question

The 250 mg of calcium found in a cup of spinach ________. A. is the only source of calcium for a vegan B. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid C. is poorly absorbed unless the spinach is cooked D. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to phytic acid

answer

B. has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid

question

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume ________. A. about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day B. only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed C. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal D. the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements

answer

C. an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal

question

Absorption of dietary calcium in the duodenum is aided by ________. A. consumption of lactose B. acidic environment C. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

D. All of these choices are accurate

question

Which of the following population groups has the highest rate of calcium absorption? A. Postmenopausal women B. Pregnant women C. Premenopausal women (not pregnant or lactating) D. Athletes in training

answer

B. Pregnant women

question

Measuring blood calcium levels is not an accurate indicator of total body calcium because ________. A. calcium in the blood reflects only the most recent dietary intake of calcium B. there are no reliable tests for measuring blood calcium C. blood calcium levels vary according to the intake of other positive ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, and magnesium) D. blood calcium levels are strictly controlled by hormones and do not reflect total body stores

answer

D. blood calcium levels are strictly controlled by hormones and do not reflect total body stores

question

Which factor(s) limits absorption of dietary calcium? A. Phytic acid B. Chronic diarrhea C. Tannins in tea D. Vitamin D deficiency E. All of these choices are accurate

answer

E. All of these choices are accurate

question

Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by ________. A.increasing the synthesis of 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D B. reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys C. increasing bone resorption by osteoclast activity D. All of the choices are accurate

answer

D. All of the choices are accurate

question

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of calcium per serving? A. 1 cup of yogurt B. 2 oz. cheddar cheese C. 3 oz. canned salmon with bones D. 1 cup cooked spinach

answer

A. 1 cup of yogurt

question

Assuming that milk is the only source of dietary calcium, how much milk must an adolescent drink every day to meet the RDA for calcium? A. 2 cups B. 3 cups C. 4 cups D. 5 cups

answer

D. 5 cups

question

The two life stage groups with the highest RDAs for calcium are _________ and _________. A. children; adolescents B. infants; children C. adolescents; adults over age 50 D. infants; adolescents

answer

C. adolescents; adults over age 50

question

The very dense outer surface of bone is called ________. A. osteoclastic bone B. osteoblastic bone C. trabecular bone D. cortical bone

answer

D. cortical bone

question

At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis, is a spongy type of bone known as ________. A. osteoclastic bone B. osteoblastic bone C. trabecular bone D. compact bone

answer

C. trabecular bone

question

________ replacement after menopause greatly reduces bone loss in women. A. Calcium B. Calcitriol C. Estrogen D. Calcitonin

answer

C. Estrogen

question

In addition to its role in bone development and maintenance, calcium is also required for ________. A. blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction B. regulating potassium excretion, normal kidney function, and regulating intracellular water content C. phospholipid synthesis, muscle contraction, and formation of DNA and RNA D. blood clotting, magnesium absorption, and insulin release from the pancreas

answer

A. blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

question

The bones most likely to be affected by the disease osteoporosis include the ________. A. ankle, shoulder, and neck B. hip, thigh, and ankle C. hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine D. wrist, forearm, and neck E. All of these are correct as all bones are affected equally by osteoporosis

answer

C. hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine

question

Risk factors for osteoporosis include ________. A. overweight and obesity B. amenorrhea C. African-American race D. high levels of physical activity

answer

B. amenorrhea

question

Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone ________. A. calcitonin B. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D C. cholecalciferol D. aldosterone

answer

B. 1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D

question

The RDA for adults for phosphorus is ________. A. the same as calcium B. twice the amount of calcium C. 700 mg/d D. 200 mg/d

answer

C. 700 mg/d

question

Good food sources of phosphorus include ________. A. fruits and vegetables B. nuts and oils C. dairy products, meats, and cereals D. dairy products and leafy green vegetables

answer

C. dairy products, meats, and cereals

question

The richest dietary sources of magnesium are ________. A. animal products, e.g., beef and milk B. plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains C. fats and oils D. bottled waters

answer

B. plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains

question

Magnesium deficiency is most often caused by ________. A. excessive intakes of sodium and potassium B. low dietary intake of magnesium C. GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting D. osteopenia or osteoporosis

answer

C. GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting

question

Over half of the body's magnesium is found in the ________. A. heart B. liver C. bones D. brain

