Disease Prevention-Test 2 – Flashcards
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What disease is the leading killer in the United States?
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Heart Disease
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How many deaths due to CVD occur prematurely?
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1/3
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What percentage of adults have one or more CVD risk factors?
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64%
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If all forms of CVD were eliminated, total life expectancy would increase nearly ______years. If all forms of cancer were eliminated the increase is ____ years
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7, 3
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What disease causes a build up of fatty plaque in the inner layer of the artery wall?
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atherosclerosis
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What disease makes up about 85% of CVD?
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atherosclerosis
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What is the biggest modifiable risk fo heart disease?
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Physical Activity
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What is the highest risk factor of heart disease?
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High cholesterol
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What is a MET?
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the energy expended in sitting quietly 3.5 ml/kg/min
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What exercise capacity is considered to have a high risk of death?
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less than 5 MET
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What exercise capacity is considered to have a low risk of death?
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more than 8 MET
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What is the strongest predictor of the risk of death among both normal subjects and those with cardiovascular disease?
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peak exercise capacity
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Each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity conferred a ________ percent improvement on survival
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12
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What were the low risk factors in the nurses health study?
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non-smoking BMI <25 1/2 drink of alcohol/day 1/2 hour exercise/day good diet
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What population of nurses in the study were in all low risk categories?
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3%
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What was the relative risk for CHD for men who consumed at least 2.5 servings/day of vegetables?
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.77
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Each additional serving of vegetables computed to a relative risk of what for CHD?
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.83
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What is the reason that red wine might help in reducing the risk of heart disease?
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Flavonoids
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What is more effective? Grape juice or red wine?
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grape juice
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What is the french paradox?
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the french have low coronary heart disease mortality with high fat consumption which is attributed to the red wine that they drink
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What are the four leading sites of cancer for men?
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prostate lung colon rectum
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what are the 4 leading sites of cancer for women?
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breast lung colon rectum
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What was the number of estimated deaths from cancer in 2006 for men and women?
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men-291,270 women-273,560
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What is the fatality for lung cancer in men?
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31%
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what is the fatality for lung cancer in women?
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26%
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What is the fatality for colon cancer in men?
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10%
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What is the fatality for colon cancer in women?
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10%
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What is the fatality for prostate cancer in men?
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9%
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What is the fatality for breast cancer in women?
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15%
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What is it called when tumors get their own blood supply?
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angiogenesis
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Why is angiogenesis a critical point in cancer?
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the abnormal cells can get into the blood and spread throughout the body
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What is the spreading of abnormal cells called?
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metastasis
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What are the 3 stages of the cancer continuum?
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1) Susceptibility to disease 2) Localized tumor 3) Metastasis
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What are the leading causes of cancer?
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#1-Tobacco 30% #2-Nutrition/Obesity 30%
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What is the relationship between phytochemicals and cancer?
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inverse-phytochemicals can help fight cancer
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What type of cancer is animal fat linked to?
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breast cancer
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Abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than surrounding tissue and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease
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Neoplasm
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What initiates cancer growth?
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when a normal cell is exposed to carcinogens
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What are four types of carcinogens?
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chemicals viruses radiation dietary factors
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what 3 things can happen when a cell is exposed to a carcinogen?
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1-cell repair 2-cell death 3-mutation
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what are the two different types of cancer tumors?
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carcinoma and sarcoma
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which type of cancer tumor is most common?
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carcinoma
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Which type of cancer tumor is found in the connective tissues?
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sarcoma
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How is cancer categorized?
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T-Primary Tumor N-Lymph node involvement M-Distant metastasis I=early stage IV=late stage
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What are the top 5 killers in the US?
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1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. Chronic Lower respiratory disease 5. Accidents
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What is the number one cause of life years lost?
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cancer
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what is the lifetime risk of developing cancer for men and women?
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1 in 2 for men 1 in 3 for women
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What is the survival rate of cancer?
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64%
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How does radiation create cancer?
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It creates free radicals
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When does obesity become a risk factor for breast cancer?
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postmenopausal
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Which type of cancer has the strongest link with physical inactivity?
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colon cancer
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3 in 4 studies show an average of _____ percent reduction in colon cancer risk in the most physically active men and women
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50
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What 4 things do physical activity affect that helps prevent colon cancer?
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1. decreased transit time 2. enhanced immune function 3. decreased insulin levels 4. enhanced defense vs. oxidative stress
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3 in 4 studies support a _____ percent reduction in breast cancer with physical activity
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30-40
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What 3 ways does physical activity help lower risk of breast cancer?
