Chapter 11- Personal Health – CVD, Cancer and Diabetes – Flashcards
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cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels
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cardiovascular system
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the system that circulates blood throughout the body; consists of the heart and blood vessels
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pulmonary circulation
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the part of the circulatory system governed by the right side of the heart; the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
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systemic circulation
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the part of the circulatory system governed by the left side of the heart; the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body
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vena cava
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either of two large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart; plural, venae cavae
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atrium
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either of the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles; plural, atria
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ventricle
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either of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body
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aorta
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the large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body
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systole
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the contraction phase of the heart - 120 is normal
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diastole
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the relaxation phase of the heart - 80 is normal
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vein
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a vessel that carries blood to the heart
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artery
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a vessel that carries blood away from the heart
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capillary
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a very small blood vessel that serves to exchange oxygen and nutrients between the blood and tissues
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coronary artery
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one of the system of arteries branching from the aorta that provides blood to the heart muscle
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platelets
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cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots
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hypertension
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sustained abnormally high blood pressure 140/90
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atherosclerosis
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a form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits; arteries become narrow, and blood supply is reduced
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lipoproteins
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protein-and-lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and cholesterol; classified according to size, denesity, and chemical composition
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low-denesity lipoprotein (LDL)
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a lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; "bad" cholesterol
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high-denesity lipoprotein (HDL)
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a lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart diseases; "good" cholesterol
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hypertrophy
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abnormal enlargement of an organ secondary to an increase in cell size
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triglyceride
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a type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease
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plaque
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a deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of an artery
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease
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heart attack
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damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (MI)
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angina pectoris
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pain in the chest, and often in the left arm and shoulder, caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough blood
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arrhythmia
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a change in the normal pattern of the heartbeat
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sudden cardiac death
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a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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a technique involving mouth-to-mouth breathing and/or chest compression to keep oxygen flowing to the brain
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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a test to detect abnormalities by evaluating the electrical activity in the heart
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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a computerized imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio frequency signals to examine a thin cross section of the body
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angiogram
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a picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to X rays; also called arteriogram
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balloon angioplasty
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a technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at the point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply; also known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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coronary bypass surgery
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surgery in which a vein is grafted from a point above to a point below an obstruction in a coronary artery, improving the blood supply to the heart
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stroke
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an impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called a cerebrovascular accident
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ischemic stroke
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impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot
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thrombus
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a blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of its formation
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embolus
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a blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel that travels through the bloodstream
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hemorrhagic stroke
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impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
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aneurysm
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a sac formed by a distention or dilation of the artery wall
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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a small stroke; usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech
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computed tomography (CT)
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the use of computerized X ray images to create a cross-sectional depiction (scan) of tissue density
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pulmonary edema
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the accumulation of fluid in the lungs
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congestive heart failure
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a condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
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congenital heart defect
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a defect or malformation of the heart or its major blood vessels, present at birth
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
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an inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially between the two ventricles
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murmur
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an abnormal heart sound indicating turbulent blood flow through a valve or hole in the heart
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rheumatic fever
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a disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints; often damages the heart valves and muscle, a condition called rheumatic heart disease
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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a condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, possibly allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
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cancer
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the abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells
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tumor
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a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose; also called a neoplasm
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benign tumor
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a tumor that is not cancerous
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malignant tumor
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a tumor that is capable of spreading and, thus, is cancerous
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lymphatic system
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a system of vessels that returns proteins, lipids, and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system
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biopsy
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the removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample, but some biopsies require surgery
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
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remission
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a period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease
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carcinoma
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cancer that orginates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs)
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epithelia
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tissue that covers a surface or lines a tube or cavity of the body, enclosing and protecting other parts of the body
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sarcoma
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cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle
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lymphoma
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a tumor originating from lymphatic tissue
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leukemia
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cancer of the blood or the blood-forming cells
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bone marrow
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soft vascular tissue in the interior cavities of bones that produces blood cells
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chemotherapy
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the treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destory cancerous cells
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polyp
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a small, usually harmless, mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum
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mammogram
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low-dose X ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer
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ultrasonagraphy
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an imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor; also called ultrasound
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monoclonal antibody
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an antibody designed to bind to a specific cancer-related target
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
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a diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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incontinence
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the inability to control the flow of urine
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Pap test
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a scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer
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melanoma
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a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole
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ultraviolet (UV) radiation
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light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
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basal cell carcinoma
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cancer of the deepest layers of the skin
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squamous cell carcinoma
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cancer of the surface layers of the skin
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anticarcinogen
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an agent that destroys or otherwise blocks the action of carcinogens
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carotenoid
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any of a group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted to vitamin A by the liver; many act as antioxidants or have other anti-cancer effects. The carotenoids include beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin
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phytochemical
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a naturally occuring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease; phyto means "plant"
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How is blood carried from the heart to the body?
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arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to it. Arteries branch into smaller arterioles and eventually into tiny capillaries.
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What is the number one cause of death in the United States
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Cardiovascular disease. Nearly 4 in every 10 American deaths is caused by it. The probability of dying from cardiovascular disease is twice as great as dying by cancer, the second leading cause.
