Pathophysiology Chapter 40 Cancer – Flashcards
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Which of the following are associated with the development of cancer? Select all that apply. Lack of immunocompetence ( having a normal immune system response) Active natural killer cells Oncogenes Angiogenesis ( the development of new blood vessels) Activation of p53 gene
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Lack of immunocompetence( having a normal immune system response) Oncogenes
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Grade III cells demonstrate _________________. Select all that apply. differentiation growth arrest well-defined borders poor differentiation anaplasia
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poorly differentiated anaplasia
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While assessing a patient with lung cancer, a nurse finds that the tumor cells have spread to the lymph nodes. Which stage of lung cancer does the nurse anticipate in the client? Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 4 Stage 5
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Stage 2 Lung cancer stages range from 0 to 4. A small, localized tumor, referred to as "in situ," is classified as stage 0. A large tumor is classified as stage 1. When a tumor is classified as stage 2 or 3, there is spread to the lymph nodes. Stage 4 lung cancer indicates metastasis has occurred.
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Risk factors for cervical cancer include which of the following? Select all that apply. Smoking Human papillomavirus Immunosuppression Having only one lifetime sex partner History of sexually transmitted disease
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Smoking Human papillomavirus Immunosuppression History of sexually transmitted disease Women at risk for developing cervical cancer include those who smoke, as well as those with a history of sex-ually transmitted diseases, HPV infection, two or more lifetime sexual partners, or immunosuppression
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Unexpected disorders provoked by cancer in the body are known as _________________. Select all that apply. proto-oncogenes angiogenesis paraneoplastic syndrome cachexia transformation
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paraneoplastic syndrome A paraneoplastic syndrome is an unexpected pathological disorder provoked by the pres- ence of cancer in the body (see Table 40-4). A common type of paraneoplastic syndrome involves the secretion of endocrine hormones unrelated to the cancer tumor. For example, a patient suffering from lung cancer often endures excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hor- mone (ACTH) from the tumor. Another common parane- oplastic syndrome is hypercalcemia. For unclear reasons, in many types of cancers, the body produces a parathy- roidlike hormone that stimulates bone breakdown and calcium accumulation in the blood.
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Tammy and Harold are a married couple in their forties. Recently, Tammy's mother passed away, at the age 65, from breast cancer. This event has caused Tammy and Harold to reflect upon their family histories. They have scheduled an appointment with you to discuss their concerns. Tammy begins the appointment stating that she is very worried about getting cancer, as "a lot of female cancer" is in her family. She wants to know if there are any tests that can be done to diagnose these types of cancers. You inform Tammy that some cancers are associated with markers that can be evaluated in the blood or genes. Which of the following can be used to monitor or assess the risk for cancers for which Tammy may be concerned? CA-125 PSA AFP BRCA-1 BRCA-2
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CA-125 BRCA-1 BRCA-2 CA-125 is a tumor marker that elevates in certain forms of cancer, including ovarian cancer. Specific mutations in the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes have been associated with forms of breast and ovarian cancers. PSA is a marker for prostate cancer, whereas AFP is used to assess liver cancer.
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You ask Tammy about additional cancers in her family history. She states that a cousin was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Tammy does not know many of the details of her cousin's disease, but she is interested in learning more about cervical cancer. Which of the following statements are correctly related to cervical cancer? HPV (human papillomavirus) plays a role in most forms of cervical cancer. In the early stages, cervical cancer produces pronounced symptoms, such as increased vaginal bleeding. A vaccine for human papillomavirus is used to reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Those with few or no sexual partners are most at risk for developing cervical cancer. A Pap test can be a useful initial test to screen for abnormal cells of the cervix.
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HPV (human papillomavirus) plays a role in most forms of cervical cancer. A vaccine for human papillomavirus is used to reduce the risk of cervical cancer. A Pap test can be a useful initial test to screen for abnormal cells of the cervix. Cervical cancer has been associated with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). A vaccine against HPV has been developed to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Initially, cervical cancer may cause no symptoms. Individuals with a greater number of sexual partners are more at risk for cervical cancer, as increased number of partners increases one's exposure to HPV.