answer

C. bones

question

High amounts of _____, especially from supplements, can cause diarrhea. A. magnesium B. sodium C. calcium D. potassium

answer

A. magnesium

question

24. Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set. A. True B. False

answer

A. True

question

Beta-carotene is also called ________. A. provitamin A B. retinal or retinol C. calcitriol D. rhodopsin

answer

A. provitamin A

question

In the intestinal cells, ________. A. vitamin A, as retinal, is converted to beta-carotene B. carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A C. excess vitamin A is carried to the kidney for excretion D. All of these choices are correct

answer

B. carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A

question

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid are all forms of ________. A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. vitamin D D. vitamin E

answer

A. vitamin A

question

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with ________. A. retinoic acid B. 11-cis retinal C. 13-cis-retinol D. beta-carotene

answer

B. 11-cis retinal

question

Of the following, the best source of preformed vitamin A is ________. A. fried liver B. sautéed spinach C. fresh mango D. cheddar cheese

answer

A. fried liver

question

Of the following, the best source of provitamin A is ________. A. fried liver B. baked sweet potato C. fresh bananas D. soybeans

answer

B. baked sweet potato

question

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment ________. A. lycopene B. chlorophyll C. beta-carotene D. alpha-carotene

answer

B. chlorophyll

question

Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of ________. A. vitamin D B. beta-carotene C. vitamin K D. vitamin A

answer

D. vitamin A

question

When viewing items at night or in very dim light, light strikes the retina of the eyes ________. A. and causes the retinal to change from its cis form to its trans form B. and splits the rhodopsin into opsin and all-trans-retinal C. to trigger an electrical signal along the optic nerve D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

D. All of these choices are accurate

question

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called ________. A. xerophthalmia B. osteomalacia C. jaundice D. scurvy

answer

A. xerophthalmia

question

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the ________. A. inability to produce insulin B. failure to form blood clots C. inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity D. production of excessive amounts of collagen

answer

C. inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity

question

The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of ________. A. vitamin D B. vitamin C C. vitamin A D. vitamin K

answer

C. vitamin A

question

The biochemical functions of vitamin A include all of the following except: ________. A. controlling vision in dim and bright light B. development and maintenance of mucus-forming cells C. cell differentiation D. coenzyme synthesis

answer

D. coenzyme synthesis

question

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A? A. Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in the blood. B. Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors. C. Within a cell, vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation. D. All of these statements are correct.

answer

D. All of these statements are correct.

question

Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in ________. A. the eye B. the skin C. the kidney D. the liver

answer

D. the liver

question

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in ________. A. Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU) B. Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) C. Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE) D. None of these answers are correct

answer

B. Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)

question

n North America, population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. college-aged diabetics B. alcoholics with liver disease C. those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption D. low birth weight, premature infants

answer

A. college-aged diabetics

question

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be ________. A. consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables B. eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week C. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements D. drinking carrot juice twice a day

answer

C. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements

question

itamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. birth defects B. permanent damage to the liver C. kidney disease D. death

answer

C. kidney disease

question

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels? A. vitamin A B. vitamin C C. vitamin E D. vitamin B-12

answer

A. vitamin A

question

A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it ________. A. can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects B. can cause blindness if used for over a year C. may lead to atherosclerosis D. can lead to osteomalacia

answer

A. can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects

question

Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop ________. A. hyperactivity B. hypercarotenemia C. hyperglycemia D. vitamin A toxicity

answer

B. hypercarotenemia

question

A derivative of vitamin A, 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane), is used to ________. A. prevent xerophthalmia B. treat serious cases of acne C. treat hypercarotenemia D. prevent skin cancer

answer

B. treat serious cases of acne

question

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called ________. A. osteoporosis B. osteomalacia C. osteoarthritis D. osteopenia

answer

B. osteomalacia

question

Healthy, light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face, arms, and hands 2 or 3 times per week. A. 15 minutes B. 60 minutes C. 90 minutes D. 120 minutes

answer

A. 15 minutes

question

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin ________. A. E B. K C. D D. A

answer

C. D

question

Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because ________. A. it is available in fresh orange juice B. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D C. it can be destroyed by exposure to sunlight D. it is the yellow-orange color of the sun

answer

B. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D

question

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is ________. A. calcitriol B. retinal C. cholecalciferol D. calcitonin

answer

A. calcitriol

question

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of ________. A. cholesterol B. calcium C. prothrombin D. potassium

answer

B. calcium

question

Functions of vitamin D include ________. A. prevention of scurvy B. antioxidant activity C. glucose regulation D. absorption of calcium

answer

D. absorption of calcium

question

As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by ________. A. reducing calcium excretion by the kidney B. regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall C. regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

