Bio 2040 – Flashcard
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Polycythemia
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- A disorder of bone marrow characterized by an over production of RBC -Increases blood volume and blood viscosity, sometimes leading to headaches, blurred vision and high blood pressure
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Jaundice
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- High circulating levels of bilirubin make skin and mucous membranes look yellowish and can turn the whites of the eyes yellow - May also be caused by an increase in the rate of RBC breakdown
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Hemophelia
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- Deficiency of blood clotting factors - An inherited condition - Asprin as a treatment
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Septicemia
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- Bacterial infection of blood - Can be from infected wounds, urinary tract infections, major dental procedures - Signs and Symptoms: chills, fever, flushed skin, rapid heart beat, shallow breathing, sudden red streaks on skin - Treated with anitbiotics
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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- Infection of lymphocytes - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue -Diagnosed by blood test - Treated with rest and good nutrition
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Anemia
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- Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity due to inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin - Signs & Symptoms: paleness, headache, fatigue, dizziness, heart palpitations, difficulty breathing
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Caused by an inadequate intake of dietary iron
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Hemorrhagic Anemia
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caused by blood loss
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Pernicious Anemia
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caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
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Hemolytic Anemia
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caused by destruction of RBCs
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Anemia due to Renal failure
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inadequate erythyopoietin secretion
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Thrombocytopenia
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- A reduction in the number of platelets in blood - Can occur due to viral infection, anemia, leukemia, other blood disorders, exposure to X-Rays or radiation - Symptoms: Easy bruising. bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding in mouth, blood in urine, and heavy menstrual periods
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Malaria
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- Caused by protist parasite plasmodium - Spread by Anopheles mosquito - Signs and Symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, vomiting, anemia, weakness, fatigue, jaundice -Treated with medications
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Aneursym
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-Ballooning of arterial wall -often symptom-less until they erupt -May be detected by careful screening and surgically repaired
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Varicose Veins
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- Permanently dilated veins, often caused by improperly functioning venous veins - Most common in legs and feet - Treated by injecting an irritating solution that shrivels the vessels and makes them less visible
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Heart Murmurs
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- An abnormality of the rhythm or rate of heart beat - Treated with EKGs, medications, insertion of artificial pacemaker
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Tachycardia
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- A rapid heart rate of over 100 beats per minute
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Ventricular Fibrillation
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-A rapid irregular heart ventricular contraction - cannot pump blood from ventricles -A strong electrical current applied to the chest stops fibrillation and allows normal rhythm to be restored
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Atherosclerosis
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- A thickening or an arterial vessel wall due to build up of fatty materials containing cholesterol -Left untreated can lead to heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms - Risk factors: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, smoking
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Angina Pectoris
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- Sensation of severe pain and tightness in the chest caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart - Symptoms: pain & tightness in chest, shortness of breath, a feeling of choking or suffocating -Diagnosed with angiograph
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Mycardial Infraction
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-Impaired blood flow to the heart -Causing sudden death of area of heart tissue due to oxygen starvation -Symptoms: chest pain, discomfort, pressure, squeezing, discomfort, in other areas of upper body: neck, jaw, shoulder back; shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, light-headedness - Treatment: clot dissolving drugs
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Congestive Heart Failure
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-Heart muscle becomes weaker, less efficient - Blood backs up in veins -Pumping efficiency of the heart becomes impaired -Signs and symptoms: Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, swollen ankles and legs, swollen neck veins, weight gain due to extra fluid - Treatment: mild exercise, resting and elevating feet
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Embolism
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-Sudden blockage of a blood vessel
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Stroke
