gym test 3 chapter 12 – Flashcards
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. Cancer results from: a. bacterial infections. b. cell control problems. c. cell structural disruption. d. reduced blood circulation.
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b. cell control problems.
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By middle age, our bodies contain millions of precancerous cells. Which of the following is correct? a. The immune system and the blood turbulence destroy all cancer cells. b. Only one abnormal cell lodging somewhere is enough to start a new cancer. c. Chemicals that enhance angiogenesis are necessary to start a new cancer. d. At this stage, most people have what is referred to as carcinoma in situ.
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b. Only one abnormal cell lodging somewhere is enough to start a new cancer.
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The major contributor to the increase in incidence of cancer during the last five decades is _____ cancer. a. breast b. colon c. lung d. prostate
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c. lung
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Cancer is the _____ leading cause of death in the United States. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth
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b. second
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Worldwide, cancer might become the leading cause of death because: a. environmental hazards are more prevalent. b. physical activity levels are decreasing. c. tobacco use is increasing. d. sanitation is becoming poorer.
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c. tobacco use is increasing.
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The American Cancer Society recommends all BUT which of the following for cancer prevention? a. Adopt a healthy diet. b. Limit alcohol to moderate levels. c. Limit tobacco to moderate levels. d. Maintain healthy body weight.
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c. Limit tobacco to moderate levels
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Like coronary heart disease, cancer is largely: a. preventable. b. curable. c. unavoidable. d. lethal.
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a. preventable.
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Lifestyle or environmental factors contribute to as much as _____ percent of all human cancers. a. 50 b. 60 c. 70 d. 80
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d. 80
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_____ is (are) definitely an important factor in cancer risk. a. Illegal drugs b. Lifestyle c. Medication d. Modality
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b. Lifestyle
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Compared to the average individual, research demonstrated a _____ percent lower risk of cancer for individuals who never smoked, had lower than 30 BMI, exercised at least 210 minutes each week, and ate a diet rich in vegetables and fruits. a. 16 b. 26 c. 36 d. 46
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c. 36
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What percent of those diagnosed with cancer are expected to be alive for at least 5 years after initial diagnosis? a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60
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d. 60
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The most effective way to protect against cancer is to: a. become a true vegetarian. b. adopt healthy behaviors. c. drink alcohol in moderation. d. consume a large amount of soy.
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b. adopt healthy behaviors.
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_____ is the most powerful regulator of cell growth and keeps cells from becoming malignant. a. Vitamin D b. Lycopene c. Folate d. Beta-carotene
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a. Vitamin D
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Phytonutrients are thought to: a. escort carcinogens into cells. b. prevent cancerous tumor formation. c. promote the effects of nitrosamines. d. bind to bile acids in the intestine for excretion.
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b. prevent cancerous tumor formation.
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Fiber: a. activates enzymes that detoxify cancer-causing agents. b. keeps carcinogens from locking onto cells. c. prevents carcinogens from binding to DNA. d. prevents carcinogenic byproducts from forming
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d. prevents carcinogenic byproducts from forming
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The potent cancer-fighting antioxidants found in tea are: a. nitrosamines. b. lycopene. c. carotenoids. d. polyphenols.
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d. polyphenols.
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Consuming green tea has been linked to a lower incidence of _____ cancer. a. lung b. mouth c. prostate d. tongue
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a. lung
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We should always eat hot dogs with a glass of: a. orange juice. b. Diet Coke. c. skim milk. d. cold water.
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a. orange juice.
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All of the following EXCEPT _____ are recommended to reduce HCAs and PAHs during grilling. a. cook meats on aluminum foil b. cook meats with vegetable marinades c. do not trim off the excess fat d. remove the skin before serving
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c. do not trim off the excess fat
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Too much _____ seems to decrease blood enzymes that prevent precancerous cells from developing into tumors. a. animal protein b. artificial protein c. plant protein d. soy protein
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a. animal protein
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High doses of nutrient supplements have been found to _____ cancers. a. have no effect on various b. increase risk for certain c. protect from all d. protect from certain
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b. increase risk for certain
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Experts caution women with breast cancer or a history of this disease to limit their _____ intake because it could stimulate cancer cells by closely imitating the actions of estrogen. a. alcohol b. soy food c. red meat d. dietary fat
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b. soy food
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Alcohol should be consumed in moderation because too much alcohol raises the risk for developing certain cancers, especially when it is combined with: a. grilled "well done" animal protein. b. monounsaturated and omega-3 fats. c. salt-cured and nitrite-cured foods. d. tobacco smoking or smokeless tobacco
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d. tobacco smoking or smokeless tobacco
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Being obese increases one's risk of dying from any form of cancer by more than _____ percent. a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60
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c. 50
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Tobacco use is responsible for an estimated _____ percent of lung cancer and accounts for more than _____ percent of all cancer deaths. a. 57; 15 b. 67; 20 c. 77; 25 d. 87; 30
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d. 87; 30
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The average life expectancy for a chronic smoker is about _____ years shorter than that for a nonsmoker. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
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c. 15
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The most deadly type of skin cancer is: a. basal cell carcinoma. b. malignant carcinoma. c. malignant melanoma. d. squamous cell carcinoma
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c. malignant melanoma.
