8th Grade US history STAAR review – Flashcards
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James Madison
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4th president of US Main author of the US Constitution during the War of 1812
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John Adams
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2nd president of US Helpes negotiate Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolution
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Southern Colonies
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Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Warm climate, rich soil, long growing season Farming and agriculture
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Middle Colonies
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NewYork, Pennsylvania,New Jersey, Delaware Fertile soil, milder climate than New England Diverse, tolerant
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Northern (New England) Colonies
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Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine Cold climate and rocky soil Shipbuilding, trade,and fishing
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1861-1865
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Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln
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1803
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Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson Lewis and Clark
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1787
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Constitutional Convention James Madison George Washington
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1776
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Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson John Hancock
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1607
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Jamestown,Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) John Smith
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Connecticut
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Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker after leaving Massachusetts
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Pennsylvania
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Founded in 1680 by William Penn Promoted tolerance and equality
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Georgia
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Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtor's colony
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Mayflower Compact
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Agreement among male pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in which they pledged loyalty to England and promised to obey the laws of the colony; formed a "civil body politic" for "our better ordering and preservations"
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House of Burgesses
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Created in Virginia in1619 First representative government in the colonies
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
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First written constitution in America Adopted in 1639
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French and Indian War outcome~ 1754-1763
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George Washington gains national prominence England gains control of more territory War plunges England into debt Proclamation of 1763 states that colonists CANNOT settle west of the Appalachian Mountains
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George Washington
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Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution Elected 1st President of the US in 1789
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Thomas Jefferson
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Author of the Declaration of Independence Elected 3rd President of US in 1800
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Benjamin Franklin
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Publisher and inventor Respected statesman who guided the colonies toward independence Helped convince France to support America during the Revolutionary War
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Patrick Henry
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Patriot Delivered "Give me liberty, or give me death" speech in the Virginia Houseof Burgesses in March, 1775
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Thomas Paine
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Author of "Common Sense" which was instrumental in convincing colonists to support the revolution against Britain
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Declaration of Independence
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Written by Thomas Jefferson Lists colonial grievances against King George Justifies the colonies breaking away from England
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Causes of the American Revolution
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Britsih taxed colonies heavily for revenue to pay for the French and Indin War "No taxation without representation"-colonists resented being taxed without having a representative in Parliament Tax Acts including: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act angered colonists Boston Massacre Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)
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The Battles of Saratoga
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Turning point of Revolution French enter war as American allies
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Battle of Yorktown
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Major British defeat that effectively ends the war
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
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Ends the war! Britain forced to recognize American independence
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Magna Carta
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1215 Limited the power of the king Provided trial by jury
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English Bill of Rights
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1689 Influenced the Constitution by forbidding cruel and unusual punishment Granted the right to bear arms Laws must be passed by the legislative branch Taxes must be approved by the legislative branch
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The Articles of Confederation
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1781 The first form of government established by the 13 colonies Articles were replaced by the US Constitution because the Articles had a weak central government
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Northwest Ordinance
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1787 Established an ordely expansion to western territory 1st attempt by the US to stop spread of slavery New states given the same rights and privelages as previous states
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Anti-Federalists
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Opposed ratification of the Constitution Supported a Bill of Rights Ex: Patrick Henry and George Mason
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Jamestown, Virginia
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Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company Colony was saved by tobacco
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Representative Government
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System of government where citizens are represented by elected leaders
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Lexington and Concord
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First battle of revolution "Shot heard 'round the world"
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Alexander Hamilton
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Author of Federalist Papers 1st secretary of the treasury under Washington
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Ratification
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to formally approve Fact: to go into effect, 9 of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution
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Great Compromise
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Represntation: All states get 2 votes in the Senate Number of votes in the house determined by state population
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Executive Branch
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Enforces laws
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Judicial Branch
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Interprets laws
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Republicanism
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A system where the people vote for elected representatives to run the government
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Bill of Rights
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1st 10 amendments of the Constitution Protect individual rights and liberties Necessary in order for some states to ratify the Constitution
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Checks and Balaces
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Makes sure no branch of government becomes too powerful
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Limited Government
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Power of the government is restricted by the Constitution-"No one is above the law"
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Washington's Farewell Address
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Warned against political parties and forming alliances with foreign countries
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Monroe Doctrine
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Closed Americas to further European colonization In exchange, US promised to stay out of European affairs
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War of 1812
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British attack Washington, D.C. British retreat from Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD Francis Scott Key writes The Star Spangled Banner Andrew Jackson wins the battle of New Orleans
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule
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Trail of Tears
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Forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homes to resettle in the west
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Jackson's war on the bank
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Jackson removes federal funds from nationl bank, forcing it into bankruptcy
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803 Purchased by President Jefferson from France Doubled the size of the US
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Texas
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1845 Joined US as 28th state
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Mexican Cession
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1848 California and New Mexico sold to the US for $15 Million after the Mexican-American War
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Utah Territory
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1850 Established as a territory Brigham Young becomes Governor
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Railroads
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Encouraged settlement in the west Created thousands of new jobs
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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1819 States cannot tax a federal bank
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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1824 Congress has authority to regulate interstate and intrastate trade
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Samuel Adams
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Cousin to John Adams Patriot Leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty
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Charles de Montsquieu
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Separation of powers
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1620
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Pilgrims Plymouth Mayflower Compact Willam Bradford
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Mercantilism
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An economic system that promoted thr growth of a country's economy through a favorable balance of trade Goal was to build wealth by exploiting the natural reaources of colonial territories
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King George 3
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Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War
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Patriots
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Americans who supported declaring independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution
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Federalists
