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Cancer – cell bio – Flashcards

Daniel Thompson

7 July 2022

question

Requirements for cancer: - cells ___ uncontrollably. and - ___ : cells are able to invade and colonize other territories

answer

cell proliferate & metastasis - are ____ for cancer

question

What does the cell need to do to metastasize?

answer

It must degrade the surrounding ECM so that it can migrate to other locations - this is required for cell to ____

question

Cancer type: ___ (all of them)

answer

- carcinomas -sarcoma -leukemias / lymphomas -nervous system cancer

question

In carcinomas cells are derived from ___

answer

from epithelial cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In sarcoma cells are derived from ___

answer

from connective tissue or muscle cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In Leukemias/lymphomas cells are derived from ___

answer

from hematopoietic cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In Nervous system cancers cells are derived from ___

answer

from CNS cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

80% of human cancers are ____

answer

carcinomas - make __% of human cancer

question

Most cell proliferation occurs in ____

answer

in epithelia - occurs most cell ____

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___ tissues are most exposed to carcinogesn

answer

epithelial tissues- are most exposed to ___

question

-Tobacco use -Obesity -Chemical carcinogens that damage DNA (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke) -Radiation (e.g. UV light from sun) -Viruses and other infections -Can alter control of cell division in host cell -Can cause chronic inflammation and stimulate cell division All these are ____

answer

causes for cancer - are ___?

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Cancer is caused by the accumulation of ___

answer

accumulation of mutations - causes ___

question

Agents that contribute to cancer (tobacco) are often ____ that damage DNA

answer

mutagens - are ___ that damage ___

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In normal cells there are limits to the accuracy of DNA replication and repair In a lifetime, the average human gene will be mutated ___ times

answer

10^9 time - ___ will be mutated

question

Genes are ____, and cells require multiple mutations to become _____.

answer

cells are redundant(excess) -and they require multiple _____ to become - cancerous.

question

This is why cancer is associated with aging - b/c ______

answer

b/c mutations accumulate over many years - thus cancer is associated with ____

question

a tumor is cancerous only if its cells have the ability to invade surrounding tissue - this is called ______

answer

malignant - (def)

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tumor progresses through ____ evolution

answer

through clonal evolution - ____ progresses

question

a single cell undergoes mutations that enhances cell ______ or decreased cell ____

answer

enhances cell proliferation or decreases cell death

question

Final step in tumor progression allows invasion through ____ membrane

answer

basement-membrane allows ____ which is the final step of tumor progression

question

Hallmarks of Metastatic cancer: (are - 6 of them)

answer

These are the _____ of _____ 1.self sufficiency in growth signals 2.Insensitivity to antigrowth signals 3.evasion of apoptosis 4.limitless replicative potential 5.tissue invasion and metastasis 6.sustained angiogenesis

question

Cancer cells have decreased dependence on other cells for growth, survival and division - this is one of the hallmarks of ____ ___ (which one?)

answer

hallmark of metastatic(process of metastasis) cancer - 1.self sufficiency in growth signals - (explain)

question

2. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals - example: cancer cells often have mutations in the ___gene or ___ pathway

answer

Example: cancer cells often have mutations in the p53 gene or p53 pathway - this is hallmark # ___

question

3. Cancer cells have evolved ways to evade apoptosis -example: cancer cells often have increased levels of ___ which block apoptosis

answer

For example, cancer cells often have increased levels of Bcl2 which block apoptosis - hallmarks # ___?

question

4. Cancer cells proliferate indefinitely by reactivating _____. Cancer cells maintain telomerase activity through originating from __ ___ or epigenetically activating the telomerase gene.

answer

by reactivatin telomerase - cancer cells _____ indefinetily: hallmark # __? The limited number of possible cell divisions in normal cells depends on shortening of telomeres with each cell division due to lack of telomerase in most proliferating cells (not stem cells). Cancer cells maintain telomerase activity through originating from stem cells or epigenetically activating the telomerase gene

