question

How many different functions do antibodies have?

answer

5

question

The ____________is the location for the maturation of T Cells:

answer

Thymus

question

The two branches of specific immunity include the humoral branch and the plasma branch.

answer

False

question

The most numerous leukocytes in the blood are:

answer

neutrophils

question

Residual bodies form during the process of....

answer

phagocytosis

question

Antibodies are able to kill bacteria directly, by themselves

answer

False

question

CD8 cells:

answer

are the T-cytotoxic cells

question

Your blood plasma antibodies mostly belong to the _______class:

answer

IgG

question

Cell-mediated immunity includes the use of perforins and __________secreted by Tc cells:

answer

granzymes

question

When antigens and antibodies combine, they can precipitate or

answer

agglutinate

question

The amount (concentration) of antibody in a patient sample is called the:

answer

Titer

question

A long-term, sometimes lifelong, immune response is elicited using:

answer

live attenuated vaccines

question

Which of these is a conjugated vaccine?

answer

HiB

question

This is an advantage of oral live vaccine agents:

answer

confers herd immunity

question

When an insoluble antigen combines with its matching antibody and forms bridging complexes, this is called:

answer

make an appointment for a repeat ELISA test

question

A ________________cannot stimulate the immune response unless it is attached to a larger protein carrier:

answer

hapten

question

A toxoid is:

answer

a weakened version of a toxin

question

The anthrax vaccine has been made available to the general public.

answer

False

question

Hay fever, asthma, and systemic anaphylaxis are examples of ________.

answer

type I hypersensitivity

question

Transfusion reactions are examples of ________.

answer

Transfusion reactions are examples of type II (cytotoxic) reactions.

question

Glomerulonephritis is an example of a/an ________.

answer

Glomerulonephritis involves immune complexes and is an example of type III hypersensitivity.

question

Autoimmune diseases are much more common among women than men.

answer

True

question

Immune complexes cause tissue damage by ________.

answer

fixing complement. Immune complexes activate complement that will cause tissue destruction.

question

Which of the following promotes the development of self tolerance and prevents the eventual development of autoimmune diseases?

answer

clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells Clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells during T-cell maturation in the thymus is believed to prevent autoreactivity.

question

Which of the following steps is the second one in tissue typing?

answer

Complement is fixed. First, anti-HLA antibodies attach to HLAs on lymphocytes. Next, complement is fixed (activated). The activated complement damages the cell membrane of the lymphocyte, which allows the trypan blue dye to enter and stain the cell.

question

Graft-versus-host (GVH) disease can occur when ________.

answer

T and B cells are transplanted GVH disease occurs when immune-competent tissue containing B cells and T cells is transplanted.

question

causes of immune deficiencies

answer

inheritance infection

question

Incidence of which of the following cancers is now reduced by a vaccine?

answer

cervical cancer The Gardasil vaccine is an example of a prophylactic vaccine that causes the development of an immune response against strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer.

question

A patient with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia lacks B cells. Symptoms of this disease include ________.

answer

frequent bacterial diseases

question

Embryonic stem cells ________.

answer

may be pluripotent Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that are derived from embryos, several days after conception.

question

HIV can evade the immune system by

answer

infecting by cell-cell fusion remaining in vacuoles forming a provirus

question

A patient with <200 CD4 cells/cubic millimeter and Pneumocystis pneumonia would be diagnosed with ________.

answer

AIDS

question

A patient with persistent vaginal yeast infections and cervical cancer with reduced CD4 cell count would be diagnosed with ________.

answer

phase 2 HIV infection

question

Herceptin is an example of ________.

answer

a monoclonal antibody used to treat breast cancer Herceptin is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is used to treat some forms of breast cancer.

question

One week after taking penicillin, a 50-year-old woman experiences bullae (rash) over her entire body. What is your diagnosis?

answer

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity

question

A skin test is used to detect the presence of ________.

answer

antibodies Skin tests are used to detect the antibodies responsible for type I hypersensitivity reactions. These will indicate the allergens to which an individual is allergic.

question

AIDS treatments work by targeting

answer

viral protease gp120 reverse transcriptase

question

Why can a woman with blood type A deliver a healthy baby with blood type B?

answer

She has IgM anti-B antibodies. Maternal-fetal ABO incompatibilities are relatively uncommon because maternal anti-A and anti-B antibodies are of the IgM subclass.

