study 2 – Flashcard
126 test answers
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The principal sterilization procedure for women is:
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tubal ligation
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Explain the difference between fertility control and birth control.
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Fertility control is measured on the failure rate of women likely to become pregnant using a particular method for a year. Birth control preventing unwanted pregnancy using by contraception.
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The principal method of abortion, done primarily within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, is:
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D & C
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Mifepristone is:
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considered a medical abortion
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Options for emergency contraception include:
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insertion of an IUD within 5 days of unprotected intercourse
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Medical abortions using drugs such as RU486:
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are safe up to 2 months of pregnancy
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What are the two synthetic hormones that are present in combination hormonal contraceptives?
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estrogen and progesterone
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What are four different types of barrier methods available?
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Diaphragm, the cervical cap, the contraceptive sponge and vaginal spermicides.
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Failure rate refers to:
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likelihood of becoming pregnant if using a birth control method for one year
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Which of the following can be effectively treated with antibiotics?
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Syphilis
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The most common symptom of trichomoniasis is:
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cheesy, odorous discharge from the vagina
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In nearly half of the cases of gonorrhea, what other STD is also present?
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Chlamydia
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______ make up 90% of those infected with HIV worldwide.
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The economically disadvantaged
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Which type of contraceptive method involves long acting synthetic progtesterone injected intramuscularly every 3 months?
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Depo-Provera
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___ is the major cause of cervical cancer.
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HPV
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Describe four side effects of using contraceptives. Two of these should be minor and two should be major.
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Two minor side effect are weight gain and breast tenderness. Two major side effects are ectopic pregnancy and heavier menstrual flow or menstrual cramps.
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When individuals first become infected with HIV, within a few weeks they usually experience
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flu-like symptoms.
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In general, a woman is most fertile ______ days before her next period.
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14
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Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by____.
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Inhibiting ovulation, inhibiting implantation, and changing cervical mucous.
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Women most at risk when using the Pill are those who are over ___ years old and smoke.
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35
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Which of the following STDs is caused by a virus?
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Hepatitis B
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Which of the following STDs is caused by a bacteria?
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Gonorrhea
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____ is the most commonly reported STD, even more prevalent than HIV/AIDS.
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Chlamydia
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Explain the four common symptoms of addictions.
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Compulsion 1.Obsessive thinking Drug seeking Drug hoarding 2. Loss of control over the drug use & loss of behavior Impulsive actions Verbal or physical violence Impulsive physical behavior 3.Continued drug use despite adverse consequences 4.Distortion in normal thinking/denial
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A medical reason for not taking a drug is called a ____.
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contraindicate
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Being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming is the definition of ______.
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habituation
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____ causes a feeling of self-confidence and closeness to others.
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Ecstasy
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______ produces more unwanted and dangerous symptoms than any other psychoactive drug.
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PCP
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Most drugs remain active in the body for a few:
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hours
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Using any drug to the point where health is adversely affected or the ability to function is impaired is:
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drug abuse
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Adaptation of the body to a drug so that increasingly larger doses are needed is called:
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tolerance
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A stimulant obtained from the leaves of a plant indigenous to the Peruvian Andes is:
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cocaine
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Withdrawal symptoms are:
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opposite of the drug's main effect
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A drug found in many cold remedies and analgesics is:
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caffeine
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The most widely used and abused stimulant drug is:
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caffeine
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The principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is:
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THC
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Side effects of anabolic steroids include:
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all of the above
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Give two examples of stimulants and two of depressants.
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cocaine, nicotine, oxycotin, alcohol
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Give three examples of club drugs.
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Ecstasy, Ketamine, GHB
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Explain the difference between a drug and a medicine?
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drugs alters perception, medicine aids in healing
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Most of the physiological effects of tobacco smoking are attributable to:
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nicotine
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Which of the following is not a physiological effect of nicotine?
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depressant effect on the CNS
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Any substance that can cause cancer is a/an:
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carcinogen
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Bronchitis and emphysema are classified as:
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COPD
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Emphysema is:
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caused by destruction of lung's air sacs
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The rate of absorption of alcohol in the body is:
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slowed by the presence of fatty foods in the stomach
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What will increase the rate of detoxification?
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nothing can increase the rate of detoxification
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The fastest way to sober up is to:
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none of the above
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One of the physiological effects of alcohol is:
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irritation of the gastrointestinal tract
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Alcoholism develops from a prealcoholic phase, in which a person needs alcohol to:
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relieve tension and anxieties
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Periods in which the drinker appears to be fully conscious, but has no recall of events that occurred while he/she was drinking are called:
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blackouts
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Alcoholism usually develops:
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in three phases: the warning phase, the crucial phase, and the chronic phase
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Name and describe the three phases of alcoholism.
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The Warning phase 1.Increased tolerance 2.Preoccupied with drinking i.e. base decisions on whether or not alcohol is present 3.may deny drinking 4.blackouts no recall of acts or actions
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Explain what a process addiction is and why it is an addiction.
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Process addiction is an addiction to an activity or process, such as eating, spending money, or gambling. The common factor is dopamine release
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Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone _______.
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testerone
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Withdrawal symptoms occur with drugs that produce
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physical dependence
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Drugs work by binding to
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receptors
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Withdrawal symptoms occur with drugs that produce
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psychoactive substances
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Drugs work by binding to
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ethyl
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About 20% of alcohol consumed is absorbed by the stomach and the rest is absorbed through the _____.
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small intestine
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of nicotine?