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hallmark # 5 - ___. They lack ______ ,which holds cells toghether.

answer

Cancer cells are invasive and metastatic - this is hallmark # ___? lack cadherins-which does what?___

question

A marker of cancer progression is loss of _____, allowing the cell to move and invade other ____

answer

loss of cadherins - allows cells to _____ and ____ other cells

question

hallmark # 6 ____

answer

6. Cancer cells have sustained (supported) angiogenesis

question

angiogenesis - (def) ___

answer

the formation and development of blood vessels - is called ____.

question

neoplastic / neoplasm - (def) ____

answer

a new, often uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue; tumor - is called ____

question

what does "hallmark of cancer" mean? ___

answer

- an organizing principle for understanding/rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. this is the ________ ____

question

the hallmarks are: ___ (name them - 6 total)

answer

-sustaining proliferative signaling / -evading growth suppression / -resisting cell death / -enabling replicative immortality / -inducing angiogenesis / -activating invasion and metastasis ->these are the ___ ____

question

All those hallmarks are GENETIC _____

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GENETIC INSTABILITY - are all __ __ together

question

Genome instability - generates the genetic _____ that expedites their acquisition, and ___, which fosters(promotes) multiple hallmark functions.

answer

genetic diversity - and inflammation - are generated by ____ ____.

question

Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality the hallmark list: -reprogramming of __ ___ and -evading __ ___.

answer

reprogramming of energy metabolism- and evading immune destruction - are two new _____ that evolved in the last decade

question

In addition to cancer cells, TUMORS- contain a repertoire of recruited, evident normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the _______

answer

"TUMOR MICROENVIROMENT" - is created by the recruited, normal cells of _____

question

Cancer cells are genetically __. Normal cell: DNA damage activates checkpoint mechanisms, allowing cell to arrest cell cycle and correct the problem Cancer cell: checkpoint defects allow cells to continue through cell cycle without repairing damage

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genetically unstable- are __ cellsNormal cell: DNA damage activates checkpoint mechanisms, allowing cell to arrest cell cycle and correct the problem Cancer cell: checkpoint defects allow cells to continue through cell cycle without repairing damage

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the check point defects allows cell to continue through cell cycle - this contributes to further ____ and _____ abnormalities

answer

further mutations and chromosomal _____ are caused by allowing the cell cycle to continue in cancer cell

question

forms of genetic instability: - ___(3). which allows rapid accumulation of additional mutations in cancer cells. ex: in breast cancer in metaphase - are 48 chromosomes instead of 46

answer

--inability to repair specific types of damaged DNA -inability to repair replication errors -failure to maintain chromosomal number or integrity -> these are form of ______

question

mutations underlying cancer are mainly - ____ mutations

answer

mutations underlying cancer are mainly - somatic mutations

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Mutagens- cause changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

answer

Mutagens- cause changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

question

Cancer cells predominantly utilize ____for ATP production even in the presence of abundant oxygen

answer

glycolysis - is utilized for ___ production in cancer cells

question

Cancer cells must ___ immune response

answer

Cancer cells must evade immune _____

question

_____ -the production or development of tumors

answer

tumorigenesis - ___(def)

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The tumor ______ plays a role in tumorigenesis

answer

the tumor microenvironment - plays a role in _____

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microenvironmnet: - Cross-talk between tumor cells and ___ cells is important in tumor development -Cancer cells cause changes in ___ of the stromal cells -______ secrete signals that stimulate cancer cell growth and division The cancer cells and stromal cells thus co-evolve

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-Cross-talk between -stromal cells- and ___ cells are important in tumorigenesis -changes are caused in ECM of the ___ cells -Stromal cells- secrete signals that ____cancer cell ____ and ____ The cancer cells and stromal cells thus co-evolve

