Cancer markers – Flashcards
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What is cancer
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Is any autonomous of unregulated growth of tissue.
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Proliferation of tissue is stimulated by
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Oncogenes
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Restriction (stops) of tissues is stimulated by
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Tumor-supressor genes
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How many genes need to be expressed to have cancer
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There must be at least two genes
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Which are the Highest occurrence of cancers in the US
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Prostate, breast, lung, colon, bladder, uterine cancers
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What is carcinogen
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A cancer producing agent
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What can be considered a carcinogen
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Physical, chemical , biological changes
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What was the first tumor marker discovered
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Bence Jones protein
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How was the bench Jone protein found
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In the precipitate of acidified urine
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What were some other early discoveries
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Alpha fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen (CA)
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What is the BRCA1 and BRCA2 markers for
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Breast cancer
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What is a tumor marker?
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Substance found in body fluid or tissue that is produced by a tumor
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What does benign mean?
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not malignant or cancers
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What does 50% of decrease in marker concentration mean?
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Remission
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What does a progression of > 25% in concentration mean?
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Treatment is not working correctly
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What are the earliest signs of Tumor markers?
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Enzymes
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What can enzymes detect when it comes to cancer
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Most are specific or sensitive enough to DX a certain cancer or organ involvement.
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When enzymes are found in a higher quantities intracellularly
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Increases in plasma indicates necrosis due to tumor
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Alkaline phosphatase increased means
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Liver or bone cancers. It can be one of the first oncofetal markers in ovarian, lung, gastrointestinal, trophoblastic cancers
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Lactate Dehydrogenase can be found in
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tumor mass not considered a specific marker. It can be all over the body. The enzyme is in many tissues.
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Neuron-Specific enolase can be found on? and increased levels can determine
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Nerve cells and neuroendocrine tissues cells. Increased levels can be tumors of neuroendocrine origin like small cells.
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What might be considered small cells
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Lung carcinoma, pheychromocytoma, thyroid cancer, coal minors.
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Prostate specific antigens
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Combined with rectal examination/ultrasoundgraphy to differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
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Urokinase-plasminogen activators
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Can be used as a breast cancer marker to determine prognosis of remission and survival
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Cathepsin D
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Can also determine prognosis in breast cancer, squamous cells carcinoma of head/neck, liver and gastric cancers
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What hormones can assist in detecting cancers
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ACTH - Adrenal Cortical Thyroid hormone Calcitonin, and Human chorionic gonadotropin
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How can ACTH assist in finding what cancer
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Very high levels can indicate ectopic production (>200 ng/L). Small cell carcinoma of the lung
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How can Calcitonin assist in finding what cancer
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Carcinoma of the thyroid
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How can Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) detect cancer?
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Trophoblastic tumors of the placenta as well as the testes. Can also correlate the tumor size, remission, recurrence status, and treatment efficiency .
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Oncofetal Antigens
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Are proteins produced during fetal development and also proliferation of cancer cells.
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Oncofetal antigen: Alpha fetoprotein
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Hepatocellular and germ cell carcinoma with levels over 1000 micrograms/L
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
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Colorectal , gastrointestinal , lung, and breast cancers
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What is NOT a good screening tool for cancer; and why?
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Carcinoembryonic antigen testing, because it can be detected in non-cancerous disorders.
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What are cytokeratins
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They are epithelial cell proteins. Tissue polypeptide antigen
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Tissue polypeptide specific antigen
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levels correlate with stages of lung tumors and can tell the outcome.
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Tissue polypeptide antigen
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Non-specific markers of proliferation that is increased in pregnancy, inflammatory disease and cancers
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What are the Cytokeratin 19 fragments
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CYFRA 21-1
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CYFRA 21-1 are elevated in all types of______ cancer
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Lung
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Squamous cell carcinoma antigen
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Can be found elevated in SCC of the cervix, lung, skin, GI, urogenital tract.
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Carbohydrate markers
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CA 15-3, CA 27-29, CA 549, CA 125,
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CA 15-3 is a marker of what cancers
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Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, tuberculosis
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CA 27. 29 and CA 549 are markers for
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Recurrent breast cancer
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CA 125 is a marker for
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Epithelial ovarian tumors. Can be elevated in tumors , normal women during follicular phase of menstration, and early pregnancy
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Human epididymis protein 4 and CA 125 are markers for
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Ovarian cancer
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CA 19-9 is a marker for
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Pancreatic Cancer, esophageal, gastric cancer. Synthesized by normal pancreatic and biliary ducts cells, gastric, colon, endometrial, and salivary epithelia
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Chromogranin A and B
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Protein present in most neuroendocrine cells
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Pheochromocytoma
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Tumor that cause Fight or Flight response
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Bladder cancer markers
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nuclear matrix protein 22, complement factor H, and Fibronectin
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Where can the bladder cancer be detected
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Urine
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Mesothelioma
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RARE cancer of pleural and peritoneal epithelia. Mesothelin-related peptide
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Estrogen and progesterone receptors
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Present, indicates positive outcome of hormonal therapy to prevent recurrence in breast cancer patient.
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Epidermal growth factor receptor
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In tumors, these promote growth of cancerous cells. When elevated levels indicate poor prognosis for various cancer
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Genetic markers
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Cancerous growth having an inheritable component w/ genetic alterations causing transformation to a cancerous state.
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What are the Oncogenes
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Ras Genes, C-Myc Gene, Bcl-2, and BCR-ABL
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Ras Genes code for?
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Proteins in the inner face of the plasma membrane. functions induces proliferation, K-ras mutation is most frequent in lung and endometrial cancer
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C-myc Gene is required for
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DNA replication, activation in Associated with B and T cells lymphoma.
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Bcl-2 is expressed
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On host cells with long life span such as neurons. inhibits apoptosis to enhance survival of cells, increased in lymphoma and leukemia
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BCR-ABL create
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Fusion gene create the Philadelphia chromosome, which lead to inhibition of Apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. CML
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Tumor Supressor Genes
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Retinoblastoma gene, p53 gene, APC gene, BRCA1 and BRCA2, and Cell free nucleic Acids
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Cell Free Nucleic Acid
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DNA and RNA free in circulation - increased levels in cancer, stroke, trauma, myocardial infarction
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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Inherited autosomal dominant breast and ovarian cancer. 85% chance of developing breast cancer and 45% for developing ovarian cancer.
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APC gene
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Adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Loss of function begins progression of colon cancer. 70% of colorectal cancer patients show mutation in the gene.
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p53 gene
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Normally controls cell division. Defective 75-80% of colon cancer
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Retinoblastoma gene
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RARE tumor of children inherited and sporadic cases exist. Human papilloma or other and is deregulated, allowing DNA synthesis and proliferation of retinoblastoma tumor cells 90% cure rate.
