23. Respiratory Viruses – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
List some respiratory viruses!
answer
- Influenza A, B
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Parainfluenza viruses (1-4)
- Adenovirus
- Rhinovirus
question
What is the division between the upper and lower respiratory tract?
answer
the larynx
question
Why was there a significant drop in life expectancy in 1918 in the US and Canada?
answer
There was an influenza pandemic
question
What are some important characteristics of the influenza virus?
answer
- single stranded
- RNA virus
- enveloped
- segmented genome
question
Why is it significant that the influenza virus has a segmented genome?
answer
Because if two strains infect a cell, they can swap genes and create a whole new strain
question
There are really three influenza viruses: _, _ and _
answer
A, B and C
but C tends to be unimportant
question
When are influenza epidemics most common?
answer
they happen on a yearly basis in the winter
question
Which flu (Flu A, B or C) is most important and why?
answer
- Because of its pandemic potential and because it is usually more severe
question
How is influenza typically spread?
answer
- droplets and on soiled hands
question
What two important proteins are on the surface of the influenza virus?
answer
-Hemagglutinin
- Neuraminidase
question
What dose hemagglutinin do?
answer
Sticks the virus to cell receptors
question
What does neuraminidase do?
answer
Frees the virus to infect other cells
question
Explain DRIFTS
answer
- Drifts are small changes/mutations that happen continuously over time as the virus replicates (remember than RNA polymerase is sloppy)
- This produces viruses that are different but related so they have similar antigenic properties
- So an immune system will typically respond if it is similar
- But if it changes enough the immune system will not respond
question
What is the result of drifted viruses?
answer
They contribute to epidemics and an excess number of deaths in the elderly and frail
question
Explain what SHIFTS are.
answer
- They are reassortments of avian and human viruses
- New viruses emerge with new-to-human proteins on their surfaces
question
Drifts can occur in what kind of influenza? (as in a, b or c)
answer
A and B
question
Illustrate antigenic shift using the "swine flu"
answer
- A duck is the avian host - often the virus is in the GI tract and gets picked up by animals such as pigs that get the duck poop on their noses.
- the virus replicates!
- the pig can recognize/be infected with both bird and human strains b/c it has two different receptors in its up respiratory tract
- The two viruses can mix (aka re-assort) and create a new virus which can then be transmitted to a human host
question
Shifts occur in what kind of influenza? (as in A, B or C)
answer
A
question
In the twentieth century, the world experience three important influenza pandemics... what years, flu A subtype and common names?
answer
1918- H1N1 --> Spanish flu
1957 - H2N2 --> Asian flu
1968 - H3N2 --> Hong Kong
question
Since those three pandemics, the world experienced another in 2009 - name subtype and common name
answer
H1N1 - swine flu
question
How do you get influenza?
answer
- droplet spread
- contaminated fingers/hands
- fomites
- aerosol (controversial)
question
Explain the steps involved in the influenza-host interaction
answer
- Influenza virus is inhaled
- Hemagglutinin activity glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus attach to sialic acid on the surface of cells in the upper respiratory mucosa
- primary replication occurs in the lungs
- cytokines are released
question
What happens when cytokines are released during the influenza-host interaction?
answer
Cytokines prime surrounding cells by sending out a signal that says something is wrong

but over release of cytokines can lead to muscle aches, issues with the heart and other organs.

Cytokines are what make you feel like crap with the flu
question
What is the stomach flu?
answer
it doesn't exist

