2110 First Test – Flashcards

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question
Compare Metric, SI, and Imperial (7)
answer

Length : Meter/Meter/Foot

Volume: Liter/Cubic meter/Quart

Mass: Gram/Kilogram/Pound

Time:Second/Second/Second

Temperature:Celsius/Kelvin/Fahrenheit

Pressure: (Metric=mmHG/atm/bar)(SI=Pascal)

Energy:Calorie/Joule

question
SI/Metric Prefixes (8)
answer

Times 10 to the...

9:giga:G

6:mega:M

3:kilo:k

-1:deci:d

-2:centi:c

-3:milli:m

-6:micro:weird u

-9:nano:n

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significant figures (measuring)
answer

-all the numbers you can read clearly plus one estimated digit

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Rules for sigdigs (5)
answer

1)A zero at the end of a decimal number IS significant (25.0)

2)A zero between non-zero digits IS significant (205)

3) A zero at the beginning of a decimal number is NOT significant (0.00205 = 3sd)

4)Zeros as place holders are NOT significant (250,000,000 = 2 sd)

5)All digits of the coefficient in a number written in scientific notation are significant (5.600 x10^3 = 4sd)

question
sig digs in calculations
answer

multiplication/division : the final answer should retain the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures

 

addition/subtraction: the final answer should retain the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places

question
conversion factors
answer

-a relationship written as a ratio

 

How many quarters in 25 dollars?

25$X4quarters/1 dollar = 25X4 = 100 quarters.

 

**the numerator should be in the same unit wanted for the final answer**

-try to cancel out other one...

question
Temp Conversions
answer

K=C+273.15

 

F=1.8XC+32

 

0C=273.15K=32F

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Dmitri Mendeleev
answer

Came up with the first periodic table in 1800s

-contained 63 elements

-currently... 103 elements are typical & 118 known

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atomic theory
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atomic # = # of protons = # of electrons
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Rutherford
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-in 1911 proposed, based on famous gold-foil experiment, the spatial arrangement of the three subatomic particles within an atom.

(believe protons/neutrons to be in the middle, while electrons moved around like a cloud)

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mass of a proton/mass number
answer

-1.67 X10^-24 grams

 

mass of a neutron is about the same

 

this number equals 1 AMU ***

 

Mass number is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons. (it is the number at top left of atom)

question
isotopes/isomers
answer

isotopes = atoms with different # of neutrons

isomers= same molecular formular with dif. bond formation

 

isotopes of an element coexist in certain proportions (abundance)  (i.e. C is 99% C-12 and 1% C-13)

question
principle quantum number & electron configuration
answer

-main levels numbered by these ..
"n"

can go up to and beyond 8.. but is never necessary

 

***"n" dictates how many sublevels a main level can have

-sublevels are given different names... s,p,d,f,g,h,..

s(one orbital),p(3orbital), d(5),etc

 

each orbital contains maximum of two electrons

 

question
What is the maximum number of electrons that the 4th main level can accomodate?
answer

n=4

total number orbitals = 1+3+5+7=16

each orbital = 2e... so max on 4th main level is 32 electrons

question
EC
answer
-electron configurations is a list of all the electrons in their respective orbitals. It allows us to know where every electron in exactly located.
question

EC and the Periodic Table (patterns)

 

(first 18 elements)

answer

1)The elements lined up in a column (group) all have the same number of electrons in the highest main level(i.e. valence e)

 

2)The column(group) number is the same as the number of electrons in the highest main level

 

3)elements with the same highest main level are lined up in a row (period)

 

4)The row number is the highest main level number

 

5)Elements in column 8 have fully-filled highest main level

question
HALF AND FULLY FILLED SUBLEVELS ARE THE MOST STABLE!!!!
answer
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transition elements
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the "d"block"

 

all other elements are called "main group elements" or "representative elements"

 

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octet rule
answer

mission of every element is to have 8 electrons in the highest main level

question

Metals form _______

Non-metals form ______

answer

cations (retain maiden name)

anions (add "ide")

 

ALL METALS ARE LOSERS>... EVEN TRANSITION (D-BLOCK) METALS!

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diatomic molecules
answer
F2, N2, O2, H2, Cl2, Br2, I2
question
ionization energy
answer

how much energy is required to take away an electron

 

depends upon

1)distance from nucleus

2)core charge

question
Z+
answer
atomic number = # of protons
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core charge
answer

euqal to the atomic number 'Z' minus the total number of electrons in the INNER SHELLS

 

ie. increases in 3rd period from 1(11-10) to 7(17-10)

 

core charge way higher in group 7!!