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1. lower exposure to ovarian hormones 2. delayed age of menarche 3. decreased obesity
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What are the four phases of the obesity epidemic?
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Phase 1-Progressive-increasing since 1970s Phase 2-Health Problems Phase 3-Disease (life threatening) Phase 4-Acceleration of obesity rate
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Which phase of the obesity epidemic are we currently entering?
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Phase 2
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1 in _____ children and adolescents is overweight or obese
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3
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Why did the data on childhood obesity attract little attention?
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obese children remain healthy for years
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Fatty liver occurs in about 1 in ______ obese children
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3
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Childhood obesity increases risk of _____ in adulthood
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CHD
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Maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy strongly predicted _________ in offspring at 5 to 7 years
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BMI
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Increased risk of obesity in offspring through non-genetic factors
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perinatal programming
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The increased rate of obesity in the past decade is cause by a larger rate of __________________ than _________________
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energy input, energy expenditure
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What modest weight loss goal was talked about?
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10% of starting weight
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What are the four treatments of obesity?
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#1: Behavior modification #2: Reimbursement for treatment #3: Better drugs #4: More Research
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What is a normal systolic blood pressure?
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120 or below
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At what blood pressure would you start to consider it being high?
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140/90
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What blood pressure is considered to be dangerous?
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160 and above
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What is the normal cholesterol level?
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200 and below
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What is borderline high cholesterol?
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200-239
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What is high cholesterol?
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240 and above
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At what BMI are you considered underweight?
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19 and below
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At what BMI are you considered to be at the ideal weight?
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19-24
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At what BMI are you considered to be overweight?
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25-29
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At what BMI are you considered to be obese?
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30
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There is a __________ percent decrease in CHD risk for every __________ percent decrease in total cholesterol
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2-3 1
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Metabolic syndrome is characterized by what 4 things?
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1. insulin resistance 2. presence of obesity from abdominal fat 3. high blood cholesterol 4. high blood pressure
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How does atherosclerosis begin?
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as an inflammatory response related to some form of arterial wall damage
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What are the leading causes of cancer deaths?
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nutrition and obesity
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The leading causes of death for those under 75 is _________ and for those over 75 is ___________
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cancer, heart disease
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What type of cancer was linked with red meat and processed meat consumption?
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colorectal cancer
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Which type of fruit had the highest antioxidant and anti proliferative properties?
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cranberries
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Which vegetable had the highest antioxidant properties?
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red peppers
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Which vegetable had the highest proliferative properties?
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spinach
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What has the highest priority for oxidation in our body?
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alcohol
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What is the most common weight loss method?
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eat fewer calories
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What leads to more body fat accumulation: fat or carbs?
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fat
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Some data suggest pediatric obesity may shorten life-expectancy by ____ to ____ years by mid-century
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2 to 5
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Dietary ft consumption on a percentage basis has decreased from _________to_________ percent sing 1970, but percent body fat has increased. Why?
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45 to 32 % because we eat more fat on a calorie basis
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Your risk for ______________ actually goes down with obesity
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osteoperosis
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What is the single most important predictor of diabetes?
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Obesity
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What is the leading cause of diabetes related death?
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heart disease
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Dental disease risk is elevated among those with type ____ diabetes
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1
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________% of type 2 diabetes can be attributed to poor lifestyles
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90
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in the US ______% of adults are obese at the time that they are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
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85
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Diabetes impairs the bodies ability to __________________
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burn fuel or glucose
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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Type 1 diabetes the beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the bodies immune system. Insulin shots are required Type 2 diabetes the beta cells are fine but the body can't use the insulin sufficiently
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What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?
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excessive urination excessive thirst weight loss fatigue, weakness blurred vision slowed healing increased risk of infection
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How is diabetes diagnosed?
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By measuring the amount of glucose in the blood
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What is a normal fasting glucose?
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100 mg/dl or below
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What is a pre diabetes fasting glucose?
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100-125 mg/dl
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What is a diabetic fasting glucose?
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126 mg/dl and above
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Stroke risk is _______________ times higher in people with diabetes
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2-4
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____% of people with diabetes have high blood pressure?
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73
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_______ is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults
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diabetes
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What are the long term complications of diabetes?
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-leading cause of end stage renal disease -nervous system damage -lower limb amputations
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16-year study of 85,000 nurses, risk of developing diabetes was _____% lower in those eating the healthiest diet
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51%
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For men who were both obese and inactive, risk was ____ times higher for diabetes
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4
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Each 500 kcal increase in PA expenditure reduced risk of diabetes by _____%
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6
