joint Mobilizations, and Stretches – Flashcards
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*Swedish Massage*
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the combined use of joint mobilizations and stretches to help clients restore and maintain health and pain-free movement; the most popular massage method practiced in the US
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Swedish Gymnastics
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another name for Swedish massage
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Massage therapy
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manual manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for the purposes of establishing and maintaining good health and promoting wellness
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Client's therapeutic goals
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established through an intake process followed by treatment planning
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body mechanics
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used by therapists to deliver massage therapy with efficiency and reduce the risk of self-inflicted injuries
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massage therapy uses
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alleviate stress, reduce functional limitations, decrease painful conditions, and enhance health and well-being
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Why do massage therapists engage in continuing education and research?
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to enhance the efficacy of their practice
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Pehr Henrik Ling
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one of the most prominent practitioners of massage therapy - the Swedish system - in the early nineteenth century and is considered the father of Swedish massage
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Johann Mezger
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Dutch physician who is given credit for introducing and popularizing the use of French terminology into the massage profession
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Massage therapy is also know as
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Swedish massage, therapeutic massage, classic massage, and manual therapy
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Basic massage techniques possess several qualities, such as:
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pressure, speed, rhythm
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Intention
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defines the purpose of the massage session and is stated by the client on the initial intake
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Touch
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holding or resting the weight of the hands on the client's skin
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Other names for touching include:
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holding, passive touch, still touch, or resting stroke
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Pressure
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the application of manual forces to the body's surface
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Types of depth of pressure include:
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light and deep
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Light pressure
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amount of pressure used to apply massage lubricant to the skin and is applied palm down and mostly flat
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Deep pressure
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requires the therapist to lean and transfer his or her body weight into the tissues using a variety of techniques
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7 on a 10-point numeric pain scale
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the maximum number on the pain scale of applied pressure
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Direction of pressure applied to upper or lower extremities
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effleurage is applied centripetally - towards the center or the heart; however, deep friction is usually applied at right angles to target muscle, tendon, or ligament fibers
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Why is the direction of pressure applied to the extremities centripetally?
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it is thought to promote local venous flow
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Excursion
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the distance a massage technique travels over the body
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Rhythm
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the regularity or patterning of massage techniques as they are applied to the client's body
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Rhythmic rhythm
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massage movements applied at regular intervals
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Arrhythmic rhythm
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massage movements applied irregularly or juxtaposed
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Speed
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the rate at which massage techniques are applied to the body and how rapidly or slowly the therapist's hands are moving
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Continuity
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the uninterrupted flow of techniques and unbroken transitions from one technique to the next - the glue that holds the massage qualities and techniques together
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Duration
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the length of time that passes during an activity - 1) on a given area and 2) the entire massage session
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Sequence
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a particular order in which events follow each other
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Categories of massage techniques
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Effleurage, petrissage, friction, compression, tapotement, vibration
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Effleurage
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the application of gliding movements that follow the contours of the body; also called gliding; deeper pressure in one direction and reduced in another direction; the most versatile massage technique
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Variations of Effleurage (gliding)
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One-handed, Two-handed, Alternate hand, Nerve stroke
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Variations of Petrissage (kneading)
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One-handed, Two-handed, Alternate hand, Skin rolling
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Variations of Friction
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Superficial warming, Rolling, Wringing, Cross-fiber, Chucking, Circular
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Variations of Compression
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One-handed, Two-handed, Alternate hand
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Variations of Tapotement (percussion)
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Tapping, Pincement, Hacking, Cupping, Pounding, Clapping, Diffused
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Variations of Vibration (shaking)
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Fine, Jostling, Rocking
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Petrissage
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rhythmic lifting, compressing and releasing soft tissues of the body such as skin and muscle; also called kneading
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Friction
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the technique in which one body surface is pressed over another while maintaining pressure and movement in all directions; the same pressure is applied in all directions
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Compression
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a non-gliding massage technique
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Two types of the compression massage technique
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Sustained and rhythmic
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Sustained compression
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maintains pressure for a period of time
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Rhythmic compression
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applied by quickly compressing and releasing pressure repeatedly
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Tapotement
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a repetitive striking massage technique that uses different parts of the therapist's hands; also called percussion
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Vibration
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a shaking, trembling, or rocking massage technique
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Cautionary Sites
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areas where deep vigorous techniques and prolonged deep pressure should be cautiously applied or avoided altogether because the area contains superficial blood vessels and/or nerves
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Why do you avoid cautionary sites?