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sizes of atoms

answer

determined by the position of the valence shell

 

*increases as the valence shell becomes farther from the nucleus

*increases as core charge decreases

 

size increases: V<

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electronegativity
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a measure of electron affinity

 

increases: >^

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balanced equation
answer

has all atoms accounted for on both sides of the reaction arrow

-should have zero net charges on both side of  the equation***

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ionic bond vs covalent
answer

IONIC 

-when cations and anions are glued together by a strong electrical force

-these are much stronger that covalent bonds

-the breaking of old bonds is always accompanied by the formation of stronger new bonds

 

i.e. Li2O

 

 ionic-electrons pretty much completely lost or gained

covalent bonds: electrons are shared

 

question

How do you find out charge of a transition metal?

 

answer

Look at electron configuration.... what would make it stable?

question
double replacement reactions are most typically...
answer
NOT redox reactions
question

quantum numbers

answer

n=priciple quantum number

-level on periodic table(period)

-#of main levels

 

l=angular momentum (is n-1)

 

Ml=magnetic quantum number

 

s=spin

 

Pauli exclusion principle: every electron in an atom has a different set of quantum numbers

 

 

-electrons in same orbital have same n,l,ml but different spin

question
human body made mostly of
answer

O-68%

C-18%

then..

H,N,Ca,P

question

Gasses and Liquids

 

answer

11 gasses exist: He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn,N,O,Fl,Cl,H

 

2 Liquids exist: Br, Hg

 

EVERYTHING ELSE IS SOLID!!

question
STM
answer

scanning tunneling microscope

-allows us to see individual atoms

question

Dalton

answer

(1766-1844)

-atoms are indivisible and indestructible

-chem reaction is a rearrangement of atoms

-compounds are 2+kinds of atom

question
JJ thompson
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-plum cake theory ~1900
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atomic mass

answer
-weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes
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Ml
answer

-magnetic quantum number

-and electron occupying any given orbital can be found within this boundary  90% of the time

 

Ml is which orbital the electron is in.

i.e.

in s orbital, it will be 0

in P orbital, it will be -1,0,1

in D, it will be -2,-1,0,1,2

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Aufbau principle
answer
that which states orbital 4s fills before, and empties before (gets stolen) orbital 3d
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flames
answer

Cu = green

St= reddish

Na= yellow/red

K = purple

 

-electrons in aterials capable of giving off certain amount of energy that corresponds  to certain wavelength of visible light

 

(jumping to different orbitals)

question
Effective Nuclear Charge
answer

 not the same as core charge

Zeff=Z-S

-can be used to explain important periodic trends

 

 

depends on how many electrons are shielding a valence electron from the inside

 

i.e. lose first electron... Zeff will be lower than when you lose the second electron, because there is one less that is shielding

 

-this means that there will be more ionization energy required, and more nuclear attraction

question
Electron Affinity
answer

-how hungry an electron is

-smaller atom = higher affinity (lower r)

 

EA= 0 for nobles

 

increases ^>

 

-also affected by the number of electrons already in shells (will it be repelled?)

question
isoelectric ions
answer
2 elements with same electron configuration
question
check out pp chapter 6.. apparently it is good
answer
question
naming transition metal ionic compounds
answer

Systematic

Gold(1)/Gold (III)

Iron(II)/Iron(III)

 

traditional

(aurous/auric)

(ferrous/ferric)

question
oxidation state only occurs when...
answer

two elements combine!!

 

-lone elements have 0 oxidation #

question
Visible Signs of Physical/Chemical changes
answer

Physical

-change of state

-change of temperature

 

Chemical

-precipitate formation

-gas formation (bubbles) - not due to heat

-heat released or absorbed

-change colour

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Inorganic vs Organic reaction names
answer

Inorganic/organic

-combination/addition

-decomposition/elimination

-replacement(single or double)/substitution

-combustion/combustion

-X/rearrangements(for isomers)

question

oxidation/reduction in organic vs inorganic chem

 

answer

organic

-oxidation is adding O or losing H

-reduction is adding H or losing O

 

inorg

-oxidation is losing electrons

-reduction is gaining electrons

question
balancing equations
answer

-for redox reactions, equations can be halfed to make it easier

 

for acid base... add H20 and H

question

what are names for ..

 Mg,Si,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Ga,Ge,As,Se

answer

magnesium

silicon

scandium

titanium

vanadium

chromium

manganese

cobalt

nickel

gallium

germanium

arsenic

selenium

question
angstrom
answer
an internationally recognized non-SI unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre
question
measured vs exact numbers
answer
measured - each time we use a measuring tool to determine a quantity

exact - obtained when we count objects
question
density
answer
-the ratio of the mass per unit volume of something

d= m/V

liquid: g/mL
gas: g/L
solid: g/cm^3
question
melting point depression
answer
-the difference in temperature before adding solute to solvent
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