100 FINAL REVIEW – Flashcards
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Starting from the mouth, four parts of the alimentary canal, in order, are:
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esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
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A medical specialist in the digestive system is known as a(n):
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gastroenterologist
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Food elements are transported to the body's cells via the:
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blood and lymphatics
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Which of the following is a condition involving the gums?
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Gingivitis
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Which word with a prefix, root, and suffix pertains to under the tongue?
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Sublingual
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The alimentary canal and accessory organs are a(n):
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system
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The small and large intestines are part of the ___________________ system.
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digestive
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Obesity means:
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excessive amount of fat in the body
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Which of the following words means pertaining to the digestive tract as a whole?
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Alimentary
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The word for any small projection is ______________, and its plural is ______________.
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papilla; papillae
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Masticate means to:
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chew
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Which of the following words ends in a suffix meaning enzyme?
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lipase
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Which word with a prefix, root, and suffix refers to a condition involving tissue around a tooth?
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Periodontitis
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Which of the following words means yellow staining of tissues?
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Jaundice
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An incisor is a(n):
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tooth for grinding food
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Glossodynia is a painful burning sensation of the tongue. It occurs in postmenopausal women. Its etiology is unknown, and there is no successful treatment. Which of the following statements best describes this condition?
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It is a complication of viral infections.
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning white?
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Cyanotic
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The word halitosis means:
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bad odor of the breath
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A synonym for swallowing is:
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deglutition
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Hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the:
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diaphragm
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The condition of dilated veins of the esophagus is:
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esophageal varices
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The RD in GERD stands for:
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reflux disease
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A synonym for dental calculus is:
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tartar
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning after?
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Postprandial
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The Roux-en-Y procedure is used to treat:
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obesity
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The word chyme means:
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a semifluid, partially digested food
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Starting from the pylorus, the segments of the small intestine, in order, are:
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duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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The instrument used to examine the stomach is the:
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gastroscope
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The largest internal organ in the body is the:
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liver
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Alcoholism is the most common cause of scarring of the liver, known as:
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cirrhosis
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The test to detect the presence of blood not visible to the naked eye is:
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fecal occult blood
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A condition of having gallstones is called:
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cholelithiasis
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The H in HAV, HBV, and HCV stands for:
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hepatitis
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Which of the following terms means a condition involving the gallbladder?
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Cholecystitis
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning before?
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Prothrombin
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The adjective form of bile is:
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biliary
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Gallstones can be removed without surgically removing the gallbladder in a procedure abbreviated:
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ERCP
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Two words that describe glands and are opposite in meaning are:
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exocrine and endocrine
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The B in BM stands for:
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bowel
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The examination of the tube to the stomach, the stomach, and the first part of the small intestine is a(n):
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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A synonym for bend is:
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flexure
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The word sigmoid is formed from a word element that means:
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S-shaped
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The suffix in defecation means:
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process
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The definition of lumen is:
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the interior space of a tube-like structure
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Which of the following words means a procedure for removal of a mass of tissue projecting into the bowel?
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Polypectomy
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Which of the following words means pertaining to the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity?
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Peritoneal
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Palpating the rectum and prostate with a gloved finger inserted into the anus is called:
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digital rectal exam
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Enema means:
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injection of fluid into the rectum
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A colostomy results in an artificial opening from the __________________ to the_______________________.
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large intestine; outside of the body
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Appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. On palpation, tenderness over McBurney point suggests appendicitis. If neglected, the inflamed appendix can rupture leading to peritonitis. Which of the following best describes this condition?
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Complications include spread of inflammation
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What is the term for the removal of metabolic waste?
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Excretion
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What does the root of the word nephrectomy refer to?
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Kidney
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Which of the following is NOT considered metabolic waste?
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Amino acids
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Which of the following refers to the kidney?
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Loop of Henle
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The outer layer of an organ is a:
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cortex
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What is the organ located on one side of the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum and the spleen and against the deep muscles of the back?
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Left kidney
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The plural of the term cortex is:
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cortices
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What does the root of the word renal mean?