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____ cells are connective tissue cells of any organ

answer

stromal cells are ___

question

Cancer-critical genes: ____ and ____ genes

answer

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - are cancer ____ genes

question

Dominant mutation - is gain of ___ Recessive mutation - loss of ___

answer

gain of function - is ___ mutation. Loss of function - is ___ mutation

question

Dominant mutation leads to - excessive cell ____ and ____. It enables ___genes. It inactivates only one gene in a normal cell (mutation in one gene).

answer

excessive cell survival and proliferation - is ____ mutation. Which produces single mutation event in proto-oncogene enabling oncogene.

question

Recessive mutation leads to - excessive cell ___ and ___ (same as dominant mutation). It inactivates both suppressor genes of a cell (mutations in both genes).

answer

excessive cell survival and proliferation - is ____ mutation.

question

oncogene - is a ___ gene. The corresponding normal gene is called - ____ (is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.)

answer

the mutant gene-is called ____ proto-oncogene - is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.

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Proto-oncogene - can be converted into an oncogene by: __ (3)

answer

-mutation in coding sequence / -gene amplification / -chromosome rearrangement ->these are ways to convert _____ into ____

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Mutation in code sequence-a ____protein is produced in normal amounts. In gene amplification- a normal protein is _____ produced. In chromosome rearrangement- 1.nearby regulatory DNA sequence causes normal protein to be ______ produced. 2. fusion to actively transcribed gene produces hyperactive transcribed gene.

answer

Mutation in __ __ - a hyperactive protein is produced in normal amounts. In __ -__- a normal protein is over produced. In chromosome rearrangement- 1.nearby regulatory DNA sequence causes ___ protein to be overproduced. 2. fusion to actively transcribed gene produces _____ transcribed gene.

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tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene - is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene is mutated to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer

answer

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Predisposition to colorectal cancer: -In a small number of cases, a predisposition to this cancer is ____and patients often develop the disease at an early age -These patients frequently have inherited a mutation or deletion of one of their ____ genes. Upon loss or inactivation of the second ___ gene during adulthood, the patients will develop cancer

answer

early development of ____ cancer is b/c it is -inherited - -mutations or ___ in APC genes-have a predisposition to ______ cancer Upon ___ or __ of the second APC gene during adulthood, the patients will develop cancer

question

Inactivation of APC in the ___ signaling pathway leads to ________ of cells in the gut and colon cancer

answer

Inactivation OR activation? of APC in the Wnt signaling pathway leads to hyperproliferation of cells in the __ and ___ cancer

question

APC is a tumor ____ gene. Usually when a patient inherits one mutant copy and one normal copy of the APC gene

answer

___ is a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer.

question

APC - adenomatous polyposis coli

answer

APC - adenomatous polyposis coli

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In colorectal cancer patient that inherited 2 normal copies of APC - how do they get this cancer? - the tumor cell has lost both copies of these gene - presumably through two independent somatic cells. In 60% of cases, both copies of the APC gene is inactivated

answer

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APC is activated (in Wnt path way) - when there is no Wnt signal - thus activated APC complex degrades _______

answer

B(beta)-catenin - is degraded by ____ when Wnt signals or not the receptor? __

question

Wnt binds to ____ by activating it, which then active/inactive the ______- _____ , which activates/deactivated _____ containing complex. The stable ________activates ____complex which leads to proliferation of gut stem cells.

answer

_____(the signal) binds to receptor by activating it-which activates the signaling protein- which deactivates APC containing complex. The stable B-catenin activates TCF complex which leads to proliferation of gut stem cells.

question

The development of colorectal cancer is ____. Usually occurs at an older age.

answer

sporadic/occasional - is the development of ____ cancer. Usually occurs at an ___ age

question

The loss of other tumor ____ genes or activation of ___ are required for the patient to develop cancer

answer

loss of suppressor gene or activation of oncogenes - are required to develop ___

question

Ras is an _____ gene activated which Stimulates cell-____ and promotes cell ___

answer

__ is an oncogene activated, which ___ cell survival and __ cell proliferation

question

APC and p53 are tumor _____ gene

answer

which are tumor suppressor genes? (2) __, __

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___ gene - Prevents entry into __ phase. Gives time for DNA to be repaired. When p53 is inactive, the cell cycle proceeds even with damaged DNA, leading to cancer.