question

All of the following are true for type I (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity reactions

answer

The reactions may be localized or systemic. The reactions often occur with minutes of exposure to the allergen. Mediators of the reaction include histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Examples include hay fever, asthma, and bee sting allergies.

question

What type of immunoglobulin binds to mast cells during an allergic reaction?

answer

IgE

question

cases of localized anaphylaxis?

answer

hay fever hives allergy to dust mites asthma

question

lood transfusion hypersensitivity reactions are examples of ________.

answer

type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

question

Although maternal-fetal incompatibilities are possible in the ABO blood group, the incidence of adverse reactions in the fetus or newborn is far less common than in the case of Rh incompatibilities. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

answer

Maternal anti-A and anti-B antibodies typically do not cross the placenta.

question

Which of the following diseases is a type III autoimmune disease?

answer

rheumatoid arthritis

question

A patient with severe burns on her hands and arms has a skin graft with skin taken from her upper thigh. This type of tissue transplant is a/an ________.

answer

autograft

question

Following an organ transplant, therapeutic immunosuppression to prevent organ rejection may be accomplished by any of the following

answer

blocking IL-2 chimeric monoclonal antibodies suppression of cell-mediated immunity cyclosporine

question

example of immunotherapy for cancer treatment or prevention

answer

injections of immunotoxins that target tumor cells stimulating dendritic cells with tumor antigens vaccination against hepatitis B injections with monoclonal antibodies specific for HER2

question

Which type of graft will most likely cause hyperacute rejection?

answer

xenotransplant

question

component of the HIV virion

answer

reverse transcriptase gp120 RNA strands lipoprotein envelope

question

HIV can remain latent in the host cell by integrating its reverse transcriptase produced DNA into the host chromosome, becoming a ________.

answer

provirus

question

the following concerning the clinical phases of HIV infection are correct

answer

phase 1: persistent lymphadenopathy phase 2: persistent oral Candida infection phase 3: CD4 T-cell count less than 200 cells per cubic mm phase 3: Pneumocystis pneumonia or toxoplasmosis of the brain

question

Which of the following could be predicted for an individual with a mutation in the gene encoding CCR5?

answer

resistance to HIV infection

question

Which of the following predictions can be made regarding the immune response of an individual with AIDS?

answer

They can make antibody in response to T-independent antigens.

question

Which of the following diseases is most likely to be similar to AIDS in terms of the specific immunodeficiency?

answer

DiGeorge syndrome

question

mechanism used in anti-HIV drugs?

answer

protease inhibition blocking viral fusion inhibition of HIV integrase blocking reverse transcriptase

question

Which of the following is not a common disease associated with AIDS?

answer

Influenza

question

The desensitization injections for allergy treatments are aimed at producing ________.

answer

IgG

question

In hemolytic disease of the newborn, fetal red blood cells are targeted for destruction by ________.

answer

maternal IgG antibodies

question

Most allergies are due to over-release of chemicals like:

answer

histamine and prostaglandins

question

If allergies become systemic, this can result:

answer

anaphylactic shock

question

The primary problem with incompatible Rh antigen (in a mother who is Rh-) is:

answer

hemolytic disease of the newborn

question

Type ___________immune reactions involve only lymphocytes and macrophages:

answer

IV

question

__________is an example of allergic contact dermatitis:

answer

poison oak/ivy latex allergy

question

Tissue grafts between genetically distinct members of the same species:

answer

allograft

question

How soon does it take for a poison ivy rash to appear after exposure to the chemical?

answer

after 24 hours

question

A person is born with a primary immunodeficiency.

answer

True

question

Blood transfusion reactions are _____________hypersensitivity reactions:

answer

Type II

question

Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions include:

answer

glomerulonephritis

question

When will someone infected with HIV have the most viral particles in their blood?

answer

1 to 2 months after the initial infection

question

What causes the rapid decline in the HIV population in the blood 3 to 6 months after the initial infection?

answer

The patient begins to make antibodies against HIV.

question

What type of immunoglobulin binds to mast cells during an allergic reaction?

answer

IgE

question

Immune complexes cause tissue damage by ________.

answer

fixing complement

question

Which of the following promotes the development of self tolerance and prevents the eventual development of autoimmune diseases?

