2110 First Test – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersCompare Metric, SI, and Imperial (7) |
Length : Meter/Meter/Foot Volume: Liter/Cubic meter/Quart Mass: Gram/Kilogram/Pound Time:Second/Second/Second Temperature:Celsius/Kelvin/Fahrenheit Pressure: (Metric=mmHG/atm/bar)(SI=Pascal) Energy:Calorie/Joule |
SI/Metric Prefixes (8) |
Times 10 to the... 9:giga:G 6:mega:M 3:kilo:k -1:deci:d -2:centi:c -3:milli:m -6:micro:weird u -9:nano:n |
significant figures (measuring) |
-all the numbers you can read clearly plus one estimated digit |
Rules for sigdigs (5) |
1)A zero at the end of a decimal number IS significant (25.0) 2)A zero between non-zero digits IS significant (205) 3) A zero at the beginning of a decimal number is NOT significant (0.00205 = 3sd) 4)Zeros as place holders are NOT significant (250,000,000 = 2 sd) 5)All digits of the coefficient in a number written in scientific notation are significant (5.600 x10^3 = 4sd) |
sig digs in calculations |
multiplication/division : the final answer should retain the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures
addition/subtraction: the final answer should retain the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places |
conversion factors |
-a relationship written as a ratio
How many quarters in 25 dollars? 25$X4quarters/1 dollar = 25X4 = 100 quarters.
**the numerator should be in the same unit wanted for the final answer** -try to cancel out other one... |
Temp Conversions |
K=C+273.15
F=1.8XC+32
0C=273.15K=32F |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
Came up with the first periodic table in 1800s -contained 63 elements -currently... 103 elements are typical & 118 known |
atomic theory |
atomic # = # of protons = # of electrons |
Rutherford |
-in 1911 proposed, based on famous gold-foil experiment, the spatial arrangement of the three subatomic particles within an atom. (believe protons/neutrons to be in the middle, while electrons moved around like a cloud) |
mass of a proton/mass number |
-1.67 X10^-24 grams
mass of a neutron is about the same
this number equals 1 AMU ***
Mass number is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons. (it is the number at top left of atom) |
isotopes/isomers |
isotopes = atoms with different # of neutrons isomers= same molecular formular with dif. bond formation
isotopes of an element coexist in certain proportions (abundance) (i.e. C is 99% C-12 and 1% C-13) |
principle quantum number & electron configuration |
-main levels numbered by these .. can go up to and beyond 8.. but is never necessary
***"n" dictates how many sublevels a main level can have -sublevels are given different names... s,p,d,f,g,h,.. s(one orbital),p(3orbital), d(5),etc
each orbital contains maximum of two electrons
|
What is the maximum number of electrons that the 4th main level can accomodate? |
n=4 total number orbitals = 1+3+5+7=16 each orbital = 2e... so max on 4th main level is 32 electrons |
EC |
-electron configurations is a list of all the electrons in their respective orbitals. It allows us to know where every electron in exactly located. |
EC and the Periodic Table (patterns)
(first 18 elements) |
1)The elements lined up in a column (group) all have the same number of electrons in the highest main level(i.e. valence e)
2)The column(group) number is the same as the number of electrons in the highest main level
3)elements with the same highest main level are lined up in a row (period)
4)The row number is the highest main level number
5)Elements in column 8 have fully-filled highest main level |
HALF AND FULLY FILLED SUBLEVELS ARE THE MOST STABLE!!!! |
transition elements |
the "d"block"
all other elements are called "main group elements" or "representative elements"
|
octet rule |
mission of every element is to have 8 electrons in the highest main level |
Metals form _______ Non-metals form ______ |
cations (retain maiden name) anions (add "ide")
ALL METALS ARE LOSERS>... EVEN TRANSITION (D-BLOCK) METALS! |
diatomic molecules |
F2, N2, O2, H2, Cl2, Br2, I2 |
ionization energy |
how much energy is required to take away an electron
depends upon 1)distance from nucleus 2)core charge |
Z+ |
atomic number = # of protons |
core charge |
euqal to the atomic number 'Z' minus the total number of electrons in the INNER SHELLS
ie. increases in 3rd period from 1(11-10) to 7(17-10)
core charge way higher in group 7!! |
sizes of atoms |
determined by the position of the valence shell
*increases as the valence shell becomes farther from the nucleus *increases as core charge decreases
size increases: V< |
electronegativity |
a measure of electron affinity
increases: >^ |
balanced equation |
has all atoms accounted for on both sides of the reaction arrow -should have zero net charges on both side of the equation*** |
ionic bond vs covalent |
IONIC -when cations and anions are glued together by a strong electrical force -these are much stronger that covalent bonds -the breaking of old bonds is always accompanied by the formation of stronger new bonds
i.e. Li2O
ionic-electrons pretty much completely lost or gained covalent bonds: electrons are shared
|
How do you find out charge of a transition metal?