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Kidney
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What is the medical term for that which has passed through a filter?
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Siltrate
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Which vessel carries waste-laden blood to the kidney?
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Renal artery
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What is the correct spelling of the term that means inflammation of the canal leading from the bladder to the outside?
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Urethritis
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Where are nephrons located?
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In the cortex
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What is the medical term for the fluid and dissolved substances that are excreted by the kidney?
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Urine
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What is the term for the funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that forms into the ureter?
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The renal pelvis
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What does the prefix in the term impermeable mean?
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not
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Approximately how many capillaries make up the glomerulus?
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50
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Which of the following terms has two prefixes?
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Reabsorption
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Which of the following items is NOT found in the filtrate that enters the renal tubule?
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Plasma proteins
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What is the correct spelling of the plural form of calculus?
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Calculi
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
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Excreting the by-products of digestion
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What does the prefix in the term extracorporeal mean?
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Outside
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What is the name of the muscular tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
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Ureter
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What is the mechanism by which urine is moved downwards toward the urinary bladder?
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Muscular peristaltic waves
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Crushing a renal stone by sound waves is:
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lithotripsy
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What is the medical term for a malignant kidney tumor that appears in children between the ages of 3 and 8 years old?
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Nephroblastoma
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What is the term for an inflammation of the spaces between the renal tubules?
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Interstitial nephritis
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What does the suffix in the term nephroscope mean?
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Instrument
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The usual treatment for pyelonephritis is:
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antibiotic therapy
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What does the root of the term reflux mean?
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flow
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Hypertension can cause what damaging effects on the kidney?
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The renal arterioles become thickened and narrowed.
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What is the medical term that means characterized by intermittent contractions?
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Spasmodic
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What percent of all renal cancers relate directly to smoking cigarettes?
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30%
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute renal failure?
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Congestive heart failure
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How many people recover after having acute glomerulonephritis?
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100%
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A lesion located anywhere in the renal system can cause which of the following?
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Hematuria
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When end-stage renal disease occurs, the kidneys are functioning at less than what percent of normal capacity?
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10% less
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What is the medical term for the artificial method of removing waste materials and excess fluid from the blood?
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Dialysis
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An agent that increases urine output is a(n):
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diuretic
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Which of the following terms has a prefix that means between?
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Interstitial
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The female urethra opens to the outside of the body in a location that is:
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anterior to the vagina
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What is the name of the test in which contrast material is used to assess the blood flow to the kidney?
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Renal angiogram
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What is the medical term for nitrogenous waste products in the blood?
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Azotemia
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The filtering of blood through an artificial kidney machine is known as:
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hemodialysis
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The medical term for scanty urine production is:
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oliguria
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A muscle that encircles a tube or orifice is:
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a sphincter
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When bacteria invade and multiply in the urinary tract, what can result?
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UTI
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What is the medical term for infection of the urinary bladder?
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Cystitis
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An enlarged prostate gland can cause:
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chronic urinary retention
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What is the primary symptom of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?
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Hematuria
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Which of the following is NOT a method used to diagnose bladder cancer?
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ABG
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The depression that occurs at the same time every year, often in winter, is abbreviated:
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SAD
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Which of the following is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems?
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Serotonin
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Pineal refers to a(n):
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gland
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The thyroid and parathyroid glands belong to the ____________________ system.
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endocrine
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Which of the following words means a chemical formed in one tissue or organ to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ?
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hormone
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Which of the following words, which is another name for the pituitary gland, is correctly spelled?
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Hypophysis
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The adrenal gland is located ______________ the kidney.
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on top of
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The pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisone is:
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corticotropin
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning below?
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Hypophysis
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Overproduction of growth hormone stimulates excessive growth of bones and muscles. It is almost always caused by a benign pituitary adenoma. Which of the following statements best describes a patient with this condition?
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The musculoskeletal system is involved.
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The suffix -oma means:
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tumor
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Which of the following words means abnormal height and size of the entire body?
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Gigantism
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning highest point or extremity?
