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ETHNIC GROUP

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Group of people who share a common race, language, and culture; you are born into your ethnic group.

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RELIGIOUS GROUP

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Group of people who share a common system of beliefs; you choose your religious group.

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IRRIGATION

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Providing water to crops using pipes, ditches, etc.

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DESALINIZATION

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The process used to convert sea water to freshwater for drinking.

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AGRICULTURE

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Farming; growing crops and raising animals for food

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NOMADIC

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Migratory lifestyle; moving from place to place to meet needs.

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OPEC

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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Controls the supply and price of oil

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ARID

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Very dry

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SUNNI

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Branch of Islam that believes that the leader can be any qualified Muslim Majority of Muslims are Sunni

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SHIA

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Branch of Islam that believes the leader must be a descendant of Muhammad (mostly in Iran)

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UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION

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Unequal access to resources needed for survival and economic growth.

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SUEZ CANAL

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Man made waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea

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GEOGRAPHY

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Study of how things are arranged or distributed across the earth's surface

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MONOTHEISM

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Belief in one God; Ex: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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URBAN

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Related to a city

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STRAIT OF HORMUZ

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Narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea.

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RURAL

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Characteristic of country life

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SCARCE

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Very limited supply

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RESERVOIR

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Human made place for storing water

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STANDARD OF LIVING

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quality of life increase in literacy rate leads to an increase in standard of living

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LITERACY RATE

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percent of population with the ability to read and write increase in literacy rate leads to an increase in standard of living

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PERSIAN

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Ethnic group of Iran; they speak Farsi and most are Shia Muslims, however some practice other religions.

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ARAB

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Ethnic group of the Middle East and North Africa; they speak Arabic and most are Muslim, however some practice other religions.

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KURD

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Ethnic group found in Eastern Turkey, Eastern Syria, and Northern Iraq. They speak Kurdish, are mostly Muslims, but some practice other religions.

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5 PILLARS OF ISLAM

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Declaration of faith, prayer 5x daily, charity, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, Saudi Arabia

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ANTI-SEMITISM

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Racism against Jews

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ZIONISM

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Jewish Nationalism movement to restore their homeland of Israel (1948)

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SADDAM HUSSEIN

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dictator of Iraq who invaded Kuwait for their oil. This caused the Persian Gulf War in 1991 (Desert Storm) He was later accused of having WMDs. This lead to the second invasion of Iraq in 2003 (Operation Iraqi Freedom)

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OSAMA BIN LADIN

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Leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda, that attacked the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001 Taken out by Navy Seals in May 2011

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PARTITIONING

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to split into parts; establishing artificial political boundaries. This would later lead to conflict between ethnic groups and religious groups. Ex: After WWI, France and Great Britain partitioned the Ottoman Empire to form countries in the Middle East (oil) Ex: African countries were partitioned by European imperial powers at the Berlin conference in 1884. Artificial political boundaries were based on the location of natural resources.

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HOW CITIZENS PARTICIPATE

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Autocracy, oligarchy, democracy (parliamentary, presidential)

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AUTOCRACY

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Dictatorship or absolute monarchy; no citizen participation

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OLIGARCHY

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Rule by a small group; limited citizen participation

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DEMOCRACY

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Citizens participate by voting or running for office; parliamentary or presidential

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EXECUTIVE BRANCH

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Enforces the law

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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

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Creates the law

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JUDICIAL BRANCH

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Interprets the law

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MONARCHY

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Rule by a king or queen; constitutional (U.K., Japan) or absolute (Saudi Arabia)

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THEOCRACY

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Rule by a religious leader or God (Iran)

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PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

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government in which voters elect representatives to a lawmaking body which chooses a prime minister to head the government

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PRESIDENTIAL DEMOCRACY

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A form of government in which governing powers are divided into three branches or groups: the lawmakers (legislative), law enforcers (executive), and the law interpreters (judicial). The head of the executive branch is usually elected by the citizens

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ECONOMICS

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The study of how people use limited resources to meet needs and wants.

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MARKET ECONOMY

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Economic system in which choices are made by consumers, producers, and entrepreneurs.

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COMMAND ECONOMY

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Economic system run by the government.

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TRADITIONAL ECONOMY

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Economic system in which custom and tradition determine what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.

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MIXED ECONOMY

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Combination of command and market economies. All countries have a mixed economy in order to have some government control and to promote entrepreneurship.

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CURRENCY

answer

Type of money used to pay for goods and services. Currency must be exchanged in order to trade.

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INFRASTRUCTURE

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Facilities and services needed to support economic growth in society; examples: utilities (water, electric), roads, power plants, schools, telecommunications, etc.