|
Look at electron configuration.... what would make it stable? |
double replacement reactions are most typically... |
NOT redox reactions |
quantum numbers |
n=priciple quantum number -level on periodic table(period) -#of main levels
l=angular momentum (is n-1)
Ml=magnetic quantum number
s=spin
Pauli exclusion principle: every electron in an atom has a different set of quantum numbers
-electrons in same orbital have same n,l,ml but different spin |
human body made mostly of |
O-68% C-18% then.. H,N,Ca,P |
Gasses and Liquids
|
11 gasses exist: He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn,N,O,Fl,Cl,H
2 Liquids exist: Br, Hg
EVERYTHING ELSE IS SOLID!! |
STM |
scanning tunneling microscope -allows us to see individual atoms |
Dalton |
(1766-1844) -atoms are indivisible and indestructible -chem reaction is a rearrangement of atoms -compounds are 2+kinds of atom |
JJ thompson |
-plum cake theory ~1900 |
atomic mass |
-weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes |
Ml |
-magnetic quantum number -and electron occupying any given orbital can be found within this boundary 90% of the time
Ml is which orbital the electron is in. i.e. in s orbital, it will be 0 in P orbital, it will be -1,0,1 in D, it will be -2,-1,0,1,2 |
Aufbau principle |
that which states orbital 4s fills before, and empties before (gets stolen) orbital 3d |
flames |
Cu = green St= reddish Na= yellow/red K = purple
-electrons in aterials capable of giving off certain amount of energy that corresponds to certain wavelength of visible light
(jumping to different orbitals) |
Effective Nuclear Charge |
not the same as core charge Zeff=Z-S -can be used to explain important periodic trends
depends on how many electrons are shielding a valence electron from the inside
i.e. lose first electron... Zeff will be lower than when you lose the second electron, because there is one less that is shielding
-this means that there will be more ionization energy required, and more nuclear attraction |
Electron Affinity |
-how hungry an electron is -smaller atom = higher affinity (lower r)
EA= 0 for nobles
increases ^>
-also affected by the number of electrons already in shells (will it be repelled?) |
isoelectric ions |
2 elements with same electron configuration |
check out pp chapter 6.. apparently it is good |
naming transition metal ionic compounds |
Systematic Gold(1)/Gold (III) Iron(II)/Iron(III)
traditional (aurous/auric) (ferrous/ferric) |
oxidation state only occurs when... |
two elements combine!!
-lone elements have 0 oxidation # |
Visible Signs of Physical/Chemical changes |
Physical -change of state -change of temperature
Chemical -precipitate formation -gas formation (bubbles) - not due to heat -heat released or absorbed -change colour |
Inorganic vs Organic reaction names |
Inorganic/organic -combination/addition -decomposition/elimination -replacement(single or double)/substitution -combustion/combustion -X/rearrangements(for isomers) |
oxidation/reduction in organic vs inorganic chem
|
organic -oxidation is adding O or losing H -reduction is adding H or losing O
inorg -oxidation is losing electrons -reduction is gaining electrons |
balancing equations |
-for redox reactions, equations can be halfed to make it easier
for acid base... add H20 and H |
what are names for .. Mg,Si,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Ga,Ge,As,Se |
magnesium silicon scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese cobalt nickel gallium germanium arsenic selenium |
angstrom |
an internationally recognized non-SI unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre |
measured vs exact numbers |
measured - each time we use a measuring tool to determine a quantity exact - obtained when we count objects |
density |
-the ratio of the mass per unit volume of something d= m/V liquid: g/mL gas: g/L solid: g/cm^3 |
melting point depression |
-the difference in temperature before adding solute to solvent |