answer

p53 gene - Prevents entry into S phase. Gives time for DNA to be repaired. When p53 is inactive, the cell cycle proceeds even with damaged DNA, leading to cancer.

question

Ras ia a ___-oncogene

answer

___ ia a proto-oncogene

question

proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an ___ due to mutations or increased expression.

answer

______ is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.

question

Cancers are the result of different ___ of mutations, so no single therapy will work for all cancers

answer

Cancers are the result of different combinations of mutations, so no single ___ will work for all cancers

question

Cancer cells rapidly ____ due to genetic instability, and can quickly become resistant to ____

answer

Cancer cells rapidly evolve due to _____ ___, and can quickly become ____ to therapies

question

Cancers are usually detected at __ cm or larger- at about __ cells or more

answer

Cancers are usually detected at 1 cm or larger- at about 10^8 cells or more

question

Tumors usually contain millions of cells when they are first ___

answer

___ usually contain millions of cells when they are first diagnosed

question

tumor first palpable at __#_ cels

answer

at 10^9 cells tumor is first _____

question

at 10^12 cells the patient ____

answer

patient death is at _#_ cells

question

Surgery- cut out the tumor. If the cancer has not ___, this can be highly effective.

answer

Surgery- cut out the tumor. If the cancer has not metastasized, this can be highly effective.

question

DNA damaging therapies such as ____ and certain ___. Takes advantage of cancer cells having lost DNA damage ____. -Normal cells can repair damage due to treatment -Cancer cells may obtain sufficient irreparable damage that they die

answer

____ damaging therapies such as radiation and certain chemotherapies. Takes advantage of cancer cells having lost DNA damage checkpoints. -Normal cells can repair damage due to treatment -Cancer cells may obtain sufficient irreparable damage that they die

question

Multidrug treatments are more effective than ____ treatments

answer

____ drug treatments are more effective than sequential treatments

question

Oncogene addiction: cancer cells can depend on a certain ____ more so than normal cells

answer

____ addiction: cancer cells can depend on a certain oncogene more so than normal cells

question

Blocking activity of the ____ could kill the tumor while not harming other cells.

answer

Blocking activity of the oncogene could kill the __ while not harming other cells.

question

cancer cells rely on ___ to facilitate signaling pathways for cell growth.

answer

cancer cells rely on Hsp90 to facilitate ___ pathways for cell growth.

question

__ inhibitors can specifically eliminate the tumor cells.

answer

Hsp90(heat shock protein 90-one of the most abundant expressed in cells) ____ can specifically eliminate the tumor cells.

question

A number of drugs including ___ block formation of new blood vessels required to feed tumor.

answer

A number of drugs including Endostatin block formation of __ ___ __ required to feed tumor.

question

Blocking action of specific oncogenes ____ blocks the activity of an oncogenic protein and halts ___ ___ __(CML) and other specific cancers.

answer

Blocking action of specific oncogenes Gleevac ___ the activity of an ____protein and halts chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other specific cancers.

question

CML caused by (a specific hyper-active tyrosine kinase) Abl(oncogene kinase) - > Results in signaling that makes too many ___ cells - > results in ___. This oncogene can be blocked with ____ . ____ binds to the ATP binding pocket of __ and prevents activity of the kinase

answer

CML caused by (a specific hyper-active tyrosine kinase called) ___ (oncogene kinase) - > Results in signaling that makes too many white blood cells - >resulting in Leukemia This oncogene can be ___ with Gleevac. Gleevac ___ to the ATP binding pocket of Abl and prevents activity of the ____

question

___(drug) : breast cancer treatment

answer

Herceptin - treats ___ cancer

question

25% of breast cancers have increased ___ (an RTK) on the cell ___.

answer

___ % of ___ cancers have increased Her2 (an RTK) on the cell surface.

question

Antibodies against Her2 can be made that bind to and _____the receptor

answer

Antibodies against Her2 can be made that bind to and inactivate the ___

question

__ ___ profiling can classify tumors into clinically meaningful subgroups. Allows tumor classification for better treatment.

answer

Gene expression profiling can classify ____ into clinically meaningful subgroups. Allows tumor classification for better treatment.