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Acromegaly
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Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is used to treat:
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hypothyroidism
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The word hypercalcemia means:
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excessive calcium in the blood
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Which chemical element is required by the thyroid?
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Iodine
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A synonym for tetraiodothyronine is________________ and is abbreviated _________________.
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thyroxine; T4
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An autoimmune hyperthyroidism is:
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Graves disease
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Thyroid hormone acts to increase protein___________________ and control the body's______________________.
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anabolism; metabolic rate
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Which of the following words, meaning abnormal thinness, is correctly spelled?
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Emaciation
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning three?
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Triiodothyronine.
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Protrusion of the eyeball is known as:
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exophthalmos
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning good?
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Euthyroid
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Which of the following words means enlargement of the thyroid gland?
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goiter
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Graves disease is:
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hyperthyroidism with toxic goiter
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An effective treatment for hyperparathyroidism is:
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surgical removal of the gland
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A synonym for healing is:
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curative.
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A synonym for adrenalin is:
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epinephrine
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A synonym for hydrocortisone is:
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cortisol
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The initial _____________ response is an alarm reaction.
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stress
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A precursor to testosterone is abbreviated:
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DHEA
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Secondary adrenal cortical hypofunction results from lack of ____________________ from the pituitary gland.
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ACTH
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Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that overproduces the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. It produces marked hypertension that is difficult to control, with severe headaches, tachycardia, palpitations, and feelings of impending death. Which of the following statements best describes a patient with this condition?
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The high blood pressure is accompanied by increased pulse rate
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Which of the following words means excessive body and facial hair?
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Hirsutism
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Which of the following words, meaning development of masculine characteristics by a female, is correctly spelled?
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Virilism
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Which of the following words has a suffix meaning tumor?
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Aldosteronoma
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Hypersecretion of androgens is known as:
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adrenal virilism
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A synonym for Conn syndrome is:
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aldosteronism
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Three distinct cell types in the pancreas are:
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alpha, beta, and delta
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Endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in clusters called islets of:
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Langerhans
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The M in DM stands for:
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mellitus
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Which of the following words has an element meaning new?
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Gluconeogenesis
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning self or same?
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Heterosexual
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Which of the following terms means a low level of sugar in the blood?
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Hypoglycemia
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Low blood glucose can be raised to normal in minutes by:
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drinking fruit juice
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Two terms which are opposite in meaning are:
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hypo- and hyper-
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Polydipsia and polyuria both contain an element meaning:
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many or much
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The normal value for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is _____________ percent.
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less than 6
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The word for an agent or process that aids the action of another is:
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synergist
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The word glycosylated means:
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linked to glucose
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A synonym for microbe is:
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microorganism
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The influences on the power of a toxin or pathogen are:
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virulence factors
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Which of the following words means pertaining to a unicellular, simple organism?
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Bacterial
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The immune system is the body's _________________ infection.
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defense against
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Which of the following words means the ability of an organism to withstand the effects of an antagonistic agent?
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Resistance
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Which of the following words has an element meaning disease?
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pathogen
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Which of the following words forms the plural by changing the "us" to "i"?
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Coccus
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The technical term for mad cow disease is abbreviated:
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BSE
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Colds, sore throats, and laryngitis are examples of:
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URI
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__________________ are proteins produced by different cells that __________________ other cells in the immune system.
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Cytokines; communicate with
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The V in EBV and HPV stands for:
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virus
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Oncogenic means capable of producing a(n):
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neoplasm
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Which of the following words means a group of organisms that bear a strong resemblance to each other?
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species
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The three parts of a virus are the:
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envelope, capsid, and core
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Which of the following terms means pertaining to the intestines?
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enteric
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The most serious viral pneumonias occur in the:
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very young and very old
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Species have a resistance to certain pathogens. For example, syphilis, gonorrhea, measles, and poliomyelitis affect humans but not lower animals. The canine distemper virus does not affect humans. Which of the following statements best describes species' resistance?
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The resistance is innate.
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Which of the following words, meaning a disease producing destruction of white matter of the brain, is correctly spelled?
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Leukoencephalopathy
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Which of the following words means disease always present in a community?