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- Damage to part of the brain due to interrupted blood supply - 2 most common causes: 1. an embolism blocking a vessel 2. rupture of cerebral artery -Symptoms: weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, fainting, inability to speak or slurred speech, difficult in understanding speech, impaired vision, headache, nausea, sudden loss of coordination -Treatment: clot dissolving drugs, embolectomy
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Huntington Disease
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- Dominant lethal allele - Always expressed - Develops later in life (age 35-45 years), after reproducing - A degenerative disease of the nervous system - Physical and mental disability -Allele on chromosome 4
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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-Gene mutation on chromosome 12 -Don't have enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase -Impairment of mental development, slow growth rate -short life span - Individuals cannot use aspartame
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Cystic Fibrosis
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- The normal ____ gene cosed for a transporter protein that transports chloride ions across the plasma membrane -A mutation in this gene causes it to code for a defective transporter protein -This causes a salt imbalance that affects water levels outside the cell - People have sticky, thick mucus in lungs, pancreas, reproductive organs -In the pancreas the mucus blocks ducts carrying enzymes to the small intestine -Must take artificial enzymes as pills -Signs and Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, pneumonia, poor weight gain
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Williams Syndrome
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-Deletion of 23 genes on the long arm of chromosome 7 -Elfin face - Unusually cheerful - At ease with strangers - Developmental delay - Strong language skills and musical ability - Gene for protein elastin missing - Heart defects
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Cri-du-chat Syndrome
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-Loss of a small region near the tip of chromosome 5 - Malformed larnyx, cry sounds like kitten -Affects mental and physical development
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Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)
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-Three copies of chromosome 21 -Short with round face -Delay in physical and intellectual development -friendly, cheerful, affectionate - prone to heart and repsiratory disorders
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Strep Throat
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-Caused by pathogen streptococcus pyogens -Signs and symptoms: Local inflammation, red, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, pus containing abscesses on tonsils - Treated with antibiotics
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Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
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-Results from reciprocal translocation that happens during mitosis of cells that will become white blood cells -There is an exchange of a large portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9. - Abnormally long chromosome 9 -Abnormally short chromosome 22 -Chimeric gene an oncogene - abnormal protein that causes that cancer process
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Pneumonia
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-When the lungs become inflamed because of an infection -Caused by streptococcus pneumoniae -Signs and Symptoms: (sudden onset) high fever, blood in sputum, chest pain, breathing difficulty, cough -Treated with: Penicillin/Erythromycin
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Tuberculosis
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-Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis -Transmitted by airborne droplets: coughing, sneezing -Signs and symptoms: Coughing (sometimes with blood), chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, night sweats, weight loss, extreme loss of energy - treated with 3-4 drugs for 6 months or more, patient in isolation
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Meningitis
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-An inflammation of the meninges. 3 membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system - the brain and the spinal cord - Spread by respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing, -Disease starts as throat infection -Signs and symptoms: Sore throat, fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, rash, nausea, convulsions -Diagnosis: signs and symptoms, spinal tap to remove sample of CSF, look for bacteria -Treatment: antibiotics, contacts are also treated, vaccines
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Gonorrhea
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-Sexually transmitted disease -Signs and symptoms: Males: painful urination and discharge of pus from urethra. Females: burning during urination, vaginal discharge -Treated with antibiotics -Long term consequences: scarring of the uterine tubes, sterility, ectopic pregnancies
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Lyme Disease
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-Caused by Borrelia burgdoferi -Spread by the bite of infected ticks -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: expanding rash at the bite site, fever, chills, fatigue, muscle/joint pains phase 2: irregular heartbeat, facial paralysis, meningitis, extreme fatigue, memory loss phase 3: arthritis due to immune response -Diagnosis: signs and symptoms, detection of antibodies -treated with antibiotics
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Influenza
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-Droplets enter the the body via respiratory tract and infect epithelial cells of lungs -Signs and symptoms: chills, fever, headache, general muscular aches, coughing
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Dengue
