68k- 01 Urinary Analysis – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Where is sperm developed |
| seminiferous tubules of the testes |
| Epididymis |
| where the sperm mature (5% of semen volume) |
| Semen Composition |
60% high fructose content made by the seminal vesicles 30% milky fluid made by the prostate gland 5% fluid |
| Why is semen analyzed |
infertility evaluation vasectomy effectivenesss semen quality for donations and forensics |
| How long after specimen collection should it be taken to the lab |
| 1 hr and analysis begins immediately |
| Semen Analysis includes: |
a physical and chemical examinaton a microscopic examination occasionally microbial examination |
| Patient Preparation for specimen collection |
| patient should remain sexually inactive for 48 t0 72 hours prior to sample collection |
| Collection requirements for specimen collection |
specimen should be collected in a private room in or near lab
if thats not possible should be delievered to the lab within 1 hr of collection and kept a body temperature during transport |
| variables identified during physical examination |
color and clarity liquefaction volume viscosity |
| variables identified during chemical examination include |
pH other chemical values as indicated Acid phophatase confirms evidence of semen for rape cases |
chemical examination: pH evaluated |
normal pH range: 7.2 to 8.0 High pH: infection of the reproductive tract low pH: increased prostate fluid |
chemical examination: fructose levels |
| conducted when sperm count reveals absence of sperm in semen |
| low fructose levels indicate |
obstruction of ejaculatory ducts abnormalities of seminal vesicles |
| Purpose of microscope evaluation |
sperm motility sperm morphology sperm number (concentration) aggulation |
| Normal Sperm Motility |
forward progressive movement critical for fertility |
| Motility Assesment |
% of spermatozoa moving with normal, progressive motility % of spematozoa with significant immobilizing motion (fast or slow in place motion without forward progression) sperm motility often graded on scale 0-4 |
| sperm grade |
4- rapid, straight-line motility 3- slower speed, some lateral movement 2- slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement 1- no forward progression 0- no movement
Normal sperm motility: >50% with a rating of 2 after 1 hour |
| examination of morphology |
measurement of the percentage of sper that have a normal size and shape evaluated by examining both spermatozoa tail and head |
| morphology values |
all semen specimens will have abnormal spermatozoa normal seminal fluid: <50% high numbers of abnormal spermatozoa is an indicarion of infertility |
| normal range of sperm |
20- 160 million spermatozoa per milliliter
sperms are counted using the neubauer counting chamber
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| sperm concentration formula |
| # sperm counted*1,000,000* dilution |
| patterns that sperm sticks together |
head to head head to tail tail to tail |
| sperm vitality |
| measures percentage of sperm that is dead versus immobile |
| concentration of other spermatozoa |
| measures presence of otehr cells, such as white blood cells, rbcs, bacteria, etc |
| function of csf |
supplies nutrients to the nervous system tissue removes metabolic waste produces mechanica barrier to cushion the brain and spinal cord against trama |
| csf fluids diagnosis |
meningitis brain abscesses bleeding in brain or spinal cavity other disorders
specimen collected by physician through spinal tap |
| csf is collected in 3 or more tubes: |
tube 1: serological and chemical tests tube 2: microbology tests tube 3: hematology tests tube 4: microbology tests
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| how is csf examination run |
STAT procedure 40% of wbcs disintergrate after 2 hrs rbcs begin to lyse within 1 hr transport within 30 minutes process immediately upon arrival |
| csf processing temperatures |
serological and chemical tests: frozen if not performed STAT microbology tests: room temperature hematology tests: refrigerated |
| csf appearance |
normal csf: colorless, clear, water-like viscosity abnormal color and clarity can indicate a medical emergency |
| xanthochromia definition: |
| csf supernatant that is pink orange and yellow |
| abnormal csf colors |
red or pink: traumatic tap or intracranial pressure green: grossly purulent csf ( bacterial growth in csf) xanthochromia: rbc degradation products, elevated serum bilirubin level, carotene, melanoma, immature liver funtion commmonly seen in premature infants |
| Intracranial hemorrhage |
blood evenly distributed in 3 tubes remains the same color after centrifugation |
| traumatic tap |
heaviest concentration in tube 1 diminishing amounts in tubes 2 and 3 colorless after centrifugation |
| abnormal clarity: cloudy, turbid, or milky |
cause- possible indication high numbers of leukocytes- meningitis rbcs- traumatic tap presence of microorganisms- meningitis increased protein level- disorder that affects blood- brain barrier |
| abnormal viscosity |
rare oily, flat globulins |
| clot formation of csf fluid |
abnormal caused by: often traumatic tap dseases whcih damage the blood brain barrier tubercular meningitis: web- like film develops after overnight refrigeration of csf fluid |
| csf cell count measurements |
wbc count: adults: 0-5 wbcs/ul neonates: 0-30 wbcs/ul
rbc count:0 rbcs/ul |
| dilutions |
slightly hazy: 1:10 dilution hazy: 1:20 dilution |
| clinical significance of csf |
finding- significance rbcs- traumatic tap or intracranial bleeding lymphocytes- viral, tubercular or fungal meningitis neutrophils: bacterial meningitis monocytes: viral, tubercular, or fungal meningitis esoinophils: parasitic infections macrophages: multiple sclerosis, rbcs in spinal fluid blasts cells: acute leukemia |
| what are serous fluid |
pleural cavity: lungs pericardial cavity: heart peritoneal cavity: abdomen |
| aspiration procedures of serous fluid |
thoracentesis: pleural cavity pericardiocentesis: pericardical paracentesis: peritoneal |
| effusion |
| serous fluid build up in the presence of disease |
effusion classifications: transudates |
form because of a systemic disorder that disrupts the balance in the regulation of fluid filtration and reabsoprtion
indicative of chf and nephrotic syndrome |
effusion classifications: exudates |
produced by conditions that directly involve the membranes of the particular cavity
indicative of infections and malgnancies |
