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The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the

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lower respiratory tract.

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Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

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upper respiratory tract.

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The respiratory defense system is important because it

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helps warm the air. keeps out debris. helps filter the air. keeps out pathogens. (All of the answers are correct)

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The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

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mucus escalator.

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The conchae

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create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

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The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

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pharynx

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The auditory tubes open into the

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nasopharynx

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Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium

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oropharynx

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The glottis is

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the opening to the larynx.

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Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

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movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles

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The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the

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epiglottis.

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During swallowing,

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solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. the epiglottis folds back over the glottis. the larynx is elevated. (All of the answers are correct)

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During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle

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right primary

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Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule

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terminal bronchioles

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In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the

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secondary bronchi.

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Which structure is located most superior at the hilum of the left lung?

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pulmonary artery

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Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in

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increased tendency to alveolar collapse. increased surface tension in the alveoli. a decreased rate of gas exchange. a loss of surfactant. (All of the answers are correct)

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Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to

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a single pulmonary lobule.

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Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

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internal respiration.

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If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

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atelectasis

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When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

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the volume of the thorax increases.

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In quiet breathing,

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inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

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Alveolar ventilation refers to the

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amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

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Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

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anatomic dead space

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Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

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respiratory minute volume

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The partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately

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95 mm Hg.

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Dalton's law states that

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in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

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At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

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more than 90

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Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen

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20 mL

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Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

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decreased pH

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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

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bicarbonate ions

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Carbonic anhydrase

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is an enzyme. can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. is in RBCs. (All of the answers are correct)

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The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

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the chloride shift

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Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?

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Since 1992, the incidence of lung cancer among women has been increasing

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The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

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carbon dioxide.

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A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air is termed

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apnea.

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Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

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apneustic

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If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally

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a person would stop breathing

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The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

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emphysema.

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Emphysema:

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occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

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