D. All of these choices are accurate

question

Calcitriol is the ________. A. precursor to vitamin D that is activated by sunlight B. plant source of vitamin D C. animal food source of vitamin D D. biologically active form of vitamin D

answer

D. biologically active form of vitamin D

question

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called ________. A. osteoporosis B. osteomalacia C. rickets D. hypocalcemia

answer

B. osteomalacia

question

In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of ________. A. rickets B. xerophthalmia C. osteopenia D. None of these are correct

answer

A. rickets

question

A reliable food source of vitamin D is ________. A. yellow-orange colored fruits B. dark green leafy vegetables C. whole grain breads D. fortified milk

answer

D. fortified milk

question

As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal, ____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol. A. calcitonin B. thyroid hormone C. parathyroid hormone D. secretin

answer

C. parathyroid hormone

question

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. use of sunscreen B. skin color C. geographic location D. All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis

answer

D. All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis

question

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. elderly adults living in nursing homes B. dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity C. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils D. individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption

answer

C. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D? A. Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis B. Regulating cell cycle activity C. Promoting antioxidant activity D. Increasing immunity against infections

answer

C. Promoting antioxidant activity

question

Excess intake of vitamin D ________. A. is readily excreted B. can cause hypercalcemia C. can cause rickets D. can cause osteomalacia

answer

B. can cause hypercalcemia

question

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the ________. A. 4 tocopherols B. 4 tocotrienols C. 4 triglycerides D. 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

answer

D. 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

question

Vitamin E functions to ________. A. protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents B. protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals C. accept electrons, thus neutralizing the action of free radicals D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

D. All of these choices are accurate

question

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as ________. A. a coenzyme B. an antioxidant C. a hormone D. a peroxide

answer

B. an antioxidant

question

Which of the following is NOT involved in antioxidant defense? A. glutathione peroxidase B. superoxide dismutase C. catalase D. hydrogen peroxide

answer

D. hydrogen peroxide

question

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are ________. A. refined grains and cereal products B. orange-colored fruits C. vegetable oils D. animal fats

answer

C. vegetable oils

question

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by ________. A. albumin B. hemoglobin C. lipoproteins D. retinol-binding proteins

answer

C. lipoproteins

question

Of the following population groups, those at lowest risk for vitamin E deficiency are ________. A. premature infants B. the elderly C. athletes D. smokers

answer

C. athletes

question

A high intake of vitamin E can ________. A. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity B. result in lead poisoning C. inhibit copper absorption D. cause atherosclerosis

answer

A. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity

question

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia? A. vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin E D. vitamin K

answer

C. vitamin E

question

The mineral that partly "spares" the antioxidant vitamin E is ________. A. copper B. selenium C. chromium D. iodide

answer

B. selenium

question

The amount of selenium in foods ________. A. is consistently high in plant-based foods B. will depend on the total amount of other minerals in the food C. depends on the type of water used to irrigate crops D. depends on the amount of selenium in the soil where crops are grown

answer

D. depends on the amount of selenium in the soil where crops are grown

question

Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can cause ________. A. glucose intolerance B. mottling of the teeth C. dermatitis D. bleeding of the gums

answer

B. mottling of the teeth

question

The fluoridation of public drinking water is ________. A. responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children B. an effective means of providing dietary selenium C. not as effective as fluoridated toothpaste D. mandatory in all states in the U.S

answer

A. responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children

question

Fluoridated water typically contains about ________. A. 1.0 mg/8 ounces B. 0.2 mg/8 ounces C. 20 mg/8 ounces D. 0.5 mg/8 ounces

answer

B. 0.2 mg/8 ounces

question

The role of hydroxyfluorapatite is to ________. A. enhance insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes B. prevent dental caries C. improve the rate of growth in children D. prevent the development of anemia

answer

B. prevent dental caries

question

Fluoride is typically provided by sources such as ________. A. toothpaste B. fluoride treatments by the dentist C. drinking water D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