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Tammy also reports that her mother, before she passed away from breast cancer, had a "lump" in her throat removed that was cancerous. Her mother had been displaying signs of weight loss and tremors during this time. Tammy reports that her mother had to take "some medication" after the surgery. Which for the following statements about Tammy's mother's condition are likely true? Tammy's mother likely had thyroid cancer. Radioiodine scanning may have been used to diagnose her condition. Tammy's mother likely had cancer of the thymus. The medication Tammy's mother took post-surgery was likely thyroid hormone replacement. Being female, Tammy is at an increased risk for developing thyroid cancer.
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Tammy's mother likely had thyroid cancer. Radioiodine scanning may have been used to diagnose her condition. The medication Tammy's mother took post-surgery was likely thyroid hormone replacement. Being female, Tammy is at an increased risk for developing thyroid cancer. Given the symptoms, Tammy's mother likely had thyroid cancer. The cancerous nodule appeared as a "lump" in the throat area. Radioiodine scanning can help diagnose thyroid conditions, as the thyroid gland is the primary tissue that utilizes iodine. If Tammy's mother had her thyroid gland removed due to the tumor, thyroid hormone replacement medication would have been prescribed.
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Harold is specifically worried about prostate and colon cancer. He feels that every man in his family ends up with prostate cancer, if he "lives long enough." What cancer marker is associated with prostate cancer? AFP MART-1 PSA CA-125 BRCA-2
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PSA PSA, which stands for prostate specific antigen, is considered a tumor marker for prostate cancer. AFP is associated with liver cancer, CA-125 with ovarian cancer, MART-1 with melanoma. Mutations in the gene, BRCA-2, have been associated with breast cancer
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As Harold is concerned about prostate cancer, what are some signs and symptoms you suggest that Harold should be aware of? Trouble urinating Discoloration of urine Burning, severe pain with urination Erectile dysfunction Decreased force of urine stream
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Trouble urinating Erectile dysfunction Decreased force of urine stream Because of the proximity of the prostate gland to the urethra and bladder, changes in the prostate can affect urination. An individual may have difficulty beginning urination and the urine stream may be "dribbling" in nature. Because the prostate plays a role in the sexual response, erectile dysfunction may manifest with prostate cancer. Discoloration of the urine and burning, severe pain with urination normally do not occur with prostate cancer.
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Harold is also concerned about colorectal cancer. Which of the following the signs and symptoms do you discuss with Harold in relation to colorectal cancer? The onset of colorectal cancer is rapid and swift. Severe pain in the right upper quadrant is common in colorectal cancer. Black, tarry stools may be present. Melena may occur. Changes in bowel habits can be a key sign of colorectal cancer.
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Black, tarry stools may be present. Melena may occur. Changes in bowel habits can be a key sign of colorectal cancer. Often, the signs of colorectal cancer included black, tarry stools due to melena and changes in bowel habits. The onset of colorectal cancer is usually not rapid, nor does it initially present with severe pain.
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Harold is worried and wants to know what tests can be done to detect colorectal cancer. Which of the following do you discuss? FOBT Blood test for BRCA gene mutation Colonoscopy CT colonography Colon biopsy
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FOBT Colonoscopy CT colonography Colon biopsy Presence of blood can be detected by FOBT, fecal occult blood test. FOBT can be positive in colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and CT colonography, known as virtual colonoscopy, are means of viewing the colon to detect any cancerous changes. A colon biopsy can help confirm cellular changes related to cancer. BRCA gene mutations are associated with breast and ovarian cancers, not colorectal cancer.
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Which immune cells function to destroy abnormal looking cells, including cancer cells? B cells Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages Natural killer cells
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natural killer cells
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Which of the following does cancer staging take into account? Select all that apply. Tumor size Node involvement Metastasis Age Gender
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Tumor size Node involvement Metastasis
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Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene? x52 p53 TNM G0 Human papillomavirus
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p53
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Which of the following stimulate cell proliferation? (rapid reproduction of a cell, part, or organism.) Oncogenes Paraneoplastic cells Natural killer cells Tumor suppressor proteins Proto-oncogenes
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oncogenes
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Weight loss combined with decreased body fat and loss of appetite that is experienced by some cancer patients is known as __________________. oncogenesis paraneoplastic syndrome detoxification cachexia aneuploidy
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cachexia
