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Chapter 1- Exploring Geography

Geography-

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Geography is the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other.

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G.I.S.-

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G.I.S.- (geographic information systems)- uses computer technology to collect, manipulate, analyze, and display data about the earth's surface in order to solve geographic problems.

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geographic tools-

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geographic tools- maps, graphs, charts, sonar, satellites, GPS(global positioning system), and GIS

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GPS (Global Positioning System)-

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This system relies on a network of 24 satellites orbiting the earth. Using atomic clocks, the satellites broadcast extremely accurate time measurements. Back on earth, GPS units analyze these time signals to provide information about location.

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5 Themes of Geography-

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5 Themes of Geography- location, place, region, movement, and human environment interaction

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Location- can be absolute or relative

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absolute location- its position on the globe, its grid coordinates, latitude and longitude. A place has only 1 absolute location

relative location- or its relation compare to other places. A place can have more than one relative location. Example- New Boston is 25 miles west of Texarkana

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hemisphere-

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The Equator divides the world into two hemispheres. Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere

The Prime Meridian divides the world into two hemispheres. Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere

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Character of a place-

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The character of a place consists of the place's physical and human characteristics

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3 Types of Regions-

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Formal Region-A group of places that have similar attributes, for example, a political region- country
Functional Region- A group of places connected by movement, for example, the region drained by the Amazon Ribver and its tributaries. (DFW Airport)
Perceptual Region - A group of places that is defined by people's feelings and attitudes (Is Missouri part of the South or the North US)

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A view point that is influences by one's own culture and experiences

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perception

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An example of movement

A group of people moving from one place to another

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migration

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Human-Environment Interaction-

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How have people changed the enviornment positively or negatively- irrigation, deforestation, air pollution, recycling

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Geology-

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the study of the earth's physical structure and history

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Earth's Layers-

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inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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core-

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The earth's center, consisting of very hot metal that is dense and solid in the inner core and molten, or liquid, in the outer core

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mantle-

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A thick layer of mostly solid rock beneath the earth's crust that surrounds the earth's core

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crust-

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The solid, rocky, surface layer of the earth

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lithosphere-

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the surface features of the earth, including soil, rocks, and landforms

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atmosphere-

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the layer of gases, water vapor, and other substances above the earth

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hydrosphere-

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the water contained in oceans, lakes, rivers, and under the ground

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biosphere-

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the world of plants, animals, and other living things in earth's land and waters

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continents-

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any of the seven large landmasses of the earth's surface: Africa, Antartica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America

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relief-

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the differences in elevation, or height, of the landforms in any particular area

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Landforms are shaped first by internal forces that originate in the earth's interior. One of these forces is ?

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volcanism- involves the movement of magma, or molten rock, inside the earth.

Other major internal forces consist of movements that fold, lift, bend, or break the rock of the earth's crust.

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plate tectonics-

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The theory that the earth's outer shell is composed of a number of large, unanchored plates, or slabs of rock, whose constant movement explains earthquakes and volcanic activity

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continental drift theory-

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the idea that continents slowly shift their positions due to movement of the tectonic plates on which they ride

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seafloor spreading-

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molten rock from the mantle rises beneath the underwater ridge and breaks through a split, called a rift valley, at the top of the ridge. The rock then spreads out in both directions from the ridge as if it were on two huge conveyor belts. As the seafloor moves away from the ridge, it carries older rocks away.

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convection-

Force that sends the tectonic plates moving

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is a circular movement caused when a material is heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls. This process is thought to be occurring in the mantle rocks beneath the plates. The heat energy that drives convection probably comes from the slow decay of materials under the crust.

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Ring of Fire-

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A ring of volcanic mountains surrounding the Pacific Ocean

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San Andreas Fault-

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California's San Andreas Fault lies on the boundary of the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate. The fault is over 750 miles long, frequently cause earthquakes

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Major Types of Plate Movement-

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subduction- when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate, it slides beneath the lighter plate down toward the mantle
spreading- when plates pull away from each other. they form a diverging plate boundary, or spreading zone. Areas are likely to have rift valleys, earthquakes, and volcanoes
converging- when two continental plates collide, neither will sink, causing a slow, violent collision.
faulting- plates sometimes slip or grind past each other along faults.

