Common Prostate Conditions
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BPH
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benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy
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Bx
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biopsy
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DRE
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digital rectal exam
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ED
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erectile dysfunction
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HBV
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hepatitis B virus
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus
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HPV
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human papilloma virus
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HRT
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hormone replacement therapy
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HSV-2
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herpes simplex virus type 2
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PSA
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prostate-specific antigen
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STD
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sexually transmitted disease
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TURP
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transurethral resection of the prostate
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chlamydia
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most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it has spread (major bacterial std's)
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gonorrhea
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contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhea; the condition was named for the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage of semen (gono = seed; rrhea = discharge); the genus is named for the Polish dermatologist Albert Neisser (major bacterial std's)
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syphilis
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infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted by direct intimate contact that may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifested first on the skin with the appearance of small, painless red papules that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancres (major bacterial std's)
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hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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virus that causes inflammation of the liver as a result of transmission through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood (major viral std's)
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herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
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virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress (major viral std's)
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which permits various opportunistic infections; malignancies, and neurological disease; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid (ex: semen, vaginal secretions) (major viral std's)
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human papilloma virus (HPV), condyloma acuminatum, pl. condylomata acuminata
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virus transmitted by direct sexual contact that causes an infection that can occur on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals; on the skin, the lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on the mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance, also known as venereal or genital warts (major viral std's)
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biopsy (Bx)
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tissue sampling used to identify neoplasia
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biopsy of the prostate
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needle biopsy of the prostate often performed using ultrasound guidance
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testicular biopsy
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biopsy of testicle
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digital rectal exam (DRE)
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insertion of a finger into the male rectum to palpate the rectum and prostate
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
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blood test used to screen for prostate cancer; an elevated level of the antigen indicates the possible presence of tumor
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urethrogram
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x-ray of the urethra and prostate
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semen analysis
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study of semen, including sperm count, with observation of morphology (form) and motility; usually performed to rule out male infertility
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endorectal/transrectal sonogram of the prostate
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scan of the prostate made after introducing an ultrasonic transducer into the rectum - also used to guide needle biopsy
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circumcision
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removal of the foreskin (prepuce), exposing glans penis
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epididymectomy
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removal of an epididymis
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orchiectomy, orchidectomy
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removal of a testicle
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orchioplasty
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repair of a testicle
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orchiopexy
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fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum
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prostatectomy
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excision of the prostate gland
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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removal of prostactic gland tissue through the urethra using a resectoscope, a specialized urological endoscope - common treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy (BPH)
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vasectomy
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removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male
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vasovasostomy
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restoration of the function of the vas deferens to regain fertility after vasectomy
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chemotherapy
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treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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cancer immunotherapy
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treatment of cancer by stimulating the patient's own immune response by transfer of immune components such as antibodies or T cells from an outside source to kill cancer cells
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radiation therapy
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treatment of neoplastic disease by using radiation to deter the proliferation of malignant cells
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brachytherapy
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radiation technique involving internal implantation of radioactive isotopes, such as radioactive seeds to treat prostate cancer
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brachy
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short distance - refers to localized application
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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use of a hormone to remedy a deficiency or regulate production (ex: testosterone)
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penile prosthesis
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implantation of a device designed to provide an erection of the penis - used to treat physical impotence
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penile self-injection
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intracavernosal injection therapy causing an erection - used in treatment of erectile dysfunction
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balan/o
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glans penis
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epididym/o
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epididymis
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orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o
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testis or testicles
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perine/o
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perineum
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prostat/o
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prostate
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sperm/o, spermat/o
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sperm (seed)
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vas/o
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vessel
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scrotum
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a bag; skin-covered pouch in the groin that is divided into two sacs, each containing a testis and an epididymis
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testis (testicle)
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one of the two male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produces sperm and the male hormone testosterone
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sperm, spermatozoon
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male gamete or sex cell produced in the testes that unites with the ovum in the female to produce offspring
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epididymis
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coiled duct on top and at the side of the testes that stores sperm before emission
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penis
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erectile tissue covered with skin that contains the urethra for urination and the ducts for the secretion of seminal fluid (semen)
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glans penis
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bulging structure at the distal end of the penis
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glans
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acorn
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prepuce
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foreskin; loose casing covering the glans penis - removed by circumcision
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vas deferens
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duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
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deferens
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carry away
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seminal vesicle
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one of two sac-like structures lying behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens on each side - secretes an alkaline substance into the semen to enable the sperm to live longer
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semen
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mixture of the secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands discharged from the male urethra during and orgasm
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semen
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seed
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ejaculatory duct
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duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; its fluid is carried into the urethra
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prostate gland
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trilobular gland that encircles the urethra just below the bladder - secretes an alkaline fluid into the semen
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bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
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pair of glands below the prostate with ducts opening into the urethra - adds a viscid (sticky) fluid to the semen
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perineum
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external region between the scrotum and anus in a male and between the vulva and anus in a female
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alb
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albumin
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APKD
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adult polycystic kidney disease
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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Bx
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biopsy
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C&S
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culture and sensitivity
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ESWL
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extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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hpf
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high-power field
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IVP
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intravenous pyelogram
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IVU
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intravenous urogram
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KUB
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kidney, ureters, bladder
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lpf
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low-power field
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RP
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retrograde pyelogram
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SpGr
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specific gravity
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SUI
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stress urinary incontinence
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UA
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urinalysis
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
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VCU, VCUG
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voiding cystourethrogram
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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procedure using ultrasound to penetrate the body from outside and bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
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kidney dialysis
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methods of filtering impurities from the blood to replace the function of one or both kidneys due to renal failure
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hemodialysis
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method to remove impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer)
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peritoneal dialysis
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method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; catheter insertion in the peritoneal cavity is required to deliver cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
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urinary catheterization
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methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine
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straight catheter