D. All of these choices are accurate

question

Which of the following is associated with selenium deficiency? A. Wilson's disease B. Keshan disease C. Grave's disease D. Lou Gehrig's disease

answer

B. Keshan disease

question

Which of the following enzymes contains selenium? A. glutathione peroxidase B. superoxide dismutase C. lysyl oxidase D. pancrease

answer

A. glutathione peroxidase

question

Formation and maintenance of collagen requires ________. A. thiamin B. vitamin C C. riboflavin D. folate

answer

B. vitamin C

question

Ingestion of vitamin C during meals can modestly improve absorption of ________. A. beta-carotene B. nonheme iron C. vitamin B-12 D. folate

answer

B. nonheme iron

question

The primary function of vitamin C in cellular metabolism is to ________. A. synthesize collagen B. add hydroxyl groups to the amino acid proline C. act as nonspecific reducing agent (electron donor) D. maintain iron in its reduced form in the formation of collagen

answer

C. act as nonspecific reducing agent (electron donor)

question

Which meal contains the highest amount of vitamin C? A. Hamburger sandwich, french fries, and cola B. Meat loaf, mashed potatoes and gravy, and diet cola C. Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries D. Roast beef, carrots, noodles, and coffee

answer

C. Baked fish with lemon, broccoli, cole slaw, and strawberries

question

The first symptom of scurvy is ________. A. iron-deficiency anemia B. sudden hair loss C. pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles D. nerve degeneration

answer

C. pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles

question

Physiological changes associated with scurvy (hemorrhages, joint pain, fractures) are caused by ________. A. defective collagen synthesis B. inadequate production of the hormone thyroxine C. failure to synthesize neurotransmitters D. impaired function of the citric acid cycle

answer

A. defective collagen synthesis

question

Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C? A. Citrus fruits and vegetables B. Milk and dairy products C. Beef, poultry, seafood D. Breads and cereals

answer

A. Citrus fruits and vegetables

question

Factors such as heat, iron, copper, and oxygen ________. A. enhance the stability of vitamin C in foods B. destroy vitamin C in foods C. have no effect on vitamin C D. convert vitamin C from its inactive to active form

answer

B. destroy vitamin C in foods

question

Scurvy is due to a deficiency of ________. A. vitamin C B. thiamin C. folate D. vitamin B-12

answer

A. vitamin C

question

The RDA for vitamin C is increased by ________ mg/day for smokers. A. 10 B. 60 C. 35 D. 1000

answer

C. 35

question

The amino acids _______ and ________ are hydroxylated with the aid of vitamin C to form strong connective tissue. A. proline; lysine B. glutamic acid; alanine C. threonine; methionine D. methionine; homocysteine

answer

A. proline; lysine

question

At intakes of supplemental vitamin C greater than 2 g/day, adverse effects, including _________, may occur. A. blood in the urine and muscle weakness B. masking of a vitamin B-12 deficiency C. gastrointestinal bloating and diarrhea D. All of these choices are accurate

answer

C. gastrointestinal bloating and diarrhea

question

The more dense a bone is, the more brittle it will be.

answer

false

question

Bone health is easily determined by a measurement of blood calcium level.

answer

false

question

Retinoids play a role in embryonic development and cell differentiation

answer

true

question

Carotenoid supplementation has been effective in decreasing the risk of lung cancer in smokers

answer

false

question

Vitamin A deficiency can result in development of xerophthalmia in membranes of the eye.

answer

true

question

Vitamin D must be hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to become biologically active.

answer

true

question

Kidney disease and liver disease increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency.

answer

true

question

The RDA for vitamin E was established to prevent hemolysis of red blood cell membranes

answer

true

question

Adequate selenium intake may lower risk of prostate, lung, and other cancers.

answer

true

question

The RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg/day or 4 ounces of orange juice a day.

answer

false

question

Large doses of vitamin C in supplement form are known to prevent, cure, or diminish the symptoms of the common cold

answer

false

question

The surface bone cells that dissolve bone, releasing calcium and phosphorus to the bloodstream

answer

Osteoclast

question

Biochemically active bone cells that are the most numerous and that increase in number when bone becomes more dense

answer

Osteocyte

question

The bone-building cells that produce collagen and add minerals

answer

Osteoblast

question

A compound composed of calcium and phosphate that is deposited into the bone protein matrix to give it strength and rigidity

answer

Hydroxyapatite

question

The outer dense shell of bone that makes up most skeletal mass

answer

cortical bone

Chapter 15 ( Bone health and body defense systems) – Flashcards

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