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question

Requirements for cancer: - cells ___ uncontrollably. and - ___ : cells are able to invade and colonize other territories

answer

cell proliferate & metastasis - are ____ for cancer

question

What does the cell need to do to metastasize?

answer

It must degrade the surrounding ECM so that it can migrate to other locations - this is required for cell to ____

question

Cancer type: ___ (all of them)

answer

- carcinomas -sarcoma -leukemias / lymphomas -nervous system cancer

question

In carcinomas cells are derived from ___

answer

from epithelial cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In sarcoma cells are derived from ___

answer

from connective tissue or muscle cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In Leukemias/lymphomas cells are derived from ___

answer

from hematopoietic cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

In Nervous system cancers cells are derived from ___

answer

from CNS cells - are derived cell for which cancer type ? ___

question

80% of human cancers are ____

answer

carcinomas - make __% of human cancer

question

Most cell proliferation occurs in ____

answer

in epithelia - occurs most cell ____

question

___ tissues are most exposed to carcinogesn

answer

epithelial tissues- are most exposed to ___

question

answer

causes for cancer - are ___?

question

Cancer is caused by the accumulation of ___

answer

accumulation of mutations - causes ___

question

Agents that contribute to cancer (tobacco) are often ____ that damage DNA

answer

mutagens - are ___ that damage ___

question

In normal cells there are limits to the accuracy of DNA replication and repair In a lifetime, the average human gene will be mutated ___ times

answer

10^9 time - ___ will be mutated

question

Genes are ____, and cells require multiple mutations to become _____.

answer

cells are redundant(excess) -and they require multiple _____ to become - cancerous.

question

This is why cancer is associated with aging - b/c ______

answer

b/c mutations accumulate over many years - thus cancer is associated with ____

question

a tumor is cancerous only if its cells have the ability to invade surrounding tissue - this is called ______

answer

malignant - (def)

question

tumor progresses through ____ evolution

answer

through clonal evolution - ____ progresses

question

a single cell undergoes mutations that enhances cell ______ or decreased cell ____

answer

enhances cell proliferation or decreases cell death

question

Final step in tumor progression allows invasion through ____ membrane

answer

basement-membrane allows ____ which is the final step of tumor progression

question

Hallmarks of Metastatic cancer: (are - 6 of them)

answer

question

Cancer cells have decreased dependence on other cells for growth, survival and division - this is one of the hallmarks of ____ ___ (which one?)

answer

hallmark of metastatic(process of metastasis) cancer - 1.self sufficiency in growth signals - (explain)

question

2. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals - example: cancer cells often have mutations in the ___gene or ___ pathway

answer

Example: cancer cells often have mutations in the p53 gene or p53 pathway - this is hallmark # ___

question

3. Cancer cells have evolved ways to evade apoptosis -example: cancer cells often have increased levels of ___ which block apoptosis

answer

For example, cancer cells often have increased levels of Bcl2 which block apoptosis - hallmarks # ___?

question

4. Cancer cells proliferate indefinitely by reactivating _____. Cancer cells maintain telomerase activity through originating from __ ___ or epigenetically activating the telomerase gene.

answer

question

hallmark # 5 - ___. They lack ______ ,which holds cells toghether.

answer

Cancer cells are invasive and metastatic - this is hallmark # ___? lack cadherins-which does what?___

question

A marker of cancer progression is loss of _____, allowing the cell to move and invade other ____

answer

loss of cadherins - allows cells to _____ and ____ other cells

question

hallmark # 6 ____

answer

6. Cancer cells have sustained (supported) angiogenesis

question

angiogenesis - (def) ___

answer

the formation and development of blood vessels - is called ____.

