Anatomy exam 4 (Last one, y’all!) – Flashcards
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What is the function of gonads? produce gametes transport gametes produce hormones produce gametes and produce hormones None of the answers is correct.
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produce gametes and produce hormones
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The male gonad is called a(n) spermatid. scrotum. epididymis. testis. ductus.
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testis
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Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation? ductus deferens prostate gland urethra epididymis
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epididymis
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The spermatic cord is the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac. a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity. a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.
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a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis
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The tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testis is called the spermatic cord. tunica albuginea. epididymis. median raphe. dartos.
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tunica albuginea
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The ________ connect the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis. inguinal canals ductus deferentia straight tubules spermatic cords efferent ductules
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efferent ductules
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Contraction of the cremaster muscles propels sperm through the urethra. moves sperm through the ductus deferens. relaxes the scrotal sac. both relaxes the scrotal sac and propels sperm through the urethra. pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.
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pulls the testes closer to the body cavity
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The ________ is an opening through which the spermatic cord passes. inguinal canal infundibulum efferent ductule seminiferous tubule scrotal cavity
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inguinal canal
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The ________ is a fleshy pouch suspended below the perineum and anterior to the anus. scrotum prostate gland raphe rete testis bulbourethral gland
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scrotum
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Sperm develop from stem cells called primary spermatocytes. secondary spermatocytes. spermatids. spermatogonia. spermatozoa.
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spermatogonia
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At 8 months development in a male fetus, the testes have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum. remain in the abdominal cavity.
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have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum
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When spermatogonia divide, the two daughter cells produced are a spermatogonium and a sperm. spermatid. Sertoli cell. spermatocyte. spermatozoon.
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spermatocyte
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The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called primary spermatocytes. spermatozoa. secondary spermatocytes. spermatogonia. spermatids.
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secondary spermatocytes
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The process of spermiogenesis produces secondary spermatocytes. spermatozoa. spermatogonia. spermatids. primary spermatocytes.
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spermatozoa
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The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called maturation. fertilization. mitosis. capacitation. meiosis.
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meiosis
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Secondary spermatocytes each contain 23 duplicates of chromosomes. 23 single chromosomes. twice the diploid number of chromosomes. 46 chromosomes. 46 pairs of chromosomes.
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23 duplicates of chromosomes
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In a mature human spermatozoan, the middle piece contains the chromosomes. the tail contains the mitochondria. the acrosome is next to the nucleus. the head contains 23 chromosomes. the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes.
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the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes
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Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of mitosis. spermatogenesis. capacitation. spermiogenesis. meiosis.
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spermiogenesis
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The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA. neck head flagellum acrosomal cap middle piece
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head
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In a spermatozoon, activity in the ________ provides energy required to move the tail. endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus nucleus lysosomes mitochondria
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mitochondria
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The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization. middle piece acrosomal cap neck flagellum None of the answers is correct.
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acrosomal cap
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Which regional structure of a spermatozoon contains both centrioles of the original spermatid? the middle piece the neck acrosomal cap the head
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the neck
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The primary role of FSH in males is to stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. stimulate the nurse cells to produce inhibin. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. influence sexual behaviors and sex drive. initiate sperm production in the testes.
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initiate sperm production in the testes
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The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is FSH. ACTH. LH. GH. ADH.
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LH
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Testosterone is secreted by the suprarenal cortex. hypothalamus. nurse cells. interstitial cells. adenohypophysis.
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interstitial cells
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Interstitial cells are found in the areolar tissue between the tubules. produce testosterone. respond to luteinizing hormone. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
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all of the answers are correct
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Which of the following is a peripheral effect of testosterone? maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system stimulation of the nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules depresses the pituitary production of FSH interstitial cell stimulation
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maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system
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The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the urethra. corpus cavernosum. penis. corpus spongiosum. ejaculatory duct.
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penis
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The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the corpus cavernosum. corpus spongiosum. membranous urethra. penile urethra. glans penis.
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corpus spongiosum
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The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the corpora cavernosa. penile urethra. prepuce. corpus spongiosum. membranous urethra.
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corpora cavernosa
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Emission and ejaculation are responsible for propelling semen into the female reproductive tract. begin with peristaltic contractions of the ampulla. involve contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle. occur under sympathetic stimulation. All of the answers are correct.