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endemic
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Which of the following terms means pertaining to an outbreak in a community of a disease?
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epidemic
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The government agency charged with control and prevention of infections is abbreviated:
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CDC
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A rash is a(n):
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cutaneous eruption
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A rod-shaped bacterium that stains blue with Gram stain is a:
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gram-positive bacillus
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Streptococcal pertains to gram-positive bacteria that:
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grow in chains
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A synonym for undulant fever is:
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brucellosis
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Which of the following terms means pertaining to the destruction of red cells in sheep blood agar?
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Hemolytic
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Which of the following words is from the Greek for seed?
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Spore
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Feeding completely by artificial means is abbreviated:
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TPN
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Humans acquire pathogenic Escherichia coli infection by:
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eating inadequately cooked meat
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning send out, send away from?
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excrete
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Malaria is an example of a vector-borne parasitic infection. It is caused by the parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted from person to person by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.Which of the following statements best describes this condition?
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Controlling mosquitoes would help control malaria.
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The word for swollen, inflamed lymph nodes is ______________, and its plural is ______________.
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bubo; buboes
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Which of the following words has a suffix meaning condition?
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Amoebiasis
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The word vector means:
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an animal or insect capable of transmitting an infection
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Infections by opportunistic fungi occur in:
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people taking antibiotics and diabetics
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Which word with a prefix, root, and suffix means the study of small living things?
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Microbiology
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The P in SP stands for
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precautions
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Which of the following words has an element meaning fungus?
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Mycelium
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Fungus is a general term used to describe:
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yeasts and molds
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A yeast infection in the mouth might be:
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oral candidiasis
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Food and water are often contaminated with parasites in regions of the world where there is:
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poor sanitation and poor hygiene
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Malaria kills one child in Africa about every:
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30 seconds
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The primary site of amoebiasis is the:
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intestines
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___________________ is a parasitic disease from ingestion of undercooked pork containing a roundworm.
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Trichinosis
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Which of the following is the causal agent for malaria?
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Plasmodium
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The most common intestinal helminth in children is:
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the pinworm
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A synonym for hospital-acquired is:
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nosocomial
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Which of the following words has a prefix meaning against?
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Antisepsis
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A spore is a product of __________________ resistant to _________________________________.
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reproduction; heat, freezing, and chemicals
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Commonly used disinfectants include:
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phenols and alcohol
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The prefix is:
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the beginning of some words
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The word element -scopy is an example:
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of a suffix
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Choose the correct suffix for terms that refer to a visual examination of a body part such as a joint.
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-scopy
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Choose the correct term that means the structure around the heart.
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Pericardium
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Which of the following are the roots for the words gynecology, arthroscopy, and hypogastric?
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gynec-, arthr-, and -gastr
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Which of the following terms is spelled correctly?
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Hyperglycemia
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Which of the following terms is spelled correctly?
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Hemorrhage
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Which of the following statements is true about the root of the medical term?
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The root is the foundation or core of the medical term.
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Which of the following medical terms uses a prefix?
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Endocarditis
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Which of the following terms has a suffix that means surgical fixation?
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Arthrodesis
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Which of the following terms has a prefix that means below?
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Hypogastric
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Which of the following terms is spelled correctly?
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Arthroscopy
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Which of the following definitions is correct?
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The epidermal layer is the outer layer of the skin.
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In the term pyrexia, what is the prefix and what does the prefix mean?
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There is no prefix in this word.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Not every medical term will have all elements present at the same time.
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gynec/o is an example of:
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the combination of a root and a combining vowel
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Dermatology
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The study of the skin
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Vaginal infection
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Gynecologist
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Which of the following words means pertaining to the whole?
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Holistic
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The brain, nerves, and sense organs are part of the ___________________ system.
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nervous
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Which term means a condition involving the nervous system?
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Parkinson disease
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The word for a crescent-shaped cartilaginous structure in the knee is ______________, and its plural is ______________.
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meniscus, menisci
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When cell becomes cellular, it functions as a(n):
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adjective
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The word element that means condition is:
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-ism
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Which of the followings word forms the adjective by adding -ular?