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How big Is the human heart
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the size of a fist.
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A person whose sinoatrial node is damaged a) must have a pacemaker implanted to control the heart rhythm or b) requires an angioplasty.
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The answer is A - This person requires a pacemaker because the sinoatrial node functions as a natural pacemaker and initiates the electrical impulses that enable the heart to beat. When it fails to do this, the heart must be helped artificially.
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The medical term for a "thickening" of arteries is
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atherosclerosis, , also known as hardening of the arteries.
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Atherosclerosis is caused by
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a buildup of plaque (fats, cholesterol, fibrin, platelets and calcium) on the artery walls.
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Ischemia is
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a reduction of oxygen to the heart, and the same condition can lead to a stroke.
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When one's heart races he is experiencing
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Tachycardia, one of the arhythmias.
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What will reduce your risk for CVD?
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Smoking is the #1 risk factor for CVD.
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Patients with angina caused by arterial spasms may be treated with
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calcium channel blockers, because calcium atoms passing through arteries can create spasms.
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Which is a possible stroke symptom?
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vision dimness.
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Which ingredient in commercially-prepared baked foods can increase vulnerability to CVD?
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trans fats are considered to be potentially even more damaging to the heart than saturated fats.
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A group of diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels is known as
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diabetes mellitus
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The organ that secretes the hormone insulin into the bloodstream is
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pancreas
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Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?
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Arteries
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What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?
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Ventricles
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Blood is returned to the heart through the
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veins
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The small vessels that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products with body cells are the
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capillaries
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An abnormally high lipid level results in the buildup of
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plaque
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What is the hormone secreted by the pancreas, and required by body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose.
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Insulin
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An adult with a faulty sinoatrial node may need
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an artificial pacemaker to control heart rhythm
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The term for the thickening of arteries caused by fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances deposited in the blood vessels is
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atherosclerosis
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When blood has been blocked to a section of the heart muscle, WHAT has occurred.
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myocardial infarction
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The process by which a healthy heart can reroute blood through small or underused vessels is called
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collateral circulation
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A rapid heart rate in the absence of exercise or anxiety is referred to as
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tachycardia
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An abnormally slow heart rate is referred to as
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bradycardia
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A heart that beats in a quivering, sporadic manner is said to be experiencing
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fibrillation
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16.1 Angina pectoris
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Chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart
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16.2 Heart attack
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Blockage of normal blood supply to the heart
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16.3 Congestive heart failure
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Muscle damage that causes reduced blood flow
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16.4 Cerebrovascular accident
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A. Diminished blood supply to the brain (stroke)
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Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces too much insulin or the body is unable to use it correctly.
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False this describes Type 2, Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-making cells in the pancreas
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Gestational diabetes occurs in women who have not had diabetes before and have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy.
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True- it is thought to be associated with metabolic stresses that occur in response to changing hormone levels.
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Nerve damage, blurred vision, and poor wound healing can be symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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True - along with excessive thirst weight loss and fatigue
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A result of 100 mg/dL or greater on the OGTT indicates diabetes.
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False - this indicates pre-diabetes. A result of 126 indicates diabetes
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Describe stage 1 of the bloodflow process through the heart and blood vessels
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Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae
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Describe stage 2 of the bloodflow process through the heart and blood vessels
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Blood moves from right atrium into the right ventricle; from there it is pumped throught the pulmonary arteries into the lungs
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Describe stage 3 of the bloodflow process through the heart and blood vessels
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Blood picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide in the lungs; it then goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
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Describe stage 4 of the bloodflow process through the heart and blood vessels
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Oxygenated blood is forced from the left atrium into the left ventricle; from there it is pumped through the aorta into the rest of the body's blood vessels.
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Coronary artery disease
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is another name for astherosclerosis - is damage to the body's main coronary arteries on the outer surface of the heart
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Peripheral artery disease
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atherosclerosis in the lower extremities, such as the feet, calves, legs or arms.
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Arrhythmias
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an irregularity in heart rhythm
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Types of Arrhythmias
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Tachycardia, bradycardia, fibrillation
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Arrhythmias - tachycardia define
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the medical term for abnormally fast heartbeat
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Arrhythmias - bradycardia
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medical term for abnormally slow heartbeat
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Arrhythmias - fibrilliation
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heart beats in sporadic pattern that causes extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
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Metabolic syndrome define
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the combined risks, which indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to diseases
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Metabolic syndrome - risk factors
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increased risk for atherosclerotic heart disease by as much as 3 times the normal rates
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Metabolic syndrome - symptoms and differences
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3 or more of the following: abdominal obesity waistline circumference=(M) >40 (W)>35, elevated blood fat LDL= >150, low levels of hi density lipoproteins HDL= 130/85, fasting glucose= >100
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The heart: Contracts
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100,000 times per day
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The heart: Human body contains
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6 quarts of blood
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The heart: Transports
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nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and enzymes throughout the body
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The heart: Aids in regulating
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temperature, cellular water levels, and acidity levels of body components
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The heart: Helps defend the body against
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toxins and harmful microorganisms