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all of the answers are correct
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The ________ penetrates the urogenital diaphragm. membranous urethra prostatic urethra penile urethra
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membranous urethra
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The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the seminal vesicles. bulbourethral glands. Bartholin's glands. prostate glands. vestibular glands.
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bulbourethral glands
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What is the proper arrangement of the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus? 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis 1, 4, 3, 2 4, 1, 2, 3 4, 1, 3, 2 1, 3, 4, 2 4, 3, 1, 2
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4, 1, 3, 2
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The organ that surrounds the urethra and secretes an antibiotic protein is the vestibular gland. Bartholin's gland. seminal gland (seminal vesicle). prostate gland. bulbourethral gland.
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prostate gland
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The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the rete testis. epididymis. prostate gland. ductus deferens. seminal gland.
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epididymis
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The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the corpus cavernosum. epididymis. seminal gland. ductus deferens. ejaculatory duct.
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ductus deferens
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The ________ carries fluid from the seminal gland through the prostate. ejaculatory duct ductus deferens ampulla corpora cavernosa efferent tubule
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ejaculatory duct
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Which of these glands secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis? prostate Bartholin's gland bulbourethral gland seminal gland vestibular gland
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bulbourethral gland
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Interstitial cells produce nutrients. androgens. androgen-binding protein. sperm. inhibin.
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androgens
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Sperm production occurs in the Sperm production occurs in the seminal glands. seminiferous tubules. rete testis. ductus deferens. epididymis.
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seminiferous tubules
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Nurse cells form the blood-testis barrier. coordinate spermatogenesis. are found in the seminiferous tubules. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
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all of the answers correct
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Within which structure does sperm production occur? spermatic cord efferent ductule rete testis seminiferous tubule
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seminiferous tubule
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The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the vagina. ovaries. uterus. urinary bladder. mammary glands.
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urinary bladder
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Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the uterine tube. ovary itself. cervix. vagina. uterus.
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uterine tube
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what is produced by the ovary? progesterone estrogen ova inhibin all of the answers are correct
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all of the answers are correct
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Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? Oogenesis begins before birth. By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. An ovum completes its last meiosis after it is fertilized. Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia.
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about half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty
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The granulosa cells of developing follicles work with thecal cells to produce estrogens. FSH. LH. progesterone. GnRH.
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estrogens
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What is the structure that ruptures during ovulation? secondary follicle tertiary follicle zona pellucida antrum All of the answers are correct.
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tertiary follicle
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The primary follicle develops from the granulosa cells. ovarian stroma. ovarian follicles. primordial follicle. ovarian hilum.
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primordial follicle
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Which of the following is greater? the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at puberty the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth
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the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth
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Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended animation until the individual reaches puberty? primary oocyte oogonia secondary oocyte polar body
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primary oocyte
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The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the myometrium. vagina. infundibulum. uterosacral ligament. uterine tube.
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uterine tube
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The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the vagina. ovary. uterus. uterine tube. cervix.
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uterus
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The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the perimetrium. uterometrium. myometrium. endometrium. None of the answers is correct.
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myometrium
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Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum? posterior segment isthmus infundibulum anterior segment ampulla
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infundibulum
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The ________ is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes. fundus internal os body myometrium cervix
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fundus
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The ________ are fingerlike projections that capture the freshly ovulated ovum. vesicouterine pouches areolae uterine tubes fimbriae polar bodies
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fimbriae
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The main portion of the uterus is called the cervical canal. body. fundus. internal os. cervix.
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body
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The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus. perimetrium myometrium germinal epithelium uterine lumen endometrium
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endometrium
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Which structure in the female reproductive system is lined with cilia? broad ligament infundibulum labia minora uterine fundus cervix
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infundibulum
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The average length of the uterine cycle is 35 days. 28 days. 19 days. 21 days. 16 days.
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28 days
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During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the functional zone of the endometrium is restored. the corpus luteum is forming. the fertilized ovum implants. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.
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the functional zone of the endometrium is restored
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The termination of the uterine cycle at age 45-55 is called menarche. menopause. menses. menstruation. basilar phase.
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menopause
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________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium. Menarche Menopause Ovulation Menstruation Perimenopause
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menstruation
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________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium. Arcuate Spiral Radial Straight None of the answers is correct; the functional zone of the endometrium is not vascularized.
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spiral
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Regarding the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle: it is caused by constriction of the spiral arteries, which reduces endometrial blood flow. restoration is inhibited by estrogens. it begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo.