(unless the person is referring to norovirus... but even then apparently that shouldn't be called "The Flu")
question
What are some lower respiratory tract complications associated with influenza?
answer
- Croup and bronchiolitis (in kids) --> there is a direct viral effect, and kids tend to have narrower respiratory tracts
- Primary influenza pneumonia
question
What are some secondary bacterial infection complications associated with influenza?
answer
- pneumonia
- otitis media (remember it is often viral but in this case it's bacterial)
question
What other complications can you have with influenza?
answer
heart failure
question
What patients get the most influenza complications/benefit most from vaccines?
answer
- Elderly and children
- Chronic respiratory disease
- Chronic heart disease
- Immunosuppression
- Haematological disorders
- Chronic renal failure
- Diabetes mellitus
question
Why are pregnant women at greater risk for flu?
answer
They are pulmonary compromised! In pregnant women the fetus tends to press up against the diaphragm
And they are immunocompromised
question
What groups of people (besides pregnant women) are at greater risk in flu pandemics?
answer
- Aboriginal populations (environmental and genetic)
- Morbidly obese individuals
- Current smokers
question
What type of vaccine is used for seasonal influenza?
answer
Trivalent! 2 type A and 1 type B
question
What kind of influenza vaccine are live attenuated?
answer
the nasal spray form
- they are more expensive
question
How efficacious are vaccines for influenza in
a) healthy young adults
b) elderly
c) preventing hospitalization and pneumonia?
answer
a) 60-80%
b) 20-30%
c) 50-60%
question
How protective are influenza vaccines?
answer
- They are only good when they match with circulating viruses
- they are only good if you get re-vaccinated annually
question
How do we treat influenza prophylactically?
answer
We use neuraminidase inhibitors

- Osteltamivir --> influenza A and B
- Zamamivir --> influenza A and B
question
How is zamamivir administered?
answer
via a cumbersome inhaler
question
Respiratory Syncytial virus is a ____.
answer
paramyxovitus
question
What is important about the RSV structure?
answer
it is enveloped
question
When do RSV epidemics occur?
answer
- In the winter but also sporadic cases occur throughout the year
question
How is RSV transmitted?
answer
By hand contact

(less common: respiratory route)
question
RSV is responsible for causing
____ in children and the
___ ___ in older kids/adults
answer
bronchiolitis

common cold
question
RSV may be fatal for certain children... which ones?
answer
- Those who have heart and lung disease
- those who are premature
question
Is RSV treatable?
answer
yup
question
What is Ribavirin used to treat?
answer
It is used to treat severe infections
--> RSV

- note: it is expensive and requires hospitalization
question
___ viruses are second only to RSV in infants and young children
answer
Parainfluenza
question
Parainluenza virus infections are often limited to which anatomical area?
answer
the nasopharynx
question
How common is croup with parainfluenza virus?
answer
2% get it! It's formal name is laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
question
What is the classic sign on a x-ray with Croup?
answer
The "steeple" sign - where there is narrowing of the tracheal air column at the larynx and distension of the hypo pharynx
question
What type of virus is the adenovirus?
answer
it is double stranded and naked (how risque of you adenovirus) DNA virus
question
How does Adenovirus get transmitted?
answer
- Direct contact or respiratory droplets
question
Adenovirus produces _-_% of pediatric respiratory infections
answer
5-10%
question
What are the clinical syndromes associated with adenovirus?
answer
- Febrile pharyngitis
- Lower respiratory infections
- Pharyngoconjunctival fever
- Conjunctivitis
- Diarrhea
question
What kind of virus is Rhinovirus?
answer
- a picornavirus
-it is a positive strand RNA virus
question
Where do we primarily see rhinovirus?
answer
In upper airway:
- common cold and viral sinusitis
question
On average, how many colds do children have per year?
answer
2-8 per year!
question
Who should be most concerned about enterovirus?
answer
- asthmatics, immunocompromised people and children/babies
question
What type of symptoms are a result of Enterovirus D68?
answer
- mild to severe resp. illness
- fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough and body/muscle aches
question
How common is enterovirus in adults?
answer
It can be seen in adults... 25% of cases in past outbreaks
question
How do we diagnose respiratory viral infections?
answer
- Clinical syndromes
- Time of year
- What's going around in the community
- Virus isolation
- Virus antigen detection (but not with rhinovirus)
- Molecular methods (e.g. PCR)
- Serology (not common)
question
How long do otherwise healthy people shed when they have been infected with influenza? What about immunocompromised patients?
answer
5 to 7 days

weeks
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New