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Libido

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Referred to sexual energy, though Freud later broadened it to include the energy of all life instincts.

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Life instincts

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These instincts serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity. Freud sees the goal of much of life as gaining pleasures and avoiding pain.

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Death instincts

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These instincts account for the aggressive drive. According to Freud, at times people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or hurt themselves or others, and that managing this aggressive drive is a major challenge to the human race.

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Id

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Roughly all the untamed drives or impulses that might be likened to the biological component. The id is ruled by the pleasure principle, which is aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

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Ego

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Attempts to organize and mediate between the id and the reality of dangers posed by the id's impulses.

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Superego

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The internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures.

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Consciousness

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For Freud, this is a thin slice of the total mind. Like the greater part of the iceberg that lies below the surface of the water, the larger part of the mind exists below the surface of awareness.

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Unconscious

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Stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. Needs and motivations that are inaccessible - that is, out of awareness - are also outside the sphere of conscious control. Most psychological functioning exists in the out-of-awareness realm.

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Anxiety

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A feeling of dread that results from the repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness. It can be considered a state of tension that motivates us to do something. It develops out of a conflict among the id, ego, and superego over control of the available psychic energy. The function is to warn of impending danger. Three types: reality, neurotic, and moral.

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Reality anxiety

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The fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of the real threat.

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Neurotic anxiety

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The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

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Moral anxiety

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The fear of one's own conscience. People with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.

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Ego-defense mechanisms

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Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. Defense mechanisms have two characteristics in common: (1) they either deny or distort reality, and (2) they operate on an unconscious level.

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Repression

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Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness.

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Denial

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"Closing one's eyes" to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality.

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Reaction formation

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Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse.

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Projection

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Attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses.

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Displacement

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Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.

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Rationalization

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Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego.

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Sublimation

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Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels.

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Regression

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Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.

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Introjection

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Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others.

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Identification

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Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.

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Compensation

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Masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.

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Psychosexual stages

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Refers to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. They include the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages.

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Psychosocial stages

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Refers to Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age. He describes development in terms of the entire lifespan, divided by specific crises to be resolved.

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Crises

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According to Erikson, this refers to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress.

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Classical psychoanalysis

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Grounded on id psychology, and it holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

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Contemporary psychoanalysis

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Tends to be based on ego psychology, which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span.

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"Blank-screen" approach

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When a therapist assumes an anonymous stance and engages in very little self-disclosure and maintains a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship.

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Transference relationship

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A relationship between therapist and client wherein the client makes projections onto the therapist.

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Transference

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The client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client's past.

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Free association

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Clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without self-censorship. The therapist remains non-judgmental. This process encourages the client to loosen defense mechanisms and "regress," experiencing a less rigid level of adjustment that allows for positive therapeutic growth but also involves some vulnerability.

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Working-through

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This process is necessary for therapeutic change to be possible. This process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defense, most of which originated in early childhood.

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Psychodynamic therapy

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Emerged as a way of shortening and simplifying the lengthy process of classical psychoanalysis. It involves fewer sessions per week, the sessions are usually face to face, and the therapist is supportive; hence, there is less therapeutic "regression." Unlike the classical analyst, the therapist does not strive for nonparticipating, detached, and objective stance, but is attuned to the nature of the therapeutic relationship, which is viewed as a key factor in bringing about change.

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Countertransference

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A phenomenon that occurs when there is inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.

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Maintaining the analytic framework

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Essentially maintaining consistency for a client - and is in reference to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as maintaining anonymity, neutrality and objectivity, keeping sessions regular, clarity on fees, ending sessions on time, and maintaining basic boundaries.

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Interpretation

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Consists of the analyst's pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free associations, resistances, and the therapeutic relationship itself. This should be appropriately timed to be effective.

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Dream analysis

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An important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep, defenses are lowered and repressed feelings surface. Dreams have two levels of content: manifest and latent.

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Latent content

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Consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears. Because they are so painful and threatening, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content.

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Manifest content

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The dream as it appears to the dreamer.

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Dream work

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The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.

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Group counseling

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In this process, early life situations may be re-created for clients. In most groups, individuals elicit a range of emotions and take on various roles. A basic tenet of psychodynamic therapy in this setting is the notion that group participants, through their interactions within the group, re-create their social situation, implying that the group becomes a microcosm of their everyday lives.

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Analytic psychology

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A theory created by Jung that is an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion. There is a large focus on middle age, and Jung believes that our present personality is shaped both by who and what we have been and also by what we aspire to be in the future.

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Individuation

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The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality - which is an innate and primary goal, according to Jung. He believed we have constructive and destructive forces, and to be integrated, it is important to accept both sides.

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Collective unconscious

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Jung's idea of the "deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species." He saw a connection between each person's personality and past, not only childhood events but also the history and species.

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Archetypes

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The images of universal expectations contained in the collective unconscious. Consists of the persona, anima and animus, and the shadow.

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Persona

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A mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves.

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Animus and anima

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Represent both the biological and physiological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

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Shadow

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Has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful of the archetypes. It represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.

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Ego psychology

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Part of classical psychoanalysis with the emphasis placed on the vocabulary of id, ego, and superego, and on Anna Freud's identification of defense mechanisms. She spent most of her professional life adapting psychoanalysis to children and adolescents. Erikson expanded this perspective by emphasizing psychosocial development throughout the life span.

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Object-relations theory

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Emphasizes how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others and set up representations of others within ourselves.

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Object

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A term used by Freud to refer to that which satisfies a need, or the significant person or thing that is the object, or target, of one's feelings or drives. It is used interchangeably with the term other.

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Narcissistic personality disorder

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A disorder characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serves the function of masking a frail self-concept. People with this disorder seek attention and admiration from others, exaggerate accomplishments, and have a tendency toward extreme self-absorption. This is the result of children who do not get the opportunity to differentiate/idealize others in early childhood.

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Borderline personality disorder

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A disorder characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. People with this disorder experience extended periods of disillusionment, punctuated by occasional euphoria. They have a lack of clear identity, a lack of deep understanding of other people, poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. This is the result of children who have been rejected by parents during individuation.

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Self-psychology

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Emphasized how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self. Developed out of the work of Heinz Kohut (1971).

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Relational method

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Based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist.

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Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

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An adaptation that applies the principles of psychodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders with a preestablished time limit, generally, 10 to 25 sessions. BPT uses key psychodynamic concepts and most forms of this time-limited approach call upon the therapist to assume an active and directive role in quickly formulating a therapeutic focus, such as a central theme or problem area that guides the work.

Corey Chapter 4: Psychoanalytic Therapy – Flashcards

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