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geyser-

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A natural hot spring that shoots a column of water and steam into the air

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The crust is divided into how many plates?

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12-13

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geographic tools-

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instruments used to collect, organize, store, or display geographic information

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physical characteristics-

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Features of the earth's surface, such as landforms, water systems, climate patterns, and plant and animal life

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physical processes-

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actions of nature that change the physical enviornment

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Chapter 2- Climates and Ecosystems

climates-

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Regional long-term trends in weather and atmospheric conditions

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ecosystems-

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Networks of plants and animals interacting with the environment

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patterns of settlement-

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distribution of populations among urban and rural communities

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urbanization-

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increase in the percentage of people living in cities

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migration-

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movement of people, often influenced by push and pull factors

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population growth-

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increase in the number of people in a specific area

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cultures-

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learned behavior of people, including their belief systems, languages, governments, and material goods

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Science and Technology-

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discoveries and inventions that help people to change or adapt to their environments

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Government and Citizenship-

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how different viewpoints influence political descisions, divisions, and policies connected to geographic issues

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Cooperation and Conflict

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methods used by countries and organizations to pursue goals, such as maintaining or expanding control over territory

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Economic Systems-

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ways in which a society satisfies the basic needs through the production and distribution of goods and services

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Econonmic Activities-

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use of natural resources, production of goods, provision of services, and distribution of information

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Global Trade Patterns-

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International networks for exchanging goods and services

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natural resources-

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Any part of the natural enviornment that people need and value

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^{natural hazzards-}

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natural events in the physical environment that are destructive, such as volcanoes and hurricanes

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Environmental Change-

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natural or human alterations to the environment

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Understanding the past-

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Analysis of how geography has affected historic events and how places, environments, and cultures have changed over time

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Planning for the future-

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Use of geographic knowledge and skills to analyze problems and make decisions that affect the future

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weathering-

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the breakdown of rock at or near the earth's surface into smaller and smaller pieces

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mechanical weathering-

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Occurs when rock is actually broken or weakened physically. It breaks large masses of rock into smaller pieces, producing boulders, stones, pebbles, sand, silt, and dust. Involved in soil building

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frost wedging-

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most common type of mechanical weathering- takes place when water freezes to ice in a crack in the rock. because water expands when it freezes, the ice widens the crack and eventually splits the rock

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another kind of mechanical weathering-

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occurs when seeds take root in cracks in rocks, a rock will split as plants or trees grow within a crack(fracture) in the rock

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Chemical Weathering-

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alters a rock's chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock or by combining them with new chemical elements

can change one kind of rock into a completely different kind

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acid rain-

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type of chemical weathering, chemicals in the polluted air combine with water vapor and fall back to earth as acid rain

destroys forrests and pollutes water, but also eats away the surface of stone buildings and natural rock formations

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3 causes of acid rain-

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industrial pollution, acid-producing agents from the ocean, and volcanic activity

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erosion-

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the movement of weathered materials such as gravel, soil, and sand

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3 causes of erosion-

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water, wind, and glaciers

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sediment-

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small particles of soil, sand, and gravel

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loess-

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windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust and silt that benefits farmers

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glaciers-

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huge, slow-moving sheets of ice

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moraines-

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ridgelike piles of rocks and debris left behind by glaciers

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Chapter 2- Climates and Ecosystems

weather-

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the condition of the bottom layer of the earth's atmosphere in one place over a short period of time

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climate-

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the term for weather patterns that an area typically experiences over a long period of time

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green house effect-

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the earth's atmosphere has been compared to the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse, which traps the sun's warmth for growing plants. Without this greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for most living things

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rotation-

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the earth spins on its axis like a top, the earth completes one rotation every 24 hours

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revolution-

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the earth revolves around the sun in a