question

neoplastic / neoplasm - (def) ____

answer

a new, often uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue; tumor - is called ____

question

what does "hallmark of cancer" mean? ___

answer

- an organizing principle for understanding/rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. this is the ________ ____

question

the hallmarks are: ___ (name them - 6 total)

answer

question

All those hallmarks are GENETIC _____

answer

GENETIC INSTABILITY - are all __ __ together

question

Genome instability - generates the genetic _____ that expedites their acquisition, and ___, which fosters(promotes) multiple hallmark functions.

answer

genetic diversity - and inflammation - are generated by ____ ____.

question

Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality the hallmark list: -reprogramming of __ ___ and -evading __ ___.

answer

reprogramming of energy metabolism- and evading immune destruction - are two new _____ that evolved in the last decade

question

In addition to cancer cells, TUMORS- contain a repertoire of recruited, evident normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the _______

answer

"TUMOR MICROENVIROMENT" - is created by the recruited, normal cells of _____

question

answer

question

the check point defects allows cell to continue through cell cycle - this contributes to further ____ and _____ abnormalities

answer

further mutations and chromosomal _____ are caused by allowing the cell cycle to continue in cancer cell

question

forms of genetic instability: - ___(3). which allows rapid accumulation of additional mutations in cancer cells. ex: in breast cancer in metaphase - are 48 chromosomes instead of 46

answer

--inability to repair specific types of damaged DNA -inability to repair replication errors -failure to maintain chromosomal number or integrity -> these are form of ______

question

mutations underlying cancer are mainly - ____ mutations

answer

mutations underlying cancer are mainly - somatic mutations

question

Mutagens- cause changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

answer

Mutagens- cause changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

question

Cancer cells predominantly utilize ____for ATP production even in the presence of abundant oxygen

answer

glycolysis - is utilized for ___ production in cancer cells

question

Cancer cells must ___ immune response

answer

Cancer cells must evade immune _____

question

_____ -the production or development of tumors

answer

tumorigenesis - ___(def)

question

The tumor ______ plays a role in tumorigenesis

answer

the tumor microenvironment - plays a role in _____

question

answer

question

____ cells are connective tissue cells of any organ

answer

stromal cells are ___

question

Cancer-critical genes: ____ and ____ genes

answer

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - are cancer ____ genes

question

Dominant mutation - is gain of ___ Recessive mutation - loss of ___

answer

gain of function - is ___ mutation. Loss of function - is ___ mutation

question

Dominant mutation leads to - excessive cell ____ and ____. It enables ___genes. It inactivates only one gene in a normal cell (mutation in one gene).

answer

excessive cell survival and proliferation - is ____ mutation. Which produces single mutation event in proto-oncogene enabling oncogene.

question

Recessive mutation leads to - excessive cell ___ and ___ (same as dominant mutation). It inactivates both suppressor genes of a cell (mutations in both genes).

answer

excessive cell survival and proliferation - is ____ mutation.

question

oncogene - is a ___ gene. The corresponding normal gene is called - ____ (is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.)

answer

the mutant gene-is called ____ proto-oncogene - is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.

question

Proto-oncogene - can be converted into an oncogene by: __ (3)

answer

-mutation in coding sequence / -gene amplification / -chromosome rearrangement ->these are ways to convert _____ into ____

question

answer

question

answer

question

answer

question

Inactivation of APC in the ___ signaling pathway leads to ________ of cells in the gut and colon cancer

answer

Inactivation OR activation? of APC in the Wnt signaling pathway leads to hyperproliferation of cells in the __ and ___ cancer

question

APC is a tumor ____ gene. Usually when a patient inherits one mutant copy and one normal copy of the APC gene

answer

___ is a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer.

question

APC - adenomatous polyposis coli

answer

APC - adenomatous polyposis coli

question

answer

question

APC is activated (in Wnt path way) - when there is no Wnt signal - thus activated APC complex degrades _______

answer

B(beta)-catenin - is degraded by ____ when Wnt signals or not the receptor? __

question

answer

question

The development of colorectal cancer is ____. Usually occurs at an older age.