answer

clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells

question

Diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever are much more common in individuals with a particular HLA type.

answer

True

question

Cancer cells can be killed by the immune system if they are recognized as "nonself."

answer

True

question

Histamine plays an important role in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

answer

False

question

HIV infects the CD8 T cells as well as CD4 cells.

answer

True

question

When mast cells degranulate, the mediators they release include leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and __________.

answer

Histamine

question

In hypersensitivity reactions, the body becomes sensitized to an antigen, also called a/an __________.

answer

allergen

question

The bone marrow and umbilical cord are sources of __________ stem cells.

answer

hematopoietic

question

__________________are proteins found in the plasma that are activated by three different paths, in a 'cascade':

answer

complement

question

M.A.C. complexes consist of:

answer

C5b6789

question

The first and second lines of defense are part of nonspecific immunity; do antibodies belong with them?

answer

No

question

________________is the coating of a (bacterial) cell by complement in order to enhance phagocytosis:

answer

opsonization

question

Some bacteria can resist phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages.

answer

True

question

Some bacteria have __________________which enable them to avoid (slip out of)the pseudopods of phagocytes:

answer

capsules

question

An exogenous pyrogen:

answer

LPS

question

_______________is the process which enables phagocytes to 'squeeze' between endothelial cells lining a capillary and enter inflamed body tissue:

answer

diapedesis

question

Many bacteria are starved by a lack of iron when these proteins are abundant:

answer

transferrin

question

Interferon is effective against which of the following?

answer

viral, acute infections

question

All of these cells demonstrate phagocytic activity except ________.

answer

lymphocytes

question

Activation of which of these complement proteins causes cytolysis?

answer

C9

question

Activation of which of these complement proteins causes opsonization?

answer

C3b

question

All of these answers are characteristic of innate immunity except ________.

answer

innate immunity produces strong, long-lasting memory responses

question

All of the following are chemical factors that cause the skin to be relatively resistant to infection except ________.

answer

complement proteins

question

Which of these answers best describes the relationship between humans and most of their skin and intestinal normal microbiota?

answer

Commensalism

question

Activation of the following complement proteins causes inflammation. Which is the last one activated?

answer

C5a

question

Complement can be activated by all of these substances except ________.

answer

viruses

question

A lysosome ________.

answer

is an organelle in white blood cells

question

All of these mechanical factors provide resistance against disease except ________.

answer

stomach acid

question

Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in normal blood?

answer

neutrophil

question

Histamine causes all of the following reactions. Which occurs first?

answer

vasodilation

question

The rise in temperature that causes a fever is due to the hypothalamus responding to ________.

answer

interleukin-1

question

Which of these substances is collected in lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph?

answer

interstitial fluid

question

The hypothesis that Lactobacillus bacteria can be used to treat some bacterial infections, such as those of the vagina and intestines, is based on ________.

answer

microbial antagonism

question

Which of these steps of phagocytosis is the third one?

answer

phagosome formation

question

All of these answers statements are true of lysozyme except ________.

answer

It is an organelle in white blood cells.

question

Your lab partner slipped on his way to class. He scraped his arm without drawing blood. You make a smear of the fluid from his scrape and observe large nucleated cells. These cells are most likely ________.

answer

neutrophils

question

Which cells kill pathogens by releasing peroxide ions in an oxidative burst?

answer

neutrophils

question

Which of these molecules or structures is not associated with innate immunity?

answer

antibodies

question

The epidermis ________.

answer

contains the protein keratin

question

The ID50 for many pathogens is significantly smaller when testing with gnotobiotic animals compared to animals with normal microbiota. This is likely due to ________.

answer

microbial antagonism

question

The respiratory system is protected against harmful microbes by all of the following except ________.

answer

the lacrimal apparatus

question

All of these statements about sebum are true except ________.

answer

it raises the PH of the skin

question

One remarkable finding on a patient's laboratory workup is a marked eosinophilia. This might be suggestive of ________.

answer

either a parasitic infection or an allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction

question

Which of these structures is not part of the mononuclear phagocytic system?

answer

lymphocytes

question

Which answer is not true for adherence of a phagocyte to a microbe?

answer

Antibody molecules attached to the microbe will limit adherence.

question

Which answer is true for bacterial destruction by phagocytosis?