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B and C
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LUQ is an abbreviation referring to:
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an abdominal quadrant
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A tracheostomy is an opening into the _______________, used to treat________________.
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windpipe; breathing difficulties
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The opposite of distal is:
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proximal
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Which of the following words means a band of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones to other bones?
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Ligament
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Which of the following words means pertaining to or nearer the head?
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Cephalic
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The brain is located in the:
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cranial cavity
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A synonym for posterior is:
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dorsal
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Which of the following words has a suffix meaning body?
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Chromosome
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Tissue that binds, supports, protects, and fills spaces is known as_______________ tissue.
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connective
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A synonym for kneecap is:
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patella
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Nervous tissue is found in:
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the brain and spinal cord
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Which term with a root and suffix refers to a specialist who studies tissue?
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Histologist
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Which of the following words means pertaining to the back?
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Dorsal
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The suffix in the word homeostasis stands for:
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standing or control
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The organelle responsible for the manufacture of protein is the:
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ribosome
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A physical therapy assistant is likely to be employed in a(n):
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rehabilitation unit
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The tissues involved in movement and the bones and ligaments are in the _______________ system.
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musculoskeletal
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Which common English word has the same root as a medical term meaning a cross?
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Excruciating
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Arthrodesis
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Fixation of a joint
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Hypogastric
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Pertaining to below the stomach
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Pyrexia
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An abnormally high body temperature or fever
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Hyperglycemia
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Elevated sugar content in the blood
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Gastritis
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Inflammation of the stomach
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Endocarditis
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Inflammation of the inside of the heart
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peri-
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around
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Below the skin. Also known as hypodermic.
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subcutaneous
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A graft from another species. Also known as heterograft.
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xenograft
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A malignant and invasive epithelial tumor.
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carcinoma
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A whitehead or blackhead caused by too much sebum and too many keratin cells blocking the hair follicle.
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comedo
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Act of being invaded on the skin by a troublesome other species, such as a parasite.
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infestation
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Any small projection.
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papilla
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Area of skin or mucous membrane that has been scraped off.
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abrasion
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Cell producing a tough, horny protein (keratin) in the process of differentiating into the dead cells of the stratum corneum.
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keratinocyte
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Coiled sweat gland that occurs in skin all over the body.
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eccrine
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Congenital or acquired lesion of the skin.
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nevus
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Crust that forms over a wound or sore during healing.
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scab
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Defense against attack or invasion.
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protection
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Forecasting of the probable course of a disease.
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prognosis
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Inflammatory skin disease often with a serous discharge.
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eczema
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Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells.
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macrophage
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Medication applied to the skin to obtain a local effect.
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topical
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Nonpigmented white patches on otherwise normal skin.
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vitiligo
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Pertaining to a small spot or patch, especially on the skin.
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macular
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Pertaining to the skin.
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cutaneous
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Removal of waste products of metabolism out of the body.
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excretion
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Science of the preparation, uses, and effects of drugs.
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pharmacology
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Seborrheic scales from the scalp.
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dandruff
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Skin disease produced by mites.
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scabies
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Small, circumscribed elevation on the skin.
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papule
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State of hypersensitivity to an allergen.
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atopy
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Substance producing a hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction.
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allergen
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The dark form of the pigment melanin.
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eumelanin
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The releasing of a substance, such as from cells.
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secretion
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Visible only with the aid of a microscope.
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microscopic
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Wart caused by a virus.
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verruca
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Increased intraocular pressure.
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glaucoma
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A gelatinous liquid in the posterior cavity of the eyeball with the appearance of glass.
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vitreous humor
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A turning of an eye away from its normal position.
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strabismus
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Agent that reduces fever.
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Another name for auricle.
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Any muscle whose origin and insertion are entirely within the structure under consideration; for example, muscles inside the vocal cords or the eye.
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intrinsic
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Band of muscle that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes closed.
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sphincter
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Describes a disease of sudden onset that is usually severe and of short duration.
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acute
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Drooping of the upper eyelid.