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A sunburn you get in 20 minutes without SPF 30 lotion will occur in _____ hours with the lotion if you stay dry. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
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b. 10
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Sunscreens that dilute the least with use are called _____ sunscreens. a. "continuous protection" b. "sweatproof" c. "waterproof" d. "water resistant"
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d. "water resistant"
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In the workplace, the biggest carcinogenic exposure is: a. asbestos fibers. b. cigarette smoke. c. nickel dusts. d. vinyl chloride.
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b. cigarette smoke.
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After how many years of stopping smoking does the risk for lung cancer approach the risk of never smoking? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30
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b. 10
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding lung cancer? a. Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death in women. b. Lung cancer is the number two cause of cancer death in women. c. Radon exposure does not increase the risk for lung cancer. d. Women have a higher risk for lung cancer than men do.
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a. Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death in women.
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_____ increases the risk for colon cancer. a. A diet low in fat and high in fiber b. A history of stomach cancer c. Adequate consumption of fruits d. Inflammatory bowel disease
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d. Inflammatory bowel disease
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One of the risk factors for skin cancer is: a. having a dark complexion. b. excessive ultraviolet light exposure. c. excessive alcohol consumption. d. long-time cigarette smoking
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b. excessive ultraviolet light exposure.
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A skin self-exam can: a. be inaccurate in detecting skin cancer, especially melanoma. b. be difficult to conduct because one can't see one's back. c. reduce deaths from melanoma by as much as 63 percent. d. increase the prevalence of skin cancer significantly.
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c. reduce deaths from melanoma by as much as 63 percent.
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The risk for breast cancer is higher in women who: a. never used any oral contraceptives. b. started menstruation at 15 years of age. c. bear children before age 30. d. have never had children.
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d. have never had children.
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Cervical cancer risk is higher in women who: a. delivered fewer children. b. had first intercourse at an older age. c. had multiple pregnancies. d. had cervical-vaginal yeast infections
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c. had multiple pregnancies.
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Endometrial cancer risk is higher than average for _____ women. a. black b. underweight c. diabetic d. younger
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c. diabetic
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Prostate cancer risk is higher than average for: a. Caucasian men. b. African American men. c. men age 65 or younger. d. men who eat fatty fish regularly.
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b. African American men.
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Testicular cancer: a. has a slightly higher incidence in blacks than in whites. b. is often seen in middle-aged men and older men. c. is more likely to occur in an undescended testicle. d. is more likely to occur in men who are married.
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c. is more likely to occur in an undescended testicle.
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One of the possible risk factors for pancreatic cancer is: a. cigarette smoking. b. a high-fiber diet. c. acute pancreatitis. d. soy protein powder.
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a. cigarette smoking.
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3 a 436 (E) 52. One of the possible risk factors for kidney and bladder cancer is: a. cigarette smoking. b. a high-fiber diet. c. acute pancreatitis. d. soy protein powder.
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a. cigarette smoking.
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Most oral cancers seem to be related to: a. the individual's age. b. cigarette smoking. c. a high-fiber diet. d. the individual's sex.
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b. cigarette smoking.
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Esophageal and stomach cancer are more common in men who: a. are Caucasian Americans. b. have a diet low in starch. c. have a diet low in fresh fruits. d. rarely consume nitrate-cured foods.
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c. have a diet low in fresh fruits.
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The risk for ovarian cancer is higher in women who: a. have never used estrogen hormone therapy. b. have multiple successful pregnancies. c. are sexually active and in their 30s and 40s. d. have hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.
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d. have hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding thyroid cancer? a. It occurs almost three times as often in women as in men. b. It affects Caucasians and African Americans equally. c. It occurs almost twice as often in men as in women. d. Its rate is higher in African Americans than Caucasians.
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a. It occurs almost three times as often in women as in men.
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Working in a plastics manufacturing plant increases one's chance of developing: a. oral cancer. b. liver cancer. c. thyroid cancer. d. ovarian cancer.
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b. liver cancer.
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A bone marrow biopsy confirms the diagnosis of: a. oral cancer. b. liver cancer. c. leukemia. d. skin cancer.
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c. leukemia.
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One possible risk factor for lymphoma is: a. Epstein-Barr virus infection. b. abnormal sex chromosomes. c. exposure to UV radiation. d. a history of pernicious anemia.
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a. Epstein-Barr virus infection
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Cancer early detection recommendations include: a. a yearly cancer-related checkup for people age 50 and older. b. an annual mammogram for women age 20. c. an annual pap test for women age 50 and older. d. monthly TSE checks for men and BSE checks for women.
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d. monthly TSE checks for men and BSE checks for women.
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Beginning at age 40, women who do not have any symptoms of cancer should start: a. a fecal occult blood test. b. annual mammograms. c. yearly regular Pap tests. d. clinical breast exams.
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b. annual mammograms.
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At what age should healthy men begin giving blood for an annual PSA test? a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 50
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d. 50
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Annual cervical cancer screening is necessary among: a. sexually inactive teenage girls. b. women who have had a total hysterectomy. c. women who are sexually active. d. older women with three consecutive normal Pap tests.
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c. women who are sexually active.
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The American Cancer Society estimates that _____ of all cancer in the United States is related to poor nutrition and lack of physical activity. a. one-fourth b. one-third c. one-half d. one-fifth
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b. one-third
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A healthy diet is crucial to decrease the risk for cancer. The diet should: a. include primarily protein. b. be entirely vegetarian. c. be low in fat from animal sources. d. strictly limit omega-3 fats.
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c. be low in fat from animal sources.