answer

Myeloperoxidase in lysosomes is involved in the formation of HOCl.

question

The stage of phagocytosis in which the phagocyte's plasma membrane attaches to the surface of the microbe is called ________.

answer

adherence

question

Which answer is not true of the inflammatory process?

answer

The area becomes red due to a decrease in capillary diameter.

question

Activation of the complement cascade ________.

answer

can cause the infecting microbe to be killed by lysis

question

All of these answers are true of inflammation except ________.

answer

many neutrophils can be found at the site of chronic inflammation

question

Complement can be activated by all of the following except ________.

answer

presence of host tissue

question

All of the following are true of nitric oxide (NO) except ________.

answer

it is of little value in killing microbes or tumor cells

question

Assume you mix red blood cells, antibodies against the red blood cells, and complement in a test tube. What would you expect to see?

answer

lysis of the red blood cells

question

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except ________.

answer

C3 is the first component to be activated

question

Complement component C3, in the classical pathway, is split by ________.

answer

C2aC4b

question

Which of the following occurs first, setting in motion the remaining events?

answer

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and dendritic cells attach to pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPS) on invading microorganisms.

question

Interferons:

answer

are host specific but not virus specific

question

Vaccination eliminates diseases such as smallpox and polio by ________.

answer

eliminating susceptible hosts

question

A vaccine consisting of an inactivated diphtheria toxin is called a/an ________.

answer

toxoid

question

A vaccine consisting of a live, avirulent strain of mumps virus is called a/an ________.

answer

attenuated whole-agent vaccine

question

For the Hib vaccine, Haemophilus influenza b capsular polysaccharide is attached to a protein such as diphtheria toxoid. This attachment to the protein causes a better immune response against H. influenza b in infants. This Hib vaccine is a ________.

answer

conjugated vaccine

question

Monoclonal antibodies are produced ________.

answer

by hybrid cells

question

Which of these vaccines is dangerous to administer to a patient who has a T-cell deficiency?

answer

attenuated whole-agent vaccine

question

To test a patient's serum for evidence of a Salmonella infection, you mix the serum sample with bacteria. A positive test would show ________.

answer

agglutination

question

To perform an agglutination test to detect the enzyme streptolysin in patient's serum, you would mix the serum sample with ________.

answer

antibody-coated latex spheres

question

Knowing that rubella virus causes hemagglutination, you mix red blood cells, rubella virus, and a patient's serum in a tube. Hemagglutination does not occur. You conclude that ________.

answer

the patient has antibodies against rubella virus

question

How does the pneumococcal vaccine given to adults differ from the one given to infants?

answer

The adult vaccine consists of purified capsular polysaccharide; the vaccine for infants is a conjugated vaccine in which the polysaccharide is attached to a protein.

question

A rapid test for Bordetella pertussis uses fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies to stain a smear made from a nasopharyngeal swab. A positive test would show ________.

answer

fluorescent coccobacilli

question

To detect antibodies against HIV in a patient, you would use a/an ________.

answer

indirect ELISA

question

Which kind of vaccine may spread from the vaccinated individual to close contacts, immunizing them as well?

answer

attenuated whole-agent vaccines

question

You decide to perform a complement-fixation test on a patient's serum to test for antibodies against adenovirus. You mix the patient's serum, adenovirus, and complement, and then add red blood cells and antibodies against red blood cells. If the patient does not have anti-adenovirus, you will observe ________.

answer

no hemolysis

question

To perform a direct ELISA test for rotavirus, you would mix the following ingredients. Which is added last?

answer

enzyme substrate

question

To perform an indirect ELISA test to identify the strain of influenza in a patient, you would mix the following ingredients. Which is added first?

answer

antigen

question

Which type of vaccine is most likely to be contaminated with tiny amounts of endotoxin?

answer

killed whole-cell vaccine

question

Which of these antibodies provides evidence of an active infection when present?

answer

IgM

question

Assume you add dead Salmonella typhi to serial dilutions of patient's serum. The last tube showing agglutination has a 1:32 concentration of serum. What is the antibody in this test?

answer

anti-Salmonella typhi

question

Assume you set up serial dilutions to determine a patient's antibody titer. The first tube is 1:2, the second is 1:4, the third is 1:8, and so on. If tube nine is the last tube showing agglutination, what is the patient's antibody titer?

answer

512

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