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blepharoptosis
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Dye that produces a vivid green color under a blue light to diagnose corneal abrasions and foreign bodies.
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fluorescein
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Hardening at the junction of the stapes and oval window that causes loss of hearing.
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otosclerosis
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Incision in the cornea.
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keratotomy
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Incision in the tympanic membrane.
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myringotomy
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Inflammation of the middle ear.
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otitis media
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Inner lining of the eyelids.
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conjunctiva
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Light-sensitive innermost layer of the eyeball.
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retina
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Normal refractive condition of the eye.
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emmetropia
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Of the transparent covering.
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corneal
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Partial paralysis.
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paresis
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Small pit in the center of the macula that has the highest visual acuity.
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fovea centralis
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The collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep; or the flat fibrous plate that gives shape to the outer edges of the eyelids.
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tarsus
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To cause the presence of an infectious agent to be on any surface.
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contaminate
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Tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Also called auditory tube.
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eustachian tube
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Use of water to clean wax out of the external ear canal.
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irrigation
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X-shaped crossing of the two optic nerves at the base of the brain.
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chiasm
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A turning of the eye outward away from the nose.
answer
exotropia
question
Conjunctivitis.
answer
pink eye
question
Muscles that make the lens thicker and thinner.
answer
ciliary body
question
Part farthest from the opening of a hollow organ.
answer
fundus
question
Test for sensorineural hearing loss.
answer
Weber test
question
(PPS) Progressive muscle weakness in a person previously affected by polio.
answer
postpolio syndrome
question
Agent that poisons the nervous system.
answer
neurotoxin
question
An abnormally small head.
answer
microcephaly
question
Appreciation and concern for another person's mental and emotional state.
answer
sympathy
question
Bone and joint destruction secondary to a neuropathy and loss of sensation.
answer
Charcot joint
question
Bundle of nerve fibers with a common origin and destination.
answer
tract
question
Change the form or qualities of something.
answer
modify
question
Common form of dementia.
answer
Alzheimer disease
question
Complete loss of sensation.
answer
anesthesia
question
Computer-generated color image to show directions of blood flow.
answer
color Doppler ultrasonography
question
Connective tissue that holds a structure together.
answer
glia
question
Cross over like the arms of an ôX.ö
answer
decussate
question
Disease of cattle (mad cow disease) that can be transmitted to humans, causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
answer
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
question
Disorder affecting many nerves.
answer
polyneuropathy
question
Fifth (V) cranial nerve, with its three different branches supplying the face.
answer
trigeminal
question
Having paralysis of all four limbs with the legs being the weakest.
answer
diplegic
question
Having paralysis of one limb.
answer
monoplegic
question
Having present knowledge of oneself and one's surroundings.
answer
conscious
question
Having the function of sensation; relating to structures of the nervous system that carry impulses to the brain.
answer
sensory
question
In the neighborhood of the sacrum.
answer
sacral
question
Inability to sleep.
answer
insomnia
question
Injury to the brain occurring directly under the skull at the point of impact.
answer
coup
question
Involuntary, irregular spasms of limb and facial muscles.
answer
chorea
question
Membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.
answer
ependyma
question
Neurotransmitter in some specific small areas of the brain.
answer
dopamine
question
Ninth (IX) cranial nerve; supplying the tongue and pharynx.
answer
glossopharyngeal
question
Not conscious, lacking awareness.
answer
unconscious
question
Organic phosphorus compound used as an insecticide.
answer
organophosphate
question
Outer portion of an organ, such as bone; or gray covering of cerebral hemispheres. Plural cortices.
answer
cortex
question
Paralysis of one side of the body.
answer
hemiplegia
question
Paralysis of three limbs.
answer
triplegia
question
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter that is a catecholamine hormone of the adrenal gland. Also called noradrenaline.
answer
norepinephrine
question
Pertaining to muscular atrophy.
answer
amyotrophic
question
Pertaining to nerves that send impulses out to cause muscles to contract or glands to secrete.
answer
motor
question
Pertaining to neuropathy, any disease of the nervous system.
