7th Grade – Life Science Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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Charles Darwin
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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
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fossil
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the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil; commonly found in sedimentary rock.
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fossil record
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a historical sequence of life indicated by fossils found in layers of the Earth's crust
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variation
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(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration
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over production
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more offspring are produced than there are resources for, so they don't survive. Also, known as overpopulation.
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selective breeding
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The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation
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species
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group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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generation time
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the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation
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common ancestor
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Scientific Theory: the fact that all organisms have DNA as their genetic material is evidence that all organisms may have descended from a common ancestor.
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DNA
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Molecule that carries our hereditary information, Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. (AT and GC) in the shape of a twisted ladder called a double helix
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nucleotide
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in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein production
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ribosome
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a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis
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cross breeding
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when you take one trait from one organism and add it to a new organism, Breeding animals from different varieties to produce a breed with traits of both parents
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inbreeding
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continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics; crosses parents with the same or similar sets of alleles
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cloning
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The process of creating a genetic duplicate of an individual organism through asexual reproduction; Genetically Identical; controversial; the first organism ever cloned was Dolly the Sheep
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mutation
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any change in a gene or chromosome; a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule; can cause some genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia
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DNA fingerprinting
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process in which the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecules, in order to identify individuals; used to solve crimes and for Paternity and Maternity tests; process in which the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecules.A dye is used to clearly see the patterns of DNA. No two people have the same DNA, except identical twins.
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mutagens
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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
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A, T, G, C
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4 nitrogen bases of DNA Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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Adenine
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Nitrogen base that pairs with thymine.
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Thymine
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nitrogen base found ONLY in DNA that pairs with adenine
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Guanine
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Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine.
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Cytosine
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The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA
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ribonucleic acid
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(RNA) part of the genetic material that organisms inherited from their parents;
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Selective Breeding
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humans cross organisms to obtain desirable traits; breeding plants or animals with certain traits to produce offspring with those traits (Ex: Angus cows are bred to increase muscle mass for more meat; plants that are produced to be resistant to disease)
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Gene Therapy
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a technique of inserting working copy of a gene directly into the cell of a person with a genetic disorder; a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome
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Human Genome Project
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An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome; purpose to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome
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Hybridization
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breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals, or parents, to bring together the best traits of both organisms (ex: creating disease resistant plants; crossing a donkey and a horse to make a mule)
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Genetic Engineering
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process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms; (example of benefit: creating human insulin to treat people with diabetes) Bacteria is the most commonly used organism for Genetic Engineering
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double helix
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shape or structure of DNA
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pedigree
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a chart or diagram that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait; used to trace the inheritance of traits over generations of families
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karyotypes
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a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs; genetic counselors study these to predict genetic disorders
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genome
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all the DNA in one cell of an organism
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Electrophoresis
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A process where DNA fingerprinting where fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges
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Artic Flounder gene
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a gene used to create a plant that can survive the cold
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Stem Cell
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unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions
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genetic code
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the order of nitrogen bases alsong a gene
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protein synthesis
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the manufacture of proteins; takes place on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell
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Genetically Modified Organism
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GMO; a plant, animal, or microorganism in which genes have been added, rearranged, or replaced through genetic engineering
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gene
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a string of nucleotides that has instructions for a certain trait
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amino acid
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basic building blocks of protein molecules, the code for a given amino acid consists of three bases; three bases code for one.
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Stage 1
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Chromosomes are not visible; chromosomes make a copy of itself (parent cell)
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Stage 2
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Copies of chromosomes fasten together; nuclear membrane disappears
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stage 3
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Chromosomes line up along the center
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stage 4
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Chromosomes split apart and are pulled to opposite ends of cells
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stage 5
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Chromosomes become hard to see; cells split and 2 new nuclear membranes form (two daughter cells)
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asexual reproduction
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results in offspring that are exact copies of their parents' genotype
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sexual reproduction
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produces offspring that share traits with their parents but are not exactly like either parent
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mitosis
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One parent cell makes a copy of itself, it then divides and the resulting cells are exact copies of the parent
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Most of the cells in your body reproduce this way.
