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Person-Centered-Theory

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used to be called patient-centered, then client-centered, not person-centered. Change reflected the belief that the ind possess the capacity to address their concerns. They are not patients, or clients with problems, they are people.

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emphasis on the

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self.

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The self

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is a structure which possesses the perceptions of internal and external reality

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3 components

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1. the organism: the total individual, all of you; differentiation - how I experience the world and what I make of it. Experience it, but it gets distorted. 2. the phenomenological field: the totality of the experience; the bubble I live in. Center of it - the perception of self 3. the self: consists of pattern of conscious perceptions revolving around "me"

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3 presentations of the self

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1. real self (you): that we are developing humans; tree I am 2. perceived self (fake you): that we are what we are told 3. ideal self (you could be): that I am striving to attain something; tree I could be

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Beliefs

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-all humanity is good -people will naturally grow, but are impeded by others and by society -pathology develops through restricting a person natural progression of development (actualized)

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Mental health is when

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the real = the ideal while holding the perceived constant.

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Process of counseling

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-positive regard -unconditional regard -empathetic understanding -genuineness -congruence

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positive regard

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the perception of the self-experience of another person that leads the individual to feel warmth, liking, and respect for the acceptance of that person

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unconditional positive regard

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this is the ind's perception of another person without ascription of greater or lesser worthiness to that person. It is characterized by a total rather than a conditional acceptance of the other person

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Empathetic understanding

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when a person knows, not only at a cognitive level, but also at a deeper affective level, how it feels to be another person while retaining one's own autonomy, he or she has achieved empathetic understanding.

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Genuineness

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When a person is being genuine, there is no difference bw the real and the perceived selves; the person is transparent in that there are no facades or affect or behavior

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Congruence

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the person is congruent when there is no dissonance among his or her acting, thinking, and feeling states. Experiences are wholly integrated into the self-concept.

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Specialized Techniques

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Paraphrasing verbalizations paraphrasing nonverbal messages self disclosure expression of emotions

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actualizing tendency

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an innate human predisposition toward growth and fulfilling one's potential

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autonomy

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a personality dimension based on needs to be independent, to be self-determining, and to attain one's goals

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basic-encounter

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one member of a group's responding with empathy to another member's being genuine and real

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congruence

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agreement bw the feelings and attitudes a therapist is experiencing and his or her professional demeanor; one of Roger's necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change. see also genuineness

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core conditions

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according to Rogers, the core conditions for growth in therapy are congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. Other theorists such as Ellis have argued that these three conditions are neither necessary nor sufficient for therapeutic growth

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empathetic understanding

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the ability to appreciate a person's phenomenological position and to accompany the person's progress in therapy; one of the necessary conditions for therapeutic change

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empathy

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accurately and deeply feeling someone else's expressed emotions, concerns, or situation

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experiencing

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sensing or awareness of self and the world, whether narrowly and rigidly or openly and flexibly. experience is unique for each person

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facilitator

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an ind who aids a group in going the direction they choose and accomplishing their chosen goals without doing harm to any member

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Formative Tendency

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an overall inclination toward greater order, complexity, and interrelatedness common to all nature, including human beings

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genuineness

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the characteristic of being real and true to oneself; lack of pretense, social facade, or refusal to allow certain aspects of one's self into awareness. see congruence.

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intensive group

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a small number of people who come together for a brief but condensed period (weekend) to engage in special interpersonal experiences that are designed to expand awareness of self and others

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Locus of evaluation

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the place of judgement's origin, its source; whether the appraisal of an experience comes more from within the individual (internal) or from outside sources (external)

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Nondirective Attitude

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valuing the client's inherent capacity for and right to self-determination

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Organismic Valuing Process

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Making individual judgements or assessments of the desirability of an action or choice on the basis of one's own sensory evidence and life experience

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principled nondirectiveness

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an unwavering attitude of respect adopted by the client centered therapist to provide an optimal environment in which clients can change. Usually contrasted with instrumental nondirectiveness in which the therapist's empathic responding is goal directed.

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self-actualization

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basic human drive toward growth, completeness, and fulfillment -when my true self and perceive self are the same, I can grow into the ideal me. Must have self-actualization in order for this to happen. I'm able to do this when I am able to exist in a condition of regard, acceptance, and care.

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self-concept

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one's own definition of who one is, including one's attributes, emotions, abilities, character, faults, and so on

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self-regard

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the aspect of the self-concept that develops from the esteem or respect accorded oneself

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symbolization

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a process of allowing a life even or experience into one's consciousness or awareness and interpreting it in terms of the self-concept; it may be straightforward, distorted, or prohibited altogether.

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unconditional positive regard

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a nonpossesive caring and acceptance of the client as human being, irrespecrtive of the therapist's own values. One of Roger's necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change

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Roger has 19 propositions

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...

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Key concept

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effect of judgment

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Therapy has to be

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nonthreatening

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conditions of change are:

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empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence/genuineness (if able to maintain these 3 conditions, then you will naturally begin to explore/grow in a more honest way

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10 characteristics of a helping relationship

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...

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5 conditions for a personality change

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1. two persons in psychological contact 2. the therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client 3. the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicated this experience to the client 4. the congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard are communicated to the client 5. therapy consists of whatever the client wants to make of the hour; the therapist must maintain the BIG three.

Person-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers – Flashcards

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