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SPECIALIZATION

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Focusing on production of a particular good because of available resources. *SPECIALIZATION ENCOURAGES TRADE BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

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FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

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When a country exports more goods than it imports. (Exports > Imports)

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POLITICAL TRADE BARRIERS

answer

Tariff, Quota, Embargo (Sanction); motivates consumers to buy domestic goods

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TARIFF

answer

Tax on imported goods

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QUOTA

answer

Limit to the number of goods imported

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EMBARGO (SANCTION)

answer

Ban on trade for political reasons

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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

answer

Total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year.

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FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

answer

Natural resources, labor, capital resources, entrepreneurship

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NATURAL RESOURCES

answer

Minerals, freshwater, arable land, timber, fossil fuels

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LABOR

answer

Human capital, workers *INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN GDP

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CAPITAL RESOURCES

answer

Factories, machinery, and technology used to produce goods and services; goods used to make other goods. *INVESTMENT IN CAPITAL RESOURCES LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN GDP

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ENTREPRENEUR

answer

One who takes a risk to start a business.

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DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY

answer

Economy that has a variety of goods and services

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BARTER

answer

Trade without the use of currency; trading a good for a good, or a good for a service, or a service for a service. Characteristic of a traditional economy.

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ASIAN BROWN CLOUD

answer

Air pollution over Asia caused by industry, automobiles, and burning wood for cooking and heating in rural areas.

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GANGES RIVER

answer

-River that is sacred to Hindus and flows through India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal -Very polluted from pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, and ashes from human remains.

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YANGTZE RIVER

answer

-The longest river in China that provides hydroelectric, irrigation, and transportation. Also has the Three Gorges Dam -Very polluted from pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial contaminants.

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GOBI DESERT

answer

Asia's largest desert located in northern China.

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MEKONG RIVER

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River of southeast Asia that runs through many countries before emptying into the South China Sea.

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MONSOON

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a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter

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ARCHIPELAGO

answer

a group of islands

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DESERTIFICATION

answer

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or overgrazing of livestock.

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ENLIGHTENMENT

answer

Awakening to ultimate truth

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REINCARNATION

answer

Cycle of rebirth in Hinduism and Buddhism

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KARMA

answer

Good or bad behavior that determines one's position in this life or the next

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KAMI

answer

-Nature spirits -Spirits of ancestors in Shintoism

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VEDAS

answer

Hindu sacred texts

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NIRVANA

answer

-Perfect state of being -Freedom from the cycle of reincarnation (Buddhist belief)

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MOKSHA

answer

-Release from the cycle of reincarnation (Hindu belief)

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TRIPITAKA

answer

Sacred text of Buddhism.

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IMPERIALISM

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-Empire building -Colonial rule to gain raw materials, land, labor, and taxes.

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NATIONALISM

answer

-Extreme loyalty to one's country and culture. -Nationalism usually leads to independence

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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

answer

Nonviolent protest; intentionally breaking an unfair law to gain support for changing it; used by Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.; Examples: marching, boycott, etc.

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BOYCOTT

answer

Refusing to buy something as a form of protest.

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MOHANDAS K. GANDHI

answer

-Leader of India's independence movement. -Used civil disobedience to get the British to leave India. -Helped establish democracy in India.

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HO CHI MINH

answer

-Leader of Vietnam's independence movement -Used guerrilla warfare to drive the French out of Vietnam and established a communist government.

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GUERRILLA WAR

answer

Small group of combatants who use ambushes, raids, and hit/run tactics to further a cause; they're not usually associated with any government.

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COMMUNISM

answer

Economic/Political system where a totalitarian government controls everything, in order to create a classless society where everyone is equal.

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COLD WAR

answer

(1945-1991) Conflict between communist Soviet Union and capitalist/democratic U.S. over the containment and spread of communism; nuclear arms race, but no direct combat

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DOMINO THEORY

answer

Idea that if one country fell to communism, all the others nearby would fall as well.

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GREAT LEAP FORWARD

answer

-Program implemented by Mao Zedong in 1958 to speed up China's economic development by moving agricultural and industrial production to collectives. -Great failure due to flooding, drought, and government mismanagement (millions of Chinese died of starvation).

question

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

answer

-Mao's reaction to the failure of the Great Leap Forward. -In 1966, Mao went after anyone that wasn't 100% supportive of his communist government, especially those that were too western or too traditional.

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COLLECTIVES

answer

Communes where 25,000 worked and lived cooperatively; utopian society

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TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE

answer

1989 memorial service for democratic reformer Hu Yaobang that turned into a protest against Deng Xiaoping's communist government in China. He responded by sending in the military resulting in many deaths.

question

FAMINE

answer

Widespread hunger

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ARABLE

answer

Land that is fertile and suitable for farming.