answer
neuropathic
question
Pertaining to the cerebrum, one of the two major hemispheres of the brain.
answer
cerebral
question
Pertaining to the chest (thorax).
answer
thoracic
question
Pertaining to the internal organs.
answer
visceral
question
Pertaining to the limbic system, an array of nerve fibers surrounding the thalamus.
answer
limbic
question
Pertaining to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis.
answer
lumbar
question
Pertaining to the use of electricity in the diagnosis of a neurologic disorder.
answer
electroneurodiagnostic
question
Placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF.
answer
spinal tap
question
Process of acquiring knowledge through thinking, learning, and memory.
answer
cognition
question
Process of removing a limb, a part of a limb, a breast, or some other projecting part.
answer
amputation
question
Radiation therapy in which the source of irradiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated.
answer
brachytherapy
question
Record of the electrical activity of the brain.
answer
electroencephalogram
question
Regions of the brain and spinal cord occupied by cell bodies and dendrites.
answer
gray matter
question
Slow, writhing involuntary movements.
answer
athetosis
question
The process of building a compound from different elements.
answer
synthesis
question
Three-layered covering of the brain and spinal cord.
answer
meninges
question
The individual's genome is:
answer
genetic composition.
question
_____________________ are sequences of DNA.
answer
Genes
question
By what process is genetic information transferred between generations through genes in the nuclei of the egg and sperm?
answer
Meiosis
question
Which of the following is NOT a chemical base in DNA?
answer
L-arginine
question
Each strand of DNA:
answer
contains four chemical bases that are ordered to provide genetic information
question
__________________________ says that during transmission from parent to offspring, the two copies of the gene present in each parent separate from each other in the egg and the sperm.
answer
Mendel's Law
question
A karyotype is:
answer
a chart of the chromosomes
question
What does the root of the word adenine refer to?
answer
Gland
question
What is an autosome?
answer
Any non-sex chromosome
question
The source of hereditary characteristics found in chromosomes is:
answer
DNA
question
A helix is:
answer
a coiled line
question
The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes is called:
answer
heredity
question
A gene:
answer
encodes instructions
question
Gene mutations:
answer
occur randomly
question
What types of disorders are thought to arise from mutated genes inherited from a parent?
answer
Heart disease
question
DNA changes that develop during an individual's life are called:
answer
somatic mutations
question
A single allele that is expressed as a trait or characteristic is called:
answer
dominant
question
A complete set of chromosomes is called:
answer
a genome
question
The position a gene occupies on the chromosome is its:
answer
locus
question
What does the root of the word somatic mean?
answer
Body
question
A discrete characteristic that has a known quality is:
answer
a trait
question
If both parents carry a single recessive gene mutation for a disease, what is the chance that each of their children will develop the disease?
answer
1 in 4 chance
question
What is counseling?
answer
A professional relationship to transmit advice to direct the judgment of another
question
Which of the following is an example of a vector?
answer
A virus
question
Gene therapy:
answer
involves the insertion of normal copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disease
question
Genetic testing does NOT look at:
answer
carbohydrates
question
In order to do genetic testing, a sample of ____________________ is used.
answer
blood
question
The person with an autosomal recessive gene for a disease is called:
answer
a carrier
question
Two word elements that are opposite in meaning are:
answer
hetero- and homo-
question
A buccal smear involves the use of a _____________________ to collect cells.
answer
small brush or cotton swab
question
Which of the following is NOT an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?
answer
BRCA1
question
What does the combining form of the word albino refer to?
answer
White
question
A simian crease is found:
answer
on the palm of the hand
question
Which of the following is NOT an X-linked disorder?
answer
Altered hearing
question
Any segment along the DNA that encodes instructions for cells is called:
answer
a gene
question
The correct spelling of the term that is abbreviated DNA is:
answer
deoxyribonucleic acid
question
The chemical found in DNA but not in RNA is:
answer
thymine
question
A complete set of genes is:
answer
genome
question
The karyotype includes:
answer
all of the chromosomes
question
What exists as two long, paired strands spiraled into a double helix?