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Mitosis
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sex cells
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The parent cells in sexual reproduction
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46
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The number of chromosones in a human body cell
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23
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The number of chromosones in a sex cell
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homologous chromosones
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chromosones that carry the same sets of genes
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Has only one chromosone from each homologous pair
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sex cell
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Sex cells are made during---
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meiosis
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meiosis
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a copying process that produces cells with half the usual number of chromosones
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26 chromosones
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the number of chromosones in a human egg or sperm cell
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Where are genes located
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on chromosones
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Mitosis Stage One
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Each chromosone is copied
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Mitosis Stage 2
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The chromosones thicken and shorten. Each chromosone is made up of identical copies, called chromatids
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Chromatids
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The identical copies each chromosone is made up of after the chromosone copies itself
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Mitosis Stage 3
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The nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromatids line up along the equator of the cell
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Mitosis Stage 4
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The chromatids pull apart
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Mitosis Stage 5
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The nuclear membrane forms around the separated chromatids, the chromosones unwind, and the cell divides
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Mitosis Stage 6
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The result is two identical copies of the same cell
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What happens during meiosis
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Chromosones are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice
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The number of cells made during meiosis
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Four
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Sex chromosones
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carry genes that determine sex
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Two X Chromosones
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The kind of chromosones that females have
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One X and One Y Chromosone
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The kind of chromosones that Males have
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Female Chromosone
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This type of sex chromosone has a backup gene if one becomes damaged
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Sex-linked disorders
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Genes for disorders, like diseases, that are carried on the X chromosone
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Hemophilia
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A sex-linked disorder that prevents people's blood from clotting
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Pedigree
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A diagraml for tracing a trait through generations of a family, used to predict whether a person is a carrier of a disease
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Solid Square
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In a pedigree this indicates that a person has a certain trait
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Half-Filled Square
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In a pedigree indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait
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Selective Breeding
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Breeding in which organisms with desirable characteristics are mated
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X Chromosone
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The kind of chromosone an egg has
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X or Y chromosone
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The kind of chromosone a sperm has
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heredity
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the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
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dominant trait
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the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred.
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recessive trait
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A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred
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gene
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one set of instructions for an inherited trait
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allele
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one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
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phenotype
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an organism's physical appearance, or other detectable characteristics; visible traits
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genotype
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the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits. Represented by capital and/or lower-case letters.
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probability
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the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
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meiosis
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a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
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sex chromosomes
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One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual. 23 in humans
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pedigree
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a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
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punnet square
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a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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herterozygous
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having different genes on a pair of chromosomes
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homozygous
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an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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selective breeding
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the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits
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inbreeding
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continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms
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hybridization
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crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
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cloning
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making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism
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genetic engineering
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a science of manipulating the genes of living things to instill some desirable trait not present in the original organism. An example is a tomato given a gene to delay its rotting.
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DNA fingerprinting
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a laboratory technique in which genetic markers are used to identify the source of a DNA sample
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gene therapy
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The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
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Human Genome Project
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An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
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karyotype
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A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
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amniocentesis
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(pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities
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Gregor Mendel
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Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
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cross-pollination
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a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant; by wind or an animal.
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self-pollination
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the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower
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purebred
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the offspring of many generations that have the same traits
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hybrid
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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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Copying DNA (Interphase)
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Chromosomes are not visible; chromosomes make a copy of itself (parent cell) called chomatids.
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Mitosis Phase 1 (Prophase)
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Copies of chromosomes fasten together; nuclear membrane disappears
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Mitosis Phase 2 (Metaphase)
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Chromosomes line up along the center at the cell's equator
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Mitosis Phase 3 (Anaphase)
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Chromosomes split apart and are pulled to opposite ends of cells
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Mitosis Phase 4 (Telophase)
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Chromosomes become hard to see; cells split and 2 new nuclear membranes form (two daughter cells)
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Cytokinesis
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The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.
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diffusion
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the process by which particles (molecules) move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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osmosis
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diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
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passive transport
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The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
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active transport
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the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
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endocytosis
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the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
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exocytosis
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the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out
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semipermeable
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membranes that allow some substances through but not others
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photosynthesis
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the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food
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celluar respiration
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the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
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fermentation
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the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen
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cell cycle
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the life cycle of a cell
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chromosome
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in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
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mitosis
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in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
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cytokinesis
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the division of the cytoplasm of a cell
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central nervous system
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The portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
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neuron
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a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
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nerve
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any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body
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brain
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that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers
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integumentary system
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the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
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reflex
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...
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p 664
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...