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the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo
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Which is true regarding menses? It begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle. The uterine glands enlarge, accelerating their rates of secretion. There is a degeneration of the basilar zone and the deepest uterine glands.
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it marks the beginning of the uterine cycle
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All of the following are true of the vagina except that it holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus. loses a portion of its lining during menses. serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids. forms the lower portion of the birth canal. receives the penis during coitus.
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loses a portion of its lining during menses
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The vulva includes all of the following except the labia minora. vagina. mons pubis. clitoris. labia majora.
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vagina
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Another term for vulva is gonads. female external genitalia. accessory glands. vagina. labia.
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female external genitalia
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The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the zona reticularis. peripapilla. fornix. areola. zona pellucida.
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areola
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Throughout childhood, the vagina and vestibule are usually separated by which structure? mons pubis hymen rugae fornix
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hymen
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The production of milk is called lactation. menstruation. colostrum. letdown. secretion.
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lactation
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________ are the organs of milk production. Lactiferous ducts Cowper's gland The pudenda Bartholin's glands Mammary glands
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mammary glands
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The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is estrogen. LH. FSH. luteosterone. progesterone.
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progesterone
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Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of progesterone. inhibin. FSH. LH. relaxin.
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progesterone
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The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers menopause. follicle maturation. menstruation. ovulation. atresia.
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ovulation
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A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for ovulation. menopause. menstruation. atresia. follicle maturation.
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follicle maturation
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After ovulation, the ovary secretes progesterone. luteinizing hormone. estrogen. both estrogen and progesterone. luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.
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both estrogen and progesterone
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The gradual modification of anatomical structures during the period from conception to maturity is embryogenesis. differentiation. development. capacitation. All of the answers are correct.
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development
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________ is the time spent in growing within the uterus. Pregnancy Gestation Gastrulation Development Embryonization
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gestation
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Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems? postnatal development second trimester first trimester third trimester
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second trimester
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The individual cells produced by cleavage are called blastocytes. blastomeres. zygotes. embryos. blastocysts.
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blastomeres
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Contact of a sperm with the oocyte membrane causes formation of the second polar body. oocyte activation. completion of the second meiosis. membrane fusion. All of the answers are correct.
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all of the answers are correct
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The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called morulas. ova. blastocoeles. blastomeres. trophoblasts.
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blastomeres
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Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei? spindle formation and cleavage begins cytokinesis begins oocyte activation begins release of a secondary oocyte and the first polar body
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spindle formation and cleavage begins
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Which fertilization event is regarded as the "moment of conception?" when amphimixis occurs when a single sperm makes contact with the oocyte membrane, and membrane fusion occurs when the sperm is absorbed into the cytoplasm, and the female nuclear material within the ovum reorganizes when acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm create gaps between the cells of the corona radiata
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when amphimixis occurs
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A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the lacunae. amniotic cavity. chorion. blastocoele. allantois.
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amniotic cavity
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Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as cleavage. placentation. implantation. fertilization. embryogenesis.
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implantation
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After 3 days, a pre-embryo becomes a solid ball of cells known as a lacuna. blastocyst. morula. blastomere chorion.
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morula
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A blastocyst is a(n) extraembryonic membrane. solid ball of cells. portion of the placenta. origin of the urinary bladder. hollow ball of cells.
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hollow ball of cells
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The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form the morula. form the placenta. form blood vessels of the placenta. form the embryo. provide nutrients for early growth.
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form the embryo
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At which day post cleavage does implantation occur? day 6 day 7 day 9 day 8
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day 7
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The period of gestation that is characterized by the largest fetal weight gain and fat deposition is the ________ trimester. first second third
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third
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In a(n) ________, each ductus deferens is cut and either a segment removed and the ends tied (or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted. ovariectomy prostatectomy hysterectomy tubal ligation vasectomy
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vasectomy
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Which of these is a barrier method of birth control? diaphragm rhythm method tubal ligation hormonal post-coital contraception oral contraceptives
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diaphragm
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"Natural family planning" is an alternative term for which form of birth control? vasectomy oral contraceptives the rhythm method an intrauterine device hormonal post-coital contraception
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the rhythm method
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The ________ method of birth control involves taking either combination estrogen/progesterone birth control pills or progesterone-only pills in two large doses 12 hours apart within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. intrauterine device progesterone-only hormonal post-coital contraception rhythm method oral contraceptive
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hormonal post-coital contraception
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Enlargement of the prostate gland, or ________, typically occurs spontaneously in men over age 50. prostate cancer fibrocystic disease carcinoma benign prostatic hypertrophy testicular cancer
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benign prostatic hypertrophy
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Gardasil is a vaccine against ______, which is responsible for 75 percent of cervical cancers. pelvic inflammatory disease human papillomavirus AIDS fibrocystic disease
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human papillomavirus
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Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer. The combination of lower testosterone levels and the presence of estrogens probably stimulates testicular cancer. Screening with periodic PSA tests is recommended. More than 95 percent of testicular cancers result from abnormal nurse cells, interstitial cells, or other testicular cells. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35.