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Inappropriate application can dislodge plaque, blood clots, or damage compromised blood vessels
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Endangerment sites are also called:
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cautionary sites
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Joint mobilizations
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involves moving a joint through its normal range of motion; move joint 3 times in all directions
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Range of motion
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the range, usually expressed in degrees of a circle, through which bones of a joint can move or be moved
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James Henry Cyriax
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the father of orthopedic medicine who developed a four-step system for diagnosing soft tissue dysfunction
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Stretching
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a technique that lengthens and elongates soft tissues
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Passive range of motion - PROM
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the client relaxes and is passive while the therapist performs the movements of joint mobilization stretching
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Active range of motion - AROM
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the client performs the joint mobilization or stretch once it is described or demonstrated by the therapist
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Active assisted movements
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the client actively performs the joint mobilization or stretch while the therapist assists and physically guides the movement
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Active resisted movements
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the client actively performs the joint mobilization or stretch while the therapist applies resistance to the client's movement
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End feel
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the barrier felt by the therapist at the end of available passive range of motion or PROM
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Hard-end feel
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type of end feel that occurs when the barrier is hard tissue such as bone
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Soft-end feel
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type of end feel that occurs when the barrier is compression of soft tissue, such as muscle, fascia, or skin
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Firm-end feel
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type of end feel that occurs when the barrier to movement, such as tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules, offer resistance as they lengthen
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Empty-end feel
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type of end feel that occurs when normal motion is interrupted by client's pain before the therapist encounters structural resistance to passive movements
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Nerve Stroke or Feathering
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a variation of effleurage that uses light pressure applied with the weight of the fingers or hands as they glide down the body
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Cross-fiber friction
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AKA deep transverse friction and according to Dr. James Cyriax of London, the most rehabilitative massage technique
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Lean-and-drag technique
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how deep effleurage is applied
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ironing effleurage
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a deep one-handed (fist, heel of hand, ulnar side of forearm) technique of effleurage
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heart-shaped effleurage
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both hands gliding simultaneously on the skin covering the back, neck and shoulders in one continuous technique
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Praying hands
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variation of two-handed petrissage that is applied with the heels of both hands while fingers are interlaced
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Ocean waves
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variation of two-handed petrissage when both hands move simultaneously in opposite directions while compressing and lifting tissues
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Fulling
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variation of two-handed petrissage, also called broadening, when both hands grasp, lift, and compress the tissue while moving it laterally
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Skin rolling
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variation of two-handed petrissage that is used to address adhesions in superficial fascia and is applied in several directions (e.g., transverse, diagonal)
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Alternate hand petrissage
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variation of petrissage when both hands perform the lift, compress, and release sequence alternately, rather than simultaneously
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Two types of friction
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superficial and deep
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Superficial friction
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heat is created by the therapist's skin gliding over the client's skin
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Deep friction
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heat is created by the client's own skin gliding over underlying tissues
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Variations of deep friction
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cross-fiber, chucking, and circular
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Variations of superficial friction
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superficial warming, rolling, and wringing
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Muscle guarding
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a condition that occurs when a client has difficulty relaxing and contracts muscles
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Static stretching
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slow held stretching
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Ballistic stretching
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extreme bouncing movements that may activate muscle spindles and cause reflexive contraction, which prevents full range of motion
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Spinal twist
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umbrella term of four movements of the spine that are both lengthening and rotational
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pincement tapotement
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combines the lifting characteristics of petrissage with the striking characteristic of tapotement
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How is light pressure applied?
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palm down, mostly flat - hand movements are slow with little displacement on the client's skin
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How is deep pressure applied?
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with hands, elbows, forearms, knees, feet, handheld tools or electrical devices - a broader base of contact is required on the body's surface
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Where is light pressure applied?
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over delicate, thin tissues or bony prominences
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Where is deep pressure applied?
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over thick, dense tissues
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Where is smooth excursion initiated?
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from your feet - proper foot stance
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General rules of speed
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slower, rhythmic = relaxing, calming rapid = stimulatory, energizing, generate heat sudden movements = alarm client, cause anxiety fast, vigorous = fatiguing too fast or slow = difficult to palpate, assess, reassess
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Explain sequence patterns
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multiples of 3 until desired effect is achieved; 1 assessment, 2 treatment, 3 reassessment; 1, 3 usually effleurage
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Uses of effleurage
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assess tissue, prepare for treatment, reassess, and transitioning techniques, conclude a sequence or to complete a session
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Uses of petrissage
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often follows effleurage to treat tissues more deeply
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Uses of friction
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address specific areas
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Effects of massage techniques in general
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increased circulation of blood and lymph, increased ROM and relaxation, decreased heart rate, blood pressure, depression, pain, trigger point activity, muscle soreness, and improved sleep
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sun-moon effleurage
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alternate hand effleurage applied in a circular direction with one hand moving in a circle while the other hand moves in a half circle or crescent shape
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Examples of one-handed effleurage
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ironing, circular
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Examples of two-handed effleurage
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heart, circular
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Examples of alternate hand effleurage
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raking, circular, sun-moon
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Examples of two-handed petrissage
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praying hands, ocean waves, fulling [broadening]
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Examples of tapotement
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tapping = raindrops pincement = plucking hacking = quacking pounding = loose fist beating, rapping clapping = slapping, splatting cupping, diffused
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Examples of vibration
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fine jostling = course vibration, fluffing rocking
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Examples of friction
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superficial warming = heat rub, sawing, towel friction cross-fiber = deep transverse friction chucking = parallel friction rolling, wringing, and circular
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Which massage technique is used to loosen phlegm in the lungs?
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tapotement
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Raindrops tapotement is generally used on what part of the body?
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face or scalp
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What tapotement technique loosens mucus and phlegm and may induce coughing?
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cupping tapotement
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vasovagal response
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sudden drop in blood pressure and heart rate that temporarily reduces blood flow to the brain
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syncope
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temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure; also called fainting or passing out
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trigger of vasovagal response
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massage of anterior neck muscles
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aneurysm
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an artery that is dilated from a weakness in the vessel wall
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two areas containing cautionary sites
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anterior neck and abdomen
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muscle spindles
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stretch-sensitive receptors that monitor changes in muscle length, as well as rate of this change; when muscles are stretched rapidly or overstretched, muscle spindles are activated and cause reflexive contraction
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muscle spindles
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receptor located within muscle belly and are activated when muscle is stretched rapidly; respond by contracting muscle reflexively; called stretch reflex or myotatic reflex
