Noncommunicable Diseases and Disabilities – Flashcards
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cholesterol
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A fat-like substance necessary for life that is present in cells and body fluid.
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atherosclerosis
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A condition in which artery walls thicken because of build-up of fatty materials like cholesterol.
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arteriosclerosis
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A general term for the hardening of the arteries.
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hypertension
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High blood pressure, a lifestyle disease which can lead to heart disease.
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coronary heart disease
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A medical condition where the narrowing of the arteries leads to failure to deliver blood to the heart and surrounding tissues.
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heart attack
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An interruption of blood supply to any part of the heart, which causes that part of the heart to begin dying.
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stroke
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A medical condition in which blood supply to part of the brain is blocked.
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heart failure
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A medical condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body.
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Numbness on one side of the body is most likely a symptom of __________.
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a stroke
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A rapid, irregular heartbeat is a symptom of __________.
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heart failure
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Which of the following is the most common symptom of hypertension?
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D. none
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__________ of the population of the United States is obese.
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33%
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What treatment option is shared for high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: All of these conditions can be treated by thinning the blood. In each case, lowering blood pressure helps reduce the symptoms, and some of the best medications for lowering blood pressure do so by thinning the blood.
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Why is high blood pressure known as "the silent killer"?
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It generally shows no symptoms.
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Explain why living a healthy lifestyle is the most important step in preventing cardiovascular disease.
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: There is no single step for preventing cardiovascular disease; all aspects of a healthy lifestyle impact cardiovascular fitness. Eating a healthy diet can reduce your dietary cholesterol and help maintain a healthy body weight. Getting regular exercise can also help maintain a healthy body weight as well as strengthen the heart muscle. Avoiding smoking is another part of a healthy lifestyle that can significantly reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
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Why is physical activity so important in preventing heart disease?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: The heart is a muscle, and as with all muscles, it needs to be strengthened in order to maintain optimal health. The best way to strengthen the heart is to exercise it by performing activities that elevate your heart rate and increase blood flow.
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The failure to deliver blood to the heart due to a narrowing of arteries results in __________.
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coronary heart disease
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High levels of cholesterol can first lead directly to __________.
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arteriosclerosis
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Once a person has been diagnosed with diabetes, what is the single greatest health threat they will face?
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cardiovascular disease
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For which of the following conditions would it potentially be dangerous to give someone a tablet of aspirin?
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stroke
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Which of the following is NOT a treatment for high blood pressure?
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an LDL-rich diet
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Stress is a factor that contributes to heart disease risk.
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T
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cardiomyopathy?
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fever
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Two hours of moderate exercise every week can reduce the risk of developing heart disease by 30%.
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T
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Hypertension is NOT a type of cardiovascular disease.
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F
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What distinguishes high blood pressure from conditions such as arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
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High blood pressure has no symptoms.
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Cancer
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Occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably.
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Carcinogen
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An agent that increases the likelihood of developing cancer.
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Lymphoma
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A type of cancer that affects the immune system.
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Lekuemia
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A type of cancer affecting the bone marrow and blood; the main types are Lymphocytic and Myelogenous.
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Carcinoma
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A cancer of the epithelial tissues; includes skin, breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers.
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Sarcoma
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A cancer of supportive or connective tissues; two main categories of sarcomas are: soft tissue and bone.
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Chemotherapy
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A treatment for cancer that uses drugs to destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells.
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Radiation therapy
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A cancer treatment in which cancer cells are irradiated to kill them and stop their growth.
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Immunotherapy
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A cancer treatment that stimulates an individual's immune system to attack cancer cells.
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Metastasis
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The spread of cancer from its point of origin.
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Discuss the two main causes of skin cancer.
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Answers will vary but should relate to exposure to solar radiation and artificial sources. The greater the intensity and time of exposure, the greater the chances of developing skin cancer. Melanoma risks are greater from high-intensity exposure when you are young. Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma risks are greater with cumulative lifetime exposure.