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Supported ratification of Constitution and the creation of a strong central government Ex: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
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Federalist Papers
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1787-1788 Essays written to encouage ratification of the Constitution Authors included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
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The Preamble
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Intro to the Constitution that states its purpose
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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Slavery: Each slave counts as 3/5 of a person for taxtation and representation in the house
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Separation of Powers
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Divides the powers of the federal government into 3 branches Legislative Executive Judicial
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Legislative Branch
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Makes laws
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Federalism
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Power is shared between states and national government
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Individual Rights
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Basic rights and liberties of all citiens as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights
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Popular Sovereignty
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People hold supreme power
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Marbury v. Madison
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1803 Established Judicial Review giving Supreme Court authority to decideif laws are constitutional or not
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Manifest Destiny
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Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent
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Oregon Territory
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1859 33rd state
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Gadsden Purchase
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1853 Purchased from Mexico for $10 Million
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Plymouth, Massachusetts
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Founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious freedom and tolerance
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Tariff
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tax on imports
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Loyalists
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Americans who supported Great Britain during the American Revolution
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Winter at Valley Forge
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Washington struggled to keep the Continental Army together
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William Blackwell
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Laws of nature
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John Locke
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Natural rights
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Ratify
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To approve
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(important fact) 1787
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delegates from 13 stats drafted the US Constitution in Philadelphia, PA
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Unalienable Rights
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Rights that cannot be taken away without due process Such as: life, liberty, and th pursuit of happiness
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Migration
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Movement of people from one location to another
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Immigration
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Movement of people into a country frim another country
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Columbian Exchange
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Exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family wih little left for purchasing manufactured goods
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Free Enterprise System
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System by whcih people can conduct business free from government control except for reasonable regulations made for the general good
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Dawes Act (1887)
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Broke up Native American reservations
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Homestead Act (1862)
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Gave free land to settlers who would live on the land for 5 years Encouraged thousands to the Great Plains
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Morrill Act (1862)
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Funded public colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts
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14th Amendment
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Made former slaves citizensand gave equal protection under th law for all citizens
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15th Amendment
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African American males are given the right to vote
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13th Amendment
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Abolished slavery in the US
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Hiram Rhodes Revels
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1st Africsn American elected to the Senate
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Radical Reconstruction Congress
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Wanted Congress, not the President to control a tougher, more extreme approach
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Reconstruction (1865-1877)
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Period after Civil War in US when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
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Results of the Civil War
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Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House and South loses war Southern economy is ruined Northern economy becomes stronger Reconstruction begins
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Appomattox Court House
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April 9,1865 Lee surrenders to Grant Grants shows mercy ad respect to Lee and his troops
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Vicksburg
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July 1863 Confederates surrender Union holds Mississippi River
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Gettysburg
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July 1-4, 1863 Surprise battle in Pennsylvania Lee retreats
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Antietam
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Septembr 17, 1862 Bloodiest day of the war Lee retreats Licoln decides to take action against slavery
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Fort Sumter
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April 12-14, 1861 Confederate forces attack US fort in South Carolina
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Medal of Honor Recipients
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Philip Bazzar William Carney
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Emancipation Proclamation
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1863 Document declaring that all slaves in th South were free
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Gettysburg Adress
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1863 2 minute speech uniting Americans Expressed what war was about "government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."
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Abraham Lincoln
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1863 President of US during Civil War First Republican President Election resulted in South's secession from Union Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865
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Jefferson Davis' Inaugural Address
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1861 President of Confederacy compared secession to divorce between husband and wife
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
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Supreme Court decision which Dred Scott (a slave) was considered propertt, and not a citizen- therefore had no right to bring a lawsuit asking for his freedom
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Election of 1860
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Lincoln elected President
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Civil War
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War between North and South from 1861-1865
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Compromise of 1850
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California admitted as a free state New Mexico Territory to have no restrictions on slavery Set new border between Texas and New Mexico Slave trade (but not slavery) banned in Washington, D.C. Stronger fugitive slave laws
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Missouri Compromise
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1820 Maine enters Union as a free state Missouri enters Union as slave state Slavery prohibited in remainder of Louisiana Territory
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Nullification Crisis
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Argument between South Carolina and the federal government regarding the role of national government
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John C. Calhoun
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Southern Senator Supported slavery
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Daniel Webster
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Northern Senator Opposed slavery
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Henry Clay
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Westerner known as the "Great Compromiser"
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Plantation System
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Economic system in which slaves provided the necessary labor for planting and harvesting cashcrops like cotton, rice, and tobacco
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State's Rights
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Belief in local government close to the people Each state should be able to decide key issues for themselves
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Urbanization
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Population begins to shift away from farms and into cities
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Interchangable Parts
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Invented by Eli Whitney Opened the way for factories
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Bessemer Steel Process
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Late 1800s Invented by WIlliam Kelly and Henry Bessemer Allowed steel to be mnufactured cheaply
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Steamboat
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1807 Invented by Robert Fulton Improved transportation of goods and people
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Cotton Gin
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1793 Invented by Eli Whitney Removed seeds from cotton Increased demands for slaves
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
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worked for women's rights
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Suffrage
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Woman's right to vote
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Henry David Thoreau
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Refused to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican-American war
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Civil Disobedience
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Peaceful protest of injustice
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Published the Abolitionist Newspaper- The Liberator
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Sojourner Truth
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Spoke about her experiences as a slave
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Frederick Douglas
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Influential speaker and writer North Star
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Harriet Tubman
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Conductor on the Underground Railroad
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Abolitionist
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Person who fights to end slavery