answer

sporadic/occasional - is the development of ____ cancer. Usually occurs at an ___ age

question

The loss of other tumor ____ genes or activation of ___ are required for the patient to develop cancer

answer

loss of suppressor gene or activation of oncogenes - are required to develop ___

question

Ras is an _____ gene activated which Stimulates cell-____ and promotes cell ___

answer

__ is an oncogene activated, which ___ cell survival and __ cell proliferation

question

APC and p53 are tumor _____ gene

answer

which are tumor suppressor genes? (2) __, __

question

___ gene - Prevents entry into __ phase. Gives time for DNA to be repaired. When p53 is inactive, the cell cycle proceeds even with damaged DNA, leading to cancer.

answer

p53 gene - Prevents entry into S phase. Gives time for DNA to be repaired. When p53 is inactive, the cell cycle proceeds even with damaged DNA, leading to cancer.

question

Ras ia a ___-oncogene

answer

___ ia a proto-oncogene

question

proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an ___ due to mutations or increased expression.

answer

______ is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.

question

Cancers are the result of different ___ of mutations, so no single therapy will work for all cancers

answer

Cancers are the result of different combinations of mutations, so no single ___ will work for all cancers

question

Cancer cells rapidly ____ due to genetic instability, and can quickly become resistant to ____

answer

Cancer cells rapidly evolve due to _____ ___, and can quickly become ____ to therapies

question

Cancers are usually detected at __ cm or larger- at about __ cells or more

answer

Cancers are usually detected at 1 cm or larger- at about 10^8 cells or more

question

Tumors usually contain millions of cells when they are first ___

answer

___ usually contain millions of cells when they are first diagnosed

question

tumor first palpable at __#_ cels

answer

at 10^9 cells tumor is first _____

question

at 10^12 cells the patient ____

answer

patient death is at _#_ cells

question

Surgery- cut out the tumor. If the cancer has not ___, this can be highly effective.

answer

Surgery- cut out the tumor. If the cancer has not metastasized, this can be highly effective.

question

answer

question

Multidrug treatments are more effective than ____ treatments

answer

____ drug treatments are more effective than sequential treatments

question

Oncogene addiction: cancer cells can depend on a certain ____ more so than normal cells

answer

____ addiction: cancer cells can depend on a certain oncogene more so than normal cells

question

Blocking activity of the ____ could kill the tumor while not harming other cells.

answer

Blocking activity of the oncogene could kill the __ while not harming other cells.

question

cancer cells rely on ___ to facilitate signaling pathways for cell growth.

answer

cancer cells rely on Hsp90 to facilitate ___ pathways for cell growth.

question

__ inhibitors can specifically eliminate the tumor cells.

answer

Hsp90(heat shock protein 90-one of the most abundant expressed in cells) ____ can specifically eliminate the tumor cells.

question

A number of drugs including ___ block formation of new blood vessels required to feed tumor.

answer

A number of drugs including Endostatin block formation of __ ___ __ required to feed tumor.

question

Blocking action of specific oncogenes ____ blocks the activity of an oncogenic protein and halts ___ ___ __(CML) and other specific cancers.

answer

Blocking action of specific oncogenes Gleevac ___ the activity of an ____protein and halts chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other specific cancers.

question

answer

question

___(drug) : breast cancer treatment

answer

Herceptin - treats ___ cancer

question

25% of breast cancers have increased ___ (an RTK) on the cell ___.

answer

___ % of ___ cancers have increased Her2 (an RTK) on the cell surface.

question

Antibodies against Her2 can be made that bind to and _____the receptor

answer

Antibodies against Her2 can be made that bind to and inactivate the ___

question

__ ___ profiling can classify tumors into clinically meaningful subgroups. Allows tumor classification for better treatment.

answer

Gene expression profiling can classify ____ into clinically meaningful subgroups. Allows tumor classification for better treatment.

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