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testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35
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** from the integration scenario section of 4/24** Ryan's stress and anxiety make it difficult for him to become sexually aroused, because those emotions Inhibit parasympathetic reflexes in his body Prevent contractions in the ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles Result in the release of nitric oxide around penile arteries Stimulate the bulbo-urethral glands
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inhibit parasympathetic reflexes in his body
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** from the integration scenario section of 4/24** Testosterone injections could lower Ryan's sperm count by Stimulating release of Inhibin Inhibiting release of GnRH Inhibiting release of LH Stimulating release of FSH
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inhibiting release of GnRH
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** look at integration scenario** Sarah was going to buy a pregnancy test kit, but she and Allen decided to wait until these test results had come in. What hormone does a pregnancy test kit test for? LH estrogen progesterone FSH GnRH HCG
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HCG
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**look at integration scenario** Based on this knowledge from question B and the results in question A, is it likely that Sarah is pregnant? Yes No
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No
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** look at integration scenario** If Sarah is not pregnant now but wants to become pregnant in the future, she might use an ovulation test kit. What hormone would be a good indicator for ovulation? In other words, what hormone is particularly high at ovulation? HCG FSH progesterone LH inhibin
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LH
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**look at the integration scenario** If Sarah is not pregnant now, she and Allen might try to conceive in the future. Which of the following would be most likely to decrease their chances of conception? a sperm count of 300 million per ejaculate a sperm count of 130 million per ml Clomid - a fertility drug which induces ovulation oligospermia
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oligospermia
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**look at integration scenario** If Sarah is not pregnant now but wants to wait to become pregnant until after she and Allen finish their fellowships, they might try a form of birth control that prevents implantation. At what stage does a fertilized egg implant in the uterine endometrium ? four-cell early morula blastocyst amniotic trophoblast advanced morula
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blastocyst
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**look at integration scenario** One method of birth control Sarah could use is the birth control pill which "tricks the body" into thinking it is pregnant. Which of the following pieces of information would help her better understand why pregnant women do not ovulate? The uterus of a pregnant woman would not allow another embryo to implant Pregnant women produce very low levels of estrogen and progesterone, so they cannot get pregnant. The placenta of a pregnant woman produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones exert negative feedback, which leads to a reduction of LH and FSH levels. The placenta of a pregnant woman produces elevated levels of FSH, which produces an inhibitory effect on the development of new follicles.
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The placenta of a pregnant woman produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones exert negative feedback, which leads to a reduction of LH and FSH levels.
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**look at integration scenario** Other methods of birth control include spermicide alone, the diaphragm with spermicide, the IUD (copper T), the contraceptive sponge with spermicide, and the male condom. Which of these methods has the lowest failure rate assuming typical usage? spermicide alone contraceptive sponge diaphragm IUD male condom
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IUD
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**look at integration scenario** Of these same methods of birth control , which one has the highest failure rate assuming typical usage? diaphragm male condom IUD contraceptive sponge spermicide alone
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spermicide alone
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**look at integration scenario** Most methods of birth control do not help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Which sexually transmitted infection has been linked to cervical cancer? Hint: a vaccination has been developed for it syphilis herpes HPV gonorrhea HIV
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HPV
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Sarah made a list of the hormones on the report. The list and results (in parentheses) included estrogen (low), progesterone (low), LH (low), FSH (low), GnRH (low), and HCG (undetectable). What is the source that produces these hormones? Choose all answers that are correct. progesterone - ovary LH - hypothalamus estrogen - uterus HCG- ovary GnRH - hypothalamus HCG - placenta/trophoblast FSH - pituitary gland
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progesterone - ovary LH - hypothalamus GnRH - hypothalamus HCG - placenta/trophoblast FSH - pituitary gland