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digestive system
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the organs that break down food so that it can be used by the body
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mechanical digestion
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the breaking, crushing, and mashing of food
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chemical digestion
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enzymes and other chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller ones
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mouth
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the start of the digestive system
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teeth
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rip, tear and mash food as part of mechanical digestion
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saliva
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moistens food and contains an enzyme to break down starch
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esophagus
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a tube for food between the mouth and stomach
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stomach
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muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
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pancreas
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an organ that secrets chemicals to break food down and neutralize acid at the end of the stomach; secretes pacreatic juices
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small intestine
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long tube with villi to increase surface area for absorption. Chemical digestion continues; nutrients are absorbed
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large intestine
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beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; water is absorbed
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gallbladder
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a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion; bile is stored
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liver
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large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; makes bile to break fat, stores nutrients, breaks down toxins
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urinary system
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the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine , kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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kidney
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either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine
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nephron
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any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney
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ureter
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either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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urethra
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tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
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rectum
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the lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored
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anus
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A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body
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salivary glands
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help in chemical digestion; glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion
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epiglottis
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a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering while swallowing
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chyme
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a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
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duodenum
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the first part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum
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ileum
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the end part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum
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jejunum
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the middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
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cardiovascular system
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system that transports materials to and from your cells
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blood
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connective tissue made up of 2 types of cells, cell parts and plasma
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arteries
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blood vessels that direct blood away from the heart
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capillaries
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smallest blood vessel in your body, only 1 cell thick
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veins
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blood vessels that direct the blood back to the heart
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood between your heart and lungs
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body
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lymphatic system
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system that collects the excess fluids and returns it in your body
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lymph
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fluid and particles absorbed into lymph capillaries
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lymph nodes
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small, bean-shaped organs where particles, such as pathogens or dead cells, are removed from a lymph
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thymus
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located above your heart, releases WBCs
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spleen
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filters blood and like thymus, releases WBCs, largest lymph organ
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tonsils
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made up of groups of lymphatic tissue located at the back of you nasal cavity, inside of the throat, and back of your tongue
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respiration
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entire process by which the body obtains and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide and water, 2 parts: breathing and cellular respiration
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respiratory system
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system that contains lungs, throat, and passageways that lead to the lungs
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pharynx
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throat
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larynx
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voice box, contains vocal chords
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trachea
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a large tube, windpipe, passageway for air to travel from larynx to lungs
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bronchi
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2 types in which the trachea splits
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alveoli
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tiny sacs, each bronchiole branches to form thousands of these
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Homeostasis
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the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a similar function
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organ
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a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
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organ system
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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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skeletal system
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a body system made up of bones, cartilage and connective tissue.
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Four functions of the skeletal system
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protection, storage, movement, blood cell formation
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joint
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place where two or more bones meet
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3 types of joints
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gliding, ball and socket, hinge
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hinge joint
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allows movement in two directions
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muscular system
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the body system of muscles that allow movement
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Muscles work in .......
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pairs
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Tendons
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connect muscle to bone
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flexor
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muscle that bends a joint
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extensor
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muscle that straightens a joint
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integumentary system
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the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
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epidermis
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the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates
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dermis
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the deep vascular inner layer of the skin
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Robert Hooke
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Studied cork under the microscope; named the "cell"
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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1st person to observe living things; known as the "Father of Microbiology"
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Matthias Schleiden
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Discovered all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann
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Discovered all animals are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow
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Discovered all cells come from other cells
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Cell Theory
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1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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Prokaryote
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Cell with NO nucleus
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Eukaryote
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Cell with a nucleus
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Bacteria
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Example of a prokaryote
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Plant or Animal cell
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Example of eukaryote
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Light microscope
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Beam of light passes through lens to enlarge object
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Electron microscope
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Beam of electrons focused by a magnet enlarges object; thousands of times more powerful than a light microscope
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Cell
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Living things that are the basic unit of life
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells acting together to carry out a life process
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Organ
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A group of tissues working together
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Organ system
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A group of organs acting together to carry out a specific life process
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Cell Specialization
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Adaption of a cell for a particular function
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Cell Membrane
