Chapter 18 Microbiology – Flashcards
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variolation
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early method of vaccine using infected material from a patient
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vaccine
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a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity
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Who developed the modern practice of vaccination?
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Edward Jenner
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inactivated killed vaccines
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use microbes that have been killed usually by formalin or phenol
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Inactivated virus vaccines used in humans
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Rabies, influenza, and polio
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How are influenza viruses grown?
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In embryonated eggs.
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subunite vaccines
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use only those antigenic fragments of a microorganism that best stimulate an immune response
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recombinant vaccines
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subunit vaccines that are produced by genetic modification techniques- meaning that other microbes are programmed to produce the desired antigenic fraction
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toxoids
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inactivated toxins
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antitoxins
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specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial exotoxin or its toxoid
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conjugated vaccines
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combine the desired antigen with a protein that boosts the immune response
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nucleic acid vaccines
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often called DNA vaccines; among the newest and most promising vaccines; cause the recipient to make the antigenic protein
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What vaccines do not need a cell or animal host to grow the vaccine's microbe?
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Recombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines
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What is a convenient animal that will grow many viruses?
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Chick embryo
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What are ways that viruses for vaccines may be grown?
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animals, cell cultures, or chick embryos
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adjuvants
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aluminum salts that are combined with many vaccines to increase its effectiveness
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What is the safest and most effective means of preventing infectious disease in children?
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vaccines
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sensitivity
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the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive
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specificity
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the probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative
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hybridoma
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cell made by fusing an antibody-producing B cell with a cancer cell
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monoclonal antibodies, or Mabs
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specific antibody produced in vitro by a clone of B cells hybridized with cancerous cells
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3 reasons that Monoclonal antibodies are useful.
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1. they are uniform 2. they are highly specific 3. they can be produced readily in large quantities
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How many Mabs have been approved for human therapy?
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currently more than 25
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What are the treatments that Mabs have been approved for?
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multiple sclerosis, Crohn's Disease, psoriasis, cancer, asthma, and arthritis
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omalizumab (Xolair)
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drug that treats allergic asthma by preventing the binding of IgE on mast cells and basophils
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rituximab (Rituxan)
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Mab used to treat inflammatory diseases that the TNF-blocking Mabs cannot
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infliximab (Remicade)
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Mab that neutralize TNF and block the progression of the disease
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chimeric monoclonal antibodies
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use genetically modified mice to make a human-murine hybrid
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chimera
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animal or tissue made up of elements derived from genetically distinct individuals; in this case a human and a mouse
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humanized antibodies
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are constructed so that the murine portion is limited to the antigen-binding sites; human antibodies produced by genetically modified mice
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precipitation reactions
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involve the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG or IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates called lattices
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precipitation ring test
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a cloudy line of precipitation (ring) appears in the area in which the optimal ratio has been reached
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immunodiffusion tests
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precipitation reactions carried out in agar gel medium, on either a Petri plate or microscope slide
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immunoelectrophoresis
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procedure used in research to separate proteins in human serum and is the basis of certain diagnostic tests
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agglutination
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joining together or clumping of cells
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How can agglutination test be classified?
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direct or indirect
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What are 3 things to know about agglutination reactions?
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very sensitive, relatively easy to read, and available in great variety
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direct agglutination tests
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detect antibodies against relatively large cellular anitgens, such as those on red blood cells, bacteria, and fungi
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titer
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concentration of serum antibody
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seroconversion
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change in a person's response to an antigen in a serological test
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indirect (passive) agglutination tests
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antibody reacts with the soluble antigen adhering to the particles
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hemagglutination
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agglutination that involves the clumping of red blood cells
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viral hemagglutination
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ability of certain viruses to agglutinate red blood cells without an antigen-antibody reaction
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neutralization
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an antigen-antibody reaction in which the harmful effects of a bacterial exotoxin or a virus are blocked by specific antibodies
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virus neutralization test
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presence of antibodies against a virus can be detected by the antibodies' ability to prevent cytopathic effects of viruses in cell cultures
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viral hemagglutination inhibition test
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neutralization test used mostly for the serological typing of viruses
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complement fixation
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process in which complement combines with an antigen-antibody complex
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fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques
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can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum; use antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes
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Direct FA tests
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usually used to identify a microorganism in a clinical specimen
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Indirect FA tests
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used to detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum following exposure to a microorganism; more sensitive than direct tests
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anti-human immune serum globulin (antoi-HISG)
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antibody that reacts specifically with any human antibody
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fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)
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modification of a flow cytometer that counts and sorts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies
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enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
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most widely used group of tests known as immunoassay (EIA); 2 basic methods: direct ELISA and the indirect ELISA
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direct ELISA
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detects antigens; common use is to detect the presence of drugs in the urine
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indirect ELISA
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detects antibodies; used to screen blood for anitbodies
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Western Blotting
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simply called immunoblotting; used to identify a specific protein in a mixture
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Table 18.3 Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0-6 Years
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See page 507