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depressant effect on the central nervous system
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Side effects of anabolic steroids include
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all of the above
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Any organism that can produce a disease is called a:
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Pathogen
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Anything that can produce a cancer is called a:
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Carcinogen
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Which of the following is an example of a vector?
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Mosquito
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Cancer of the skin or of the membranes surrounding body organs is called:
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Carcinoma
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The germ theory of disease was established by:
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Louis Pasteur
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Blood cells that fight infection are:
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Leukocytes
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In the United States, about 30% of the population is infected with H. pylori, which can cause:
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Ulcers
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Cancer that originates in connective tissue is called:
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Sarcoma
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The principal agents of immune responses are:
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Antibodies and Lymphocytes
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Specialized cells that attack foreign substances upon recognizing the foreign surface antigens are called:
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T-Lymphocytes
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B-lymphocytes are responsible for:
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Manufacturing Antibodies
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The response of the B-cells is called:
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Humoral Immunity
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Most cancers are:
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Carcinomas
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T-cells work by:
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Attaching directly to invading cells and making them active
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Vaccines work by injecting specific proteins from inactive pathogens to cause:
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Production of antibodies against the disease
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What childhood vaccinations are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?
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All of the above
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List and describe the four types of cancer.
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Sarcoma, Carcinoma, Leukemia, Lymphoma
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Autoimmune diseases are the result of:
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Antibodies attacking the body's own cells
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What are the three classes of environmental agents that are shown to increase the risk of cancer?
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Ionizing Radiation, Chemical Carcinogens, Tumor Viruses
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Which autoimmune disease destroys the covering of axons of the central nervous system?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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People with type A blood:
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Cannot receive the B Blood
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People with type O blood are:
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Universal donors
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A person with type A blood cannot donate blood to a person who has type B blood because:
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Type A blood will stimulate production of antibodies, which will then destroy cells
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Why does the flu vaccine developed each year not always work?
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Due to the many different strands of the virus.
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In Stage ___, cancer cells have spread throughout the body.
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lll
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A tumor that is noncancerous is said to be____.
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Benign
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The process of detachment from an original site of cancer to other locations in the body is:
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Metastasis
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The most common forms of contagious diseases are caused by ___.
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Viruses
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Disease resistance is lowered by___
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All of the above
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The _______ virus is the cause of mononucleosis.
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epstein-barr
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Name three organs of the lymphatic system.
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Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Skin, others
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The HIV virus is a retrovirus. Explain what is unique about retroviruses as a category.
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Retroviruses have the ability to mutate easily due to their instability and need for survival. The constant mutation makes them difficult to control and/or destroy. Retroviruses also transcribe themselves from RNA to DNA.
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List and explain the ABCDs of melanoma.
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ABCD's Asymmetry One half of mole looks different than the other Border irregularities Ragged/indistinct edges Color Uneven pigmentation Diameter Larger than a pencil diameter and/or is increasing in size
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Explain what the difference is between the immune system and the immune response.
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The immune system is a system of anatomical structures which act/respond to pathogenic attack. The immune response utilizes its structures to destroy pathogenic invasion.
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What role does cholesterol play in coronary heart disease?
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Cholesterol attaches itself to internal heart structures, eventually causing blockages.
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Diet restriction appears to allow experimental laboratory animals to live longer.
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true
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A variety of conditions that damage the heart or the coronary arteries is known as:
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cardiovascular disease.
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Stoppage, whether long or short term, of blood supply is Partial blockage of the coronary arterial supply is:
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ischemia.
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Mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease have____________ over the past 24 years.
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decreased
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The blood vessels that supply oxygen to the tissues of the body are the:
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arteries.
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The sinoatrial node is:
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the heart's pacemaker.
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Erratic contraction of the heart is:
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fibrillation.
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Angina pectoris refers to:
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severe chest pain caused by insufficient delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle.
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A fatty deposit formed in an arterial wall is called:
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plaque.
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A technique for opening blocked arteries that involves inflating a balloon in the arteries is:
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angioplasty.
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Which is not a controllable risk factor for a stroke or a heart attack?
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Heredity
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The maximum pressure in the arteries that occurs when the heart contracts is called:
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systole
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To maintain the health of heart and arteries, the best nutritional course to follow is:
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eat a variety of natural, uncooked fruits and vegetables
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Reactive molecules in the cells that result from exposure to radiation and chemicals are:
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free radicals
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In addition to consuming adequate amounts of calcium, it is also important to _____________ to prevent the onset of osteoporosis.
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exercise
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The third stage in the process of death and dying is:
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bargaining
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Severe chest pain due to reduced oxygen flow to the heart is called
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angina pectoris.
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The "bad" type of cholesterol found in the bloodstream is known as:
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low-density lipoprotein.
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What is the most common form of dementia in older adults?
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Alzheimer's disease
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Which of the following is not a factor in preventing osteoporosis?
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exercise
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In the body, blood depleted of oxygen returns to the ___.
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right atrium
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____ is the act of helping a person on the verge of death or in a coma to die a peaceful, painless death.
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Euthanasia
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Which of the following is NOT one of the theories that describes aging as a consequence of random events?
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Pacemaker or Biological Clock
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Explain the difference between hospice care and palliative care?
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Palliative care is a newly recognizes branch of medicine where you can go to relieve pain and this enhance the quality of life that remains. Hospice care is where terminally ill patient go to spend the time they have left before dying. They care to their physical need, emotional and spiritual but don't administer anymore medication.
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Explain what is meant by the "graying" of America.
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How I understood "graying" of America is that people are actually living longer and because of this it is placing a strain on health care, social security, education, voting pattern, and elder care.
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