Cancer and Cell Reproduction – Flashcards
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interphase
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cell is growing, DNA is duplicated and checked over, chromosomes are not clearly separated
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mitosis
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division of DNA, duplication division
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sister chromatid
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one copy of a duplicated chromosome
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homologous
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being similar in characteristics
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haploid
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a cell contains a single set of chromosomes in a eukaryote
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mother cell
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the division starts with this one thing; the basis of where the new cells come from
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duplication division
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Mitosis, growth
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prokaryote
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bacteria, single-celled, no nucleus, one circular chromosome, less time for growth and less complexity
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translocation
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genes from another chromosome are inserted
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oncogenes
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cancer causing genes
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telomerase
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enzyme that lengthens telomeres in cells
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Hayflick Limit
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number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops- cancer cells don't have one
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Zygote
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a single-celled fertilized egg
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histones
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supercoils in chromatin
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synthesis
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stage in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated; part of Interphase
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meiosis
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Production of gametes
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centriole
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an aid of cell division in animals; attached to spindle fibers, at opposite ends of the cell
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cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm
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diploid
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a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes in a eukaryote
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daughter cell
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forms from a mother cell- in mitosis, an exact identical cell
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eukaryote
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"me", many chromosomes, nucleus
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cancer
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Uncontrollable cell growth that started from a mutation
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proto-oncogenes
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normal genes that went through a mutation event and became oncogenes
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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gamete
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a sex cell; haploid egg or sperm
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nondisjunction
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an accident in meiosis or mitosis where a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase
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Gap 1
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stage in cell cylce where cellular contents are duplicated
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Gap 2
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stage in cell cycle where the cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes for errors; makes repairs if needed
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Gap 0
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cease cell devision
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chromosome
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a threadlike gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
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astril ray
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another name for spindle fibers
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reduction division
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Meiosis
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karyotype
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A picture or collection of all the chromosomes in an organism
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mutation
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a change in DNA, caused by inherited or environmental genes
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asexual reproduction
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the creation of offspring by a single parent, binary fission, cloning, prokaryotes, no nucleus, quick, doesn't require lots of energy, no mate
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deletion
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the loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation
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Down Syndrome
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a human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21, "trisomy 21"
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p53
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blocks cell cycle if DNA is damaged, s+m check
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cell plate
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used in plant cell division, becomes the new cell walls
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chromatin
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greatly folded ribbon-like complexes of DNA- visible as chromosomes under a light microscope
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spindle aparatus
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structure involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis; separate chromatids
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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binary fission
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a form of asexual production and cell division
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sexual reproduction
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the creation of offspring through the fusion of an egg and sperm cell
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inversion
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broken off chromosome reattaches in the reverse order
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trisomy
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Extra chromosome in a pair
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tumor suppressor genes
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causes cell growth; through a mutation even can be turned off and have uncontrollable cell growth
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metastisis
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the spread of cancer from one location to a new one too
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Chorionic Villus Sampling
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technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is still in an early age of the pregnancy; done between 8-10 weeks, tissue of placeta
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angiogenic
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attracts blood vessels to grow
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blastula
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an embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage during animal develpment
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centromere
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wasteband of protein, goes around chromosomes
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IPMAT
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interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
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clone
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a single organism that is genetically identical to another
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gene
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a small unit of hereditary information of a sequence in DNA
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monosomy
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Missing a chromosome
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duplication
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repetition of part of a chromosome
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polyploid
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an organism that has more than two complete sets of chromosomes as a result of an accident in cell division
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telomere
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a structure found at the end of a chromosome that controls how often a cell divides; get shorter and start fusing together as cells undergo division
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malignant
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cancer moved out of one area, has spread
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carcinogen
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a cancer causing agent such as x-rays or UV light
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meristem
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plant tissue made of undifferentiated cells that divide and generate new cells and tissue
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Walther Flemming (1879)
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observer of fish, first to say he saw chromosomes, identified stages of mitosis
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cleavage furrow
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pinching of cell membrane, only in animals
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prophase
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Chromatin condenses and becomes visible, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers start forming, centrioles move to opposite ends
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metaphase
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replicated chromosomes line up in middle, spindle aparatus attaches to centromeres
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telophase
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spindle apparatus dissapears, nuclear membrane and envelope start to reform, chromosomes are just rods- no longer visible
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anaphase
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sister chromatids separate, no more centromeres
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decompose components of the cell
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What are the roles of proteases and enzymes in cell death?
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they are engulfed by a neighboring cell
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What eventually happens to dead cells or cellular remains?
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To receive nutrients plus get rid of wastes
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Why do cancer cells need a blood supply?
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Nutrients that a cancer cell needs
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oxygen, glucose, amino acids
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Waste products from a cancer cell
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carbon dioxide, urea, water
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two adaptive immune system responses
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b cells that make antibodies and t cells that kill changed cells
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adjuvant therapy
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stimulation of immune system with agents to make it hypertensive to foreign cells
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benign
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localized group of cells
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Amniocentesis
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14-16 weeks, needle in uterus to extract amniotic fluid, chance of getting mom's cells, could harm baby
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Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDk)
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Control switch that causes change in stages in the cell cycle, g1 to s, g2 to m
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Maturation promoting Factor (MPF)
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Trigger in progresion through the cell cycle, "grow up"
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p27
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Binds to cdk to block entry into synthesis