answer
DNA
question
Every nucleus in the body has how many molecules of DNA?
answer
46
question
The Human Genome Project:
answer
created a map of the location of genes on the chromosome
question
A characteristic of genetic selection is:
answer
phenotype
question
In the general population, what is the incidence of congenital malformations among all births?
answer
3%
question
In the general population, how many cases of mental retardation have a genetic basis?
answer
50%
question
Hurdles to overcome in relation to gene therapy do NOT include:
answer
lack of scientists
question
What is the earliest age at which a baby's sex can be determined?
answer
18 weeks
question
Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome uses:
answer
ultrasound and measurement of hormones in the maternal blood
question
Treatment for Klinefelter syndrome is:
answer
testosterone
question
What does the prefix in the word trisomy mean?
answer
Three
question
A malignant tumor originating in connective tissue.
answer
sarcoma
question
A normal gene involved in normal cell growth.
answer
protooncogene
question
A pigment found in fruit, wine, and tea. Also spelled flavinoid.
answer
flavonoid
question
A spreading out, as of anatomical parts.
answer
radiation
question
Agent that produces a mutation in a gene.
answer
mutagen
question
All the external conditions affecting the life of an organism.
answer
environment
question
Any abnormal swelling.
answer
tumor
question
Biologically active, nonnutrient plant chemical.
answer
phytochemical
question
Cancer arising from cartilage cells.
answer
chondrosarcoma
question
Cancer-producing agent.
answer
carcinogen
question
Carcinoma that has not invaded surrounding tissues.
answer
carcinoma in situ
question
Condition that is unclean, impure, and a danger to health
answer
pollution
question
Denoting the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm or illness.
answer
benign
question
Derived from a protein from a single clone of cells, all molecules of which are the same.
answer
monoclonal
question
Destructive to cells.
answer
cytotoxic
question
Examination of the pleural cavity with an endoscope.
answer
thoracoscopy
question
Examination of the structures of the body by x-rays.
answer
fluoroscopy
question
Extremely toxic or pathogenic.
answer
virulent
question
Flavonoid found in soy.
answer
genistein
question
Founder; beginning of an ancestry.
answer
progenitor
question
In cancer pathology, a classification of the rate of growth of cancer cells.
answer
grade
question
Lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles.
answer
asbestosis
question
Medical specialist in oncology.
answer
oncologist
question
New formation of blood vessels.
answer
angiogenesis
question
Origin and development of cancer.
answer
carcinogenesis
question
Pertaining to a finger or toe.
answer
digital
question
Pertaining to a malignant neoplasm.
answer
cancerous
question
Pertaining to a neoplasm.
answer
neoplastic
question
Pertaining to an agent that causes cancer.
answer
Carcinogenic
question
Pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli.
answer
bronchoalveolar
question
Pertaining to the character of cells that can metastasize.
answer
metastatic
question
Process of determination of the extent of the distribution of a neoplasm.
answer
staging
question
Process of x-ray examination of the breast.
answer
mammography
question
Process that results in formation of a tumor.
answer
neoplasia
question
Program of treatment.
answer
regimen
question
Programmed normal cell death.
answer
apoptosis
question
Resistance to the flow of an electric current.
answer
impedance
question
Science concerned with life and living organisms.
answer
biology
question
Something identical in genetic constitution.
answer
clone
question
Spread of a disease from one part of the body to another. Plural metastases.
answer
metastasis
question
Surgical excision of a segment of a tissue or organ.
answer
segmentectomy
question
Surgical removal of a lobe of the lungs.
answer
lobectomy
question
Technique for studying one gene in one experiment. Also called gene chips.
answer
microarray
question
The invasion into a tissue or cell.
answer
infiltration
question
The science dealing with cancer.
answer
oncology
question
To increase in number through reproduction.
answer
proliferate
question
To penetrate and invade into a tissue or cell.
answer
infiltrate
question
Treatment using radiation.
answer
radiotherapy
question
Tumor that invades surrounding tissues and metastasizes to distant organs.
answer
malignancy
question
Washing out of a hollow cavity, tube, or organ.
answer
lavage