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The spread of cancer from its point of origin is called __________.
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metastasis
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Describe five possible treatments for cancer.
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Radiation involves irradiating cancer cells. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or interfere with their reproduction. Surgery removes tumors and sometimes the surrounding tissue. Immunotherapy uses vaccines and medicines to boost the immune system to attack cancer cells. Hormone therapy blocks production of hormones and treats cancer cells so they do not respond to hormones, possibly by removing hormone-producing glands.
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Early detection of cancer __________.
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increases the chance for a cure
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Cancer-causing agents are called __________.
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carcinogens
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Which of the following is known to increase an individual's chances of developing certain cancers?
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consuming alcohol
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Explain how you can decrease the risk of developing smoking-related cancers.
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Decrease the amount of smoke to which you are exposed over time.
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Which statement BEST defines the term cancer?
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Cancers occur when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably.
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What are possible risk factors that increase an individual's chance of developing cancer?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Tobacco, sunlight, ionizing radiation, some chemicals, some viruses and bacteria, some hormones, genetic predisposition, poor diet, and lack of exercise are all possible risk factors for cancer.
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Describe what type of diet one might follow while attempting to decrease the risk of developing colon cancer.
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Answers will vary, but should indicate a low-fat, high-fiber diet.
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Cancers that affect supportive or connective tissue are classified as __________.
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sarcomas
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Which of the following would most likely influence the risk of getting pancreatic cancer?
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eating a high-fat diet
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Hormone therapy reduces the interaction of hormones with __________.
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cancer cells
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__________ treats cancer by removing it.
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Surgery
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Cervical cancer can result from a sexually transmitted disease, such as chlamydia.
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T
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Which of the following is NOT a source of energy for external radiation therapy?
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beta
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Both skin and lung cancer are classified as carcinomas.
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T
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Hair loss is a side effect of which of the following types of cancer treatment?
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chemotherapy and radiation
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Cancer affecting bone marrow or blood is called __________.
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leukemia
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Agents that increase the likelihood of developing cancer are called carcinogens.
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T
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noncommunicable disease
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A disease that is not transmitted by another person, a vector, or from the environment.
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diabetes
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A chronic disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood.
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insulin
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A hormone produced in the pancreas; controls sugar levels in the blood.
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of diabetes?
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loss of appetite
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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Type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes because it begins during childhood. Type 2 diabetes happens later in life as a result of obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor choices in diet.
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Diabetes is characterized by excessively low blood sugar levels.
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F
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a single mutated gene?
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sickle cell anemia
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Which of the following is an immune disorder?
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asthma
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In your opinion, why might a person with a noncommunicable disease like diabetes be more accepted in social settings than a person with HIV?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Most people are aware that diabetes is not a contagious disease, so people are more accepting of it. With HIV, many people still have misconceptions about how the virus is spread, leading them to discriminate against those with HIV.
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Which of the following hereditary diseases involves multiple genetic mutations?
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complex
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Name one similarity and one difference between cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome.
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Both diseases are hereditary, but cystic fibrosis occurs as a result of a single gene that is mutated during the development of the fetus; Down syndrome happens when a fetus inherits an extra copy of the 21st chromosome.
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Which of the following factors can influence the development and progression of noncommunicable diseases?
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diet choices genetics air quality
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Which of the following results from an incomplete chromosome?
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chromosomal disease
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Type 2 diabetes is treated with a medication to make the body sensitive to insulin.
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T
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People with type 2 diabetes have to monitor their blood sugar levels and take insulin to manage the disease.
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T
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about diabetes?
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Research shows that there are more cases of type 1 diabetes than of type 2.
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Type 2 diabetes usually appears after age 40.
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T
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How many deaths worldwide result from noncommunicable diseases?
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approximately 60%
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What is the leading cause of type 2 diabetes?
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obesity
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Immune disorders result from both underactive and overactive immune systems.
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T
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What percentage of diabetes patients have type 2?
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90 - 95%
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It is not necessary to be tested for any noncommunicable diseases because if there are no symptoms, there is no disease.
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F
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Type 1 diabetes is caused by a mutated gene.
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F
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Americans with Disabilities Act
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A 1986 law preventing discrimination upon the basis of disability in the areas of employment, public accommodations, transportation, state and local government services and telecommunications.
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disability
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An impairment, activity limitation, or restriction which limits normal activity.
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impairment
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A problem with body function and structure.
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handicap
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An inability to accomplish something one might want to do.
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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A 2004 law which ensures education services to children with disabilities.
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Which of the following laws requires that disabled students who need individualized education have the least restrictive environment possible?
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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Why are children more prone to be emotionally affected by a disability?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: Children with disabilities are particularly prone to discrimination from the very individuals and institutions with an obligation to protect them, including families, health and education services, and the state.
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Which of the following is NOT a disability protected by law?
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a broken bone that is expected to heal properly
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Give an example of each of the two types of disabilities.
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Physical disability: Anything dealing with vision, hearing, or motor skills such as deafness, blindness, or cerebral palsy. Mental disability: Anything resulting from development or injury that affects cognitive abilities, like Down syndrome.
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Which of the following tools would be used in schools to adapt teaching strategies to the specific needs of students?
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individualized educational plan
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Which of the following can a disability affect?
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mental ability, physical activity, participation in normal activities
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Scooters have become a popular aide to those with mobility disabilities.
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T
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What sets the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 apart from the Americans with Disabilities Act?
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Responses will vary. A sample response follows: While the employment regulations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 are similar, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 specifically targets any programs that are funded by federal funds.
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Lucas has a muscular disorder, making it difficult for him to play sports that require accurate muscle control. Which of the following does he have?
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activity limitation
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The cost of a disability is not generally a burden to the disabled person because it is fully funded by the government.
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F
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As a result of education and law enforcement, negative attitudes toward the disabled are rare in society today.
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F
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Which of the following is NOT part of the ICF model?
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persistence
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Which of the following laws protects the accessibility to employment opportunities for the disabled?
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Americans with Disabilities Act
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If a disabled person is traveling by airplane and cannot enter the airplane or buckle the seatbelt without assistance, what does the Air Carrier Act require from the airline?
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that an employee of the airline assist the disabled person in preparing to take off
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Which of the following laws requires that information technology in any federally funded program be accessible to the disabled?
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Rehabilitation Act
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A person who was injured in a war and lost a portion of his leg is considered to have which of the following?
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impairment
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What aspects of life is not generally affected by a disability?
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family size
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Which of the following is NOT a disability protected by law?
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blurred vision that is a symptom of eye surgery
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Social stigmas can prevent children with disabilities from getting treatment.
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T
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A person who was born with a mental disability and cannot perform some of the functions required by everyday life is considered to have which of the following?
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activity limitation
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Which of the following is NOT a disability law?
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Veteran Readjustment Act
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If a company that has 18 employees interviews five people for a position and chooses to hire the person with the second best qualifications because the building may not be able to accommodate the wheelchair of the most qualified candidate, who is disabled, which act is the employer violating?
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Americans with Disabilities Act
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Students with disabilities who require assistance in class are generally mainstreamed into regular classes rather than putting them into a self-contained setting.
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T
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Which of the following situations would NOT violate the Americans with Disabilities Act?
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A company that has eight employees chooses not to hire a disabled person because it is a small, private business and the owner cannot afford to make modifications to the building.
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What are the odds of nonsmokers developing cardiovascular disease when compared to smokers?
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Nonsmokers are half as likely to develop cardiovascular disease.
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Which statement BEST describes how cancers are classified?
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Cancers are classified according to the type of tissue they affect.
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about noncommunicable diseases?
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Noncommunicable diseases can be transmitted from one person to another.
