Biology Chapter 12 Mr. Borges – Flashcards
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When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA it is known as
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recombinant DNA
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The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA
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Gene cloning
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In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plaid is used as the
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vector
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When plasmids are used to make a desired protein, the desired gene is
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inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
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Restriction enzymes
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cut DNA at specific sites
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Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences called
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restriction sites
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A major source of restriction enzymes is
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bacterial cells
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"Sticky Ends"
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DNA fragments with single-stranded ends produced by the actions of restriction enzymes
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The feature of "Sticky Ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is
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their ability to form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA
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After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the
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"pasting" enzyme DNA ligase
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Mammalian cells are the only cells that can correctly
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attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products
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Bacteria cannot add sugars to
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proteins to make glycoproteins
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A vaccine works by
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stimulating the immune system.
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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) contain
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one or more genes introduced by artificial means
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The following are the steps in creating a GMO
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1. Plasmid DNA is isolated 2. DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated 3. Plasmid DNA is treated with a restriction enzyme that cuts in one place, opening the circle. 4. DNA with the target gene is treated with the same enzyme, and many fragments are produced. 5.Plasmid and target DNA are mixed and associate with each other 6. Recombinant DNA molecules are produced when the enzyme DNA ligase joins plasmid and target segments together. 7. The recombinant DNA molecules are inserted into a zygote of the target organism.
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Transgenic animal
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animal containing a gene from another organism, typically from another species.
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In order for gene therapy to be permanent in that the patient being treated, the normal gene must be transferred to
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somatic cells that continuously multiply.
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Polymerase chain reaction
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A technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the lab
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PCR
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relies upon unusual, heat resistant DNA polymerase that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs
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Primers that flank the target sequence and free nucleotides are also needed for
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PCR
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Gel electrophoresis
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used to separate fragments of DNA on the basis of their size.
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During the process of electrophoresis, the agarose gel functions like a
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molecular sieve, separating samples according to their size.
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Repetitive DNA
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- Can show great variation among individuals - Is usually found between genes - Is usually repeated multiple times in the genome
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STR
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- STR analysis is used to match DNA with that of a particular person - Close matches in the DNA profile are the best pieces of evidence for establishing biological relatedness
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RFLP analysis
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used to determine whether particular nucleotide sequences are present in DNA samples
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How much DNA is noncoding?
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98.5%
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Gel electrophoresis is normally set up with
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the negative electrode at the top of the gel and the positive electrode at the bottom of the gel. The DNA products are loaded at the top of the gel, and then a current is applied to separate them. All DNA molecules will migrate down the gel toward the positive electrode.