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-Geographically occurs in the Caribbean and other tropical, subtropical places -Caused by a virus -Transmitted by Aedes mosquito -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: a week with high fever, weakness, swelling of extremities, severe pain in head, back and muscles Second phase: return of fever and a bright red rash
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Severe Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
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-Reinfection with the ______ virus -Hyperimmune response -Inflammatory cytokines released by activated memory T cells causes rupture of blood vessels, internal bleeding, shock, possibly death
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Zika Virus
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-Geographically found in Africa, Asia, central and south america, Caribbean, Mexico -Transmitted by the aedes mosquito -Signs and Symptoms: rash starts on face and spreads to body, muscle/joint pain, possible swilling of smaller joints in hands and feet, red eyes, pain behind eyes, headache, weakness -Major concern for newborns, causes microcephaly
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Basal Cell carcinoma
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-pink/flesh colored bump -sometimes bleeds or crusts -rarely metastasizes -should be removed
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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-pink scaly patches -may ulcerate, crust -metastasizes slowly -should be removed
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Malignant Melanoma
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-least common -most deadly as it metastasizes - arises from abnormal melanocytes -use ABCDE rule -Look also for itchiness, bleeding, oozing, scaliness
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Leukemia
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-Cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow - 2 major categories: Acute (develops quickly), chronic -Possible causes of original mutation: viral infection, environmental factors, genetic factors -Interferes with the production of WBCs and RBCs and platelets -Diagnosis: Blood tests, bone biopsy -Treatment: bone marrow transplant to provide new stem cells, radiation, chemotherapy
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Breast Cancer
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-cancer may start in ducts or glands -Heritable mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are strongly associated with this cancer -Treatments: Radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy, surgery
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Colon and Rectal Cancer
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-Signs: blood in stool, rectal bleeding -Risk factors: family history, smoking, high-fat diet, low fiber diet, sedentary lifestyle -Starts as polyps (benign growths) which gradually become malignant -Screening tests can detect cancer early: detection of blood in stool specimens , colonoscopy -Treatment: polyp removal, tumor removal
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HIV
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-Targets helper T cells -transmitted by blood, semen, sexual contact, breast milk, vaginal secretions, contaminated hypodermic syringes -Signs and symptoms: phase 1: swollen lymph nodes, fever chills, fatigue, body aches phase 2: decline in helper T cells phase 3: Helper T cell count is less than 200 per cubic mm of blood. patient is susceptible to opportunistic and rare infections and cancers
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Allergy
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-An overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless substance
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Multiple Sclerosis
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-Affects neurons in brain and spinal cord -Symptoms: fatigue, muscle weakness, visual impairment to severe paralysis
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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-inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines certain joints. Affects fingers toes, wrists -Symptoms: fatigue, joint pain and stiffness
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Lupus
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-connective tissue is attacked, affects skins, heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, joints, brain -Symptoms: Red rash on face, joint and muscle pain, kidney problems, fever, fatigue
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I Cell Disease
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-A rare genetic disorder -Failure of lysosomal enzymes to be incorporated in lysosomes -There is a build up of inclusions and cells have an abnormal structure -Affects skeletal structure, joints, heart valves -Causes severe impairment of growth
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Zellwegger Syndrome
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-Congenital disorder - Reduction or absence of peroxisomes which ride the body of toxic substances in liver, kidneys, brain -Causes enlarged liver, high blood copper and iron, neurological impairment: blindness, deafness, seizures, developmental delay
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Lactose Intolerance
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-Signs and symptoms: nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, diarrhea -Diagnosed with a hydrogen breath test -Treatments: avoid foods with lactose, consume enzyme pill before consuming these foods
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Irritable Bowel Sydnrome
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-Signs and symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, constipation -Treatments: diet: regular small meals. avoid certain foods, medications
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Crohn's Disease
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-Signs and symptoms: weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, fatigue, fever -Diagnosed with a colonoscopy -Treatment: remission, nutrition & diet, surgery, vitamin B12 supplements
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Hepatitis
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-Signs and symptoms: jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea -Vaccines are available -Inflamed liver