9 Tumor Markers – Flashcards
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what is the lifespan of a platelet?
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7 days
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tumors can be related to: (4)
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environment family history diet virus
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what is CANCER? 4 factors that affect cancer
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a malignant growth of cells location of origin cell type stage at diagnosis resection
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cancer markers: (12)
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alpha-feta protein (AFP) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) lactate dehydrogenase LDH DEA CA 19-9 CA 15-3, CA 27.29 BRCA 1,2 CA 125 prostate specific antigen (PSA) 5-HIAA chromagranin seratonin SPEP
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what is a primary malignancy of the liver? its often associated with what? (2) signs/symptoms of liver disease vs ____ (8)
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hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) hepatitis, chronic liver disease RUQ pain weight loss early satiety palpable mass obstructive jaundice hepatomegaly ascites paraneoplastic syndrome
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what is a blood test used to screen for malignancy of HCC? what are conditions in which it is elevated? (4) serum levels >______ mcg/L in a __________ patient is ________ of HCC
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alpha-feta protein pregnancy HCC testicular cancer (and other gonadal cancers) gastric cancer >500mcg/L in a high risk patient is diagnostic of HCC
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if you have a patient with known liver disease, what do you do to screen for what? do you use this test to track therapy? why? what reading should you look for when using this test after therapy?
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use an AFP test to screen for HCC yes. half-life of AFP is ~5-7 days. following effective therapy, AFP should normalize over 25-30 days (this indicates a normal decline) look for an initial transient increase in serum AFP during initiation of therapy due to lysis of tumor cells and dumping of contents
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when can you get a false positive AFP? can you use AFP to screen for testicular cancer?
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liver damage (cirrhosis, hepatitis, or drug/alcohol use not used to screen for testicular cancer
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what are the two big reasons to use AFP test?
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1) monitor response to treatment of HCC 2) used as screening tool for high risk patients for developing HCC
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what is one of the most curable solid neoplasms?
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testicular cancer
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what are 3 tests to use in diagnosis, monitoring, and surveillance of testicular cancer? can we use these markers to stage the cancer?
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AFP B-hCG LDH totally can use the markers to stage the cancer
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what is the most commonly elevated tumor marker in testicular cancer? what is the surgical removal of a testicle called? what should this marker do once you remove the testicle? what if it doesn't do it?
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B-hCG orchectomy b-hCG should rapidly normalize after orchectomy if it doesn't, there may be an occult neoplasm
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what is the most commonly fatal form of skin cancer by 2015, 1 in ___ Americans will develop one in their lifetime
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melanoma 50
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what is the test that is used to screen for melanoma? what else is it used as a marker for? (4 total) is it diagnostic? or used to track progress?
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LDH testicular cancer melanomas lymphomas leukemias used to track
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CRC stands for how does it usually begin? what do you do about it? other signs/symptoms? (2)
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colorectal cancer begins as a noncancerous polyp that turns into cancer resect it immediately low iron blood in stool/changes in stool
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what test do you use to track CRC? is it used for diagnosis? what are some other conditions with elevated ___? (7)
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carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) NOT used for diagnosis, used with ESTABLISHED disease gastritis peptic ulcer disease diverticulitis liver disease COPD DM acute/chronic inflammatory state
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this is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in US what is the only potentially curative treatment? what are some initial signs/symptoms? (3) what is the tumor marker for it?
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pancreatic cancer resection pain weight loss jaundice CA 19-9
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how should CA 19-9 be used to track pancreatic/hepatobiliary cancer?
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check every 1-3 months after surgery to see if it worked
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where will breast cancer start? where does it go? what are the tumor markers for breast cancer? what's the catch?
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ducts or lobules breaks through ducts or walls to invade surrounding tissue CA 15-3, CA 27-29 used with invasive breast cancer NOT in situ breast cancer
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what are the two genetic markers for breast cancer?
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BrCA1 and BrCA2
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adjuvant care is the:
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care you get after treatment to prevent recurrence
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these tumors are rarely detected early due to their deep location but can sometimes be detected during an advanced stage during a pelvic exam what is the marker? how is it used? diagnostically? to track? how specific is it? what other conditions can you see it elevated (6)
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ovarian cancer CA 125 used to track progress after diagnosis not very specific - elevated in 1% of healthy women, fluctuates with menstrual cycle, ethnicity, and smoking endometriosis uterine leiomyoma cirrhosis pelvic inflammatory disease other cancers (endometrium, breast, lung, pancreas) pleural or peritoneal fluid due to any cause
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what is the most common cause for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers? explain it:
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hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome mutation in tumor suppressor jeans BRCA1 and BRCA2
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are both women and men with HBOC syndrome at increased risk for other cancers?
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totally BRCA 2 carriers are deeper in the danger zone
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what is the most common non-cutaneous cancer among men in US? what is the marker? how can it be used?
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prostate cancer PSA can be used to screen or for monitoring
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signs/symptoms of prostate cancer
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urinary obstructive symptoms pain weight loss can be asymptomatic
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what are urinary obstructive symptoms? (3)
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difficulty with stream difficulty with voiding difficulty with emptying bladder completely when they pee
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is PSA expressed by both normal and neoplastic prostate tissue? if so, than how is PSA used? what's up with PSA and ethnicity?
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yes useful for determining the extent of prostate cancer used to measure response to treatment black males without prostate cancer tend to have higher PSA values than white males
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causes of elevated PSA: (6)
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostate cancer prostatic inflammation/infection perineal trauma/sexual activity anti-inflammatory viagra/cialis type drugs
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these are overall rare tumors, but common for neuroendocrine tumors what do they secrete? (4) what can they lead to?
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carcinoid tumors vasoactive substances - histamine - serotonin - catecholamines - prostaglandin can lead to carcinoid syndrome
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where can carcinoid tumors originate? (4) signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome: (6)
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digestive tract lungs kidneys ovaries facial flushing diarrhea cramping edema bronchospasm hypotension
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what are the markers for carcinoid tumors? (2) what can give you false positives?
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5-HIAA (end product of serotonin metabolism) Chromagranin A tryptophan/serotonin rich foods
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this is a bone marrow malignancy what is the product that it can produce? how do we test for the presence of it? describe it: this information helps us:
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multiple myeloma produces monoclonal proteins (bad) serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) measures monoclonal protein level: "M-spike" useful for diagnosis, monitoring, and detecting relapse