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TERRACES

answer

Areas carved out of hillsides used to grow crops on steep terrain.

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EXCHANGE RATE

answer

System used to calculate the value of one country's currency compared to another country's currency in order to trade.

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PER CAPITA GDP

answer

Amount of goods and services produced compared to the number of people living in that country. (Total GDP/population)

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OUTSOURCING

answer

Hiring workers in other countries to do a set of jobs

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MICRO-CREDIT

answer

Small business loans that are used to help entrepreneurs start small businesses in developing countries.

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PATENT

answer

A license that gives the inventor of a new product the exclusive right to sell it for a certain period of time

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SUFFRAGE

answer

The right to vote

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CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

answer

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. Elected officials run the government.

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CIVIL RIGHTS

answer

The rights of full citizenship and equality under the law.

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SLASH AND BURN

answer

Clearing a forest area for agriculture; the land is used for several years, becomes barren and is then abandoned.

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SUBSISTENCE FARMING

answer

Growing enough food for one's own family.

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SWAHILI

answer

Ethnic group of East Africa (mostly Kenya and Tanzania) that practices Islam and traditional tribal beliefs. Combination of Arabic and Bantu languages.

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ASHANTI

answer

Ethnic group of West Africa (mostly Ghana) that practices Christianity and tribal traditional beliefs.

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BANTU

answer

Ethnic group of sub-Saharan Africa that practices Islam, Christianity, and traditional tribal beliefs.

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PAN-AFRICANISM

answer

The multinational movement to unite all Africans to improve economic, social, and political conditions.

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APARTHEID

answer

-Segregation in South Africa from 1948-1994. -Discriminatory system imposed by the white minority on the nonwhite majority.

question

NELSON MANDELA

answer

Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) who was imprisoned for resisting Apartheid. He was later freed and became president of a free South Africa.

question

F.W. de Klerk

answer

President of South Africa that ended the ban on the ANC (African National Congress), released political prisoners, and ended Apartheid in 1994.

question

SAHARA

answer

The world's largest desert in northern Africa.

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SAHEL

answer

A strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"

question

SAVANNA

answer

Tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees. Most extensive in sub-Saharan Africa

question

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

answer

A hot, humid biome near the equator, with much rainfall and a wide variety of life. Ex: Congo (Africa), Amazon (South America).

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BUDGET

answer

A plan for making and spending money; an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.

question

INCOME

answer

Earnings from work or investment

question

DEBT

answer

Money owed

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INVESTMENT

answer

Redirecting resources from being consumed today so that they may create benefits in the future

question

CREDIT

answer

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

question

LOAN

answer

An amount of money given to the borrower for a set period of time. After the set time has passed, the money must be paid back plus the lending fee, called interest. Payments are normally made over a series of months.

question

INTEREST

answer

The cost of borrowing money

question

OPPORTUNITY COST

answer

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another

question

STOCKS

answer

shares of ownership in a company

question

BONDS

answer

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate.

question

SAVINGS

answer

Income not used for consumption

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DIVIDEND

answer

The portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders

question

VARIABLE EXPENSES

answer

Expenses that change from month to month

question

FIXED EXPENSES

answer

Expenses that remain the same from month to month

question

LAZY

answer

Averse or disinclined to work, activity, or exertion; indolent.

question

HELPLESS

answer

Unable to help oneself; weak or dependent.

question

PARASITE

answer

A person who receives support, advantage, or the like, from another or others without giving any useful or proper return, as one who lives on the hospitality of others.

question

COMMON SENSE

answer

Sound practical judgment that is independent of specialized knowledge, training, or the like; normal native intelligence.

question

DILIGENCE

answer

steadiness of effort; persistent hard work

question

INDEPENDENT

answer

Not influenced or controlled by others in matters of opinion, conduct, etc.; thinking or acting for oneself

question

INTEGRITY

answer

The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness

question

SUCCESS

answer

The accomplishment of one's goals; the attainment of wealth, position, or honors.

question

FOCUS

answer

To direct one's attention or efforts

question

CURIOSITY

answer

The desire to learn or know more; inquisitiveness.

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HOPE

answer

The feeling that what is wanted can be had; to look forward to with desire and reasonable confidence

question

CREATIVITY

answer

The ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, relationships, or the like, and to create meaningful new ideas, forms, methods, interpretations; having originality and imagination

question

POVERTY

answer

An insufficiency of material goods, monetary wealth, access to resources.

question

FAILURE

answer

A person or thing that proves unsuccessful; not meeting expectations.

question

CONFIDENCE

answer

self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one's abilities; a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something

question

INTELLIGENCE

answer

Capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.

7th Grade Social Studies Vocabulary – Flashcards

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