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Made of phospholipid bilayer
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Function of Cell Membrane
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Controls what enters and exits the cell, protects and supports cell, and helps cells communicate with other cells
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Cytoplasm
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Jelly-like material that contains organelles
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Function of cytoplasm
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Protects and supports the cell
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Rough ER
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Has ribosomes attached
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Smooth ER
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No ribosomes attached
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Function of Rough ER
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Site of protein production
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Function of Smooth ER
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Make membrane lipids and helps in the detoxifacation of drugs
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Mitochondria
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Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded; contains its own DNA
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Function of Mitochondria
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Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use; energy source of cell
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Nucleus
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Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that has pores; contains chromatin and nucleolus
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Nucleolus
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Where ribosomes are assembled
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Function of Nucleus
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Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA
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Ribosomes
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Small, round organelles made of RNA; most numerous organelle
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Function of Ribosomes
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Site of protien synthesis
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Lysosome
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Small organelle filled with enzymes
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Function of Lysosome
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Breaking down organelles that are no longer useful, removing "junk" so it doesn't clutter the cell; clean up crew
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Golgi Apparatus
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Stack of membranes
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Function of Golgi Apparatus
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Modify, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for starage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
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Cytoskeleton
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Network of protein filaments called microfilaments and microtublules
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Function of Cytoskeleton
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Helps cell maintain shape and helps the cell move
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Microtubules
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Part of the cytoskeleton that helps with cell division and builds flagella and cilia
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Flagella and cilia
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Mircrotubules that helps cells to swim through liquids
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Vacuole
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Sac-like structure that takes up 90% of a plant cell
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Function of Vacuole
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Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbs; helps plants support heavy structures like leaves
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Cell Wall
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Found outside the cell membrane, make mostly of cellulose
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Function of Cell Wall
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Provides protection and support for a plant cell
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Chloroplast
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Surrounded by two membranes; contains chlorophyll; contains its own DNA
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Function of Chloroplast
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Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis
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Cell wall and Chloroplast
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Found only in plant cells and not animal cells
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biome
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a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities
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savanna
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a grassland that often has scattered trees and that is found in tropical and subtropical areas where seasonal rains, fires, and drought happen
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desert
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a region that has little or no plant life, long periods without rain, and extreme temperature; usually found in hot climates
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tundra
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a treeless plain found in the Arctic, in the Antarctic, or on the tops of mountains that is characterized by very low winter temperatures and short, cool summers
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estuary
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an area where fresh water mixes with salt water from the ocean
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plankton
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the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in freshwater and marine environments
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deep-water zone
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the zone of a lake or pond below the open-water zone, where no light reaches
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littoral zone
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the shallow zone of a lake or pond where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants
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marsh
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a treeless wetland ecosystem where plants such as grasses grow
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open-water zone
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the zone of a pond or lake that extends from the littoral zone and that is only as deep as light can reach
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swamp
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a wetland ecosystem in which shrubs and trees grow
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wetland
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an area of land that is periodically under water or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture
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deciduous
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Trees and shrubs that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season
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coniferous
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term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles
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temperate
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not very hot, and not very cold
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classification
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the division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on specific characteristics
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taxonomy
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the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
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dichotomous key
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an aid that is used to identify organisms and that consists of the answers to a series of questions
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Archaea
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in a modern taxonomic system, a domain made up of prokaryotes that differ from other prokaryotes in the makeup of their cell walls and in their genetivs; this domain aligns with the traditional kingdom Archaebacteria
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Bacteria
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in a modern taxonomic system, a domain made up of prokaryotes that differ from other prokaryotes in the makeup of their cell walls and in their genetics; this domain aligns with the traditional kingdom Eubacteria
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Eukarya
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in a modern taxonomic system, a domain made up of all eukaryotes; this domain aligns with the traditional kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
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Protista
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a kingdom of mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi
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Fungi
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a kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
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Plantae
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a kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun's energy to make sugar by photosynthesis
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Animalia
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a kingdom made up of complex multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move around, and quickly respond to their environment
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Eight Levels of Classification
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
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heterotrophs
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organisms that cannot make their own food
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autotrophs
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organisms that make their own food
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prokaryotes
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cells that do not contain nuclei
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archaebacteria kingdom
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(ancient bacteria) 1. live in extreme environment 2. unicellular 3. Some species are heterotrophs, while some are autotrophs 4. prokaryotes, no nucleus
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protists kingdom
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1. odds and ends kingdom 2. mostly unicellular/multicellular 3. eukaryotes, have nucleus 4. autotrophs and heterotrophs 5. animal like: protozoans; plant like: algae; fungus like: slime molds
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eubacteria kingdom
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1. unicellular and prokaryotes 2. some are heterotrophs, others are autotrophs 3. both helpful and harmful organisms
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fungi kingdom
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1. mostly multicellular, except yeast (unicellular) 2. eukaryotes (have nucleus 3. Heterotrophs 4. most live off decaying matter 5. absorbs nutrients from substances by using digestive juices to break down the substance
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plant kingdom
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1. autotrophs 2. eukaryotes 3. produce oxygen 4. multicellular 5. have cells walls and chloroplast
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animal kingdom
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1. multicellular 2. eukaryotes 3. heterotrophs 4. live in diverse environments 5. complex organisms 6. strange animal: ex. sponge
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The Six Kingdoms
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1. Archaebacteria, 2. Eubacteria, 3. Protists, 4. Fungi, 5. Plants, and 6. Animals
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The Eight Levels of Classification
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1. domain, 2. kingdom, 3. phylum, 4. class, 5. order, 6. family, 7. genus, and 8. species
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3 Domains that are used today
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Archaebacteria, Bacteria, Eukaryote
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