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inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; removed immediately after the procedure
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Foley catheter
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indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder; includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag; can remain in place for an extended time
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suprapubic catheter
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indwelling catheter inserted directly into the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone; includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag - used in patients requiring long-term catheterization
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urologic endoscopic surgery
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use of specialized endoscope (ex: resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, or placement of a stent
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resectoscope
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urologic endoscope sent through the urethra to resect (cut & remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
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method of destroying stones in the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
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nephrotomy
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incision into the kidney
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nephrorrhaphy
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suture of an injured kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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incision into the kidney for removal of stones
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nephrectomy
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excision of a kidney
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pyeloplasty
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surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
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use of a device to hold open vessels or tubes (ex: an obstructed ureter)
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kidney transplantation, renal transplantation
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transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
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urinary diversion
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creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
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noncontinent ileal conduit
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removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)
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continent urostomy
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noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization. continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine
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orthotopic bladder, neobladder
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bladder constructed from portions of intestines connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
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cystoscopy
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examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsy (Bx), renal biopsy
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removal of kidney tissue for pathological examination
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radiography
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x-ray studies commonly used in urology
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP), intravenous urogram (IVU)
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x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after an iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc.
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kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
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abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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scout film
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plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (ex: a KUB before an IVP)
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renal angiogram, renal arteriogram
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x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP), retrograde urogram
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x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc.
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voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
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x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination (voiding urinating)
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abdominal sonogram
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abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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urinalysis (UA)
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physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
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specific gravity (SpGr)
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measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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pH
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measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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glucose
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chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, used most often to screen for diabetes ( glucose sugar)
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albumin (alb) protein
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chemical test used to detect albumin in the urine
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ketones
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chemical test used to detect ketone bodies in the urine; if positive, fats are being utilized by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
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urine occult blood
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chemical test used to detect hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)
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bilirubin
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chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilinogen
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chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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nitrite
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chemical test used to detect the presence bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings
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microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine (ex: red blood cells, white blood cells, casts) as reported per high- or low-power field (hpf or lpf, respectively
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urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium that propagates the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
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creatinine, serum
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test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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creatinine, urine
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test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
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creatinine clearance testing
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measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
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adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
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inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI's)
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glomerulonephritis
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form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
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dilation and pooling of urine in the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys caused by an obstruction in the outflow of urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
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degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
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presence of renal stone or stones
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cystitis
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inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra
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urethrocystitis
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inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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urethral stenosis
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narrowed condition of the urethra
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
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uremia, azotemia
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excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood as a result of kidney failure
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albuminuria, proteinuria
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presence of albumin in the urine; occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
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absence of urine formation
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bacteriuria
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
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painful urination
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enuresis
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to void urine; involuntary discharge of urine, most often refers to a lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
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bed wetting during sleep
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glucosuria, glycosuria
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glucose (sugar) in the urine
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
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involuntary discharge of urine at the time of cough, sneeze, and/or strained exercise
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ketonuria
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presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone bodies, ketone compounds
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acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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nocturia
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urination at night
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oliguria
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scanty production of urine
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polyuria
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condition of excessive urination
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pyuria
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presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
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retention of urine owing to the inability to void naturally due to spasm, obstruction, etc.
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kidneys
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two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
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cortex
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outer part of the kidney (cortex bark)
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hilum
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indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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medulla
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inner part of the kidney
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calices, calyces
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system of ducts carrying urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis (kalyx cup of a flower)
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nephron
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microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
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glomerulus
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little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman's capsule
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top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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renal tubule
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stem portion of the nephron
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ureter
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tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
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renal pelvis
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basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney
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ureteropelvic junction
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point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
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urinary bladder
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sac that holds the urine
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urethra
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single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
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opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
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fluid produced by the kidneys containing water and waste products
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urea
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waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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creatinine
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waste product of muscle metabolism filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
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albumin/o
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protein
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bacteri/o
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bacteria
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cyst/o, vesic/o
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bladder or sac
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dips/o
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thirst
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus (small ball)
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gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
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glucose (sugar)
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ket/o, keton/o
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ketone bodies
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lith/o
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stone
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meat/o
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meatus (opening)
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nephr/o, ren/o
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kidney
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis (basin)
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py/o
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pus
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ureter/o
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ureter
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urethr/o
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urethra
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ur/o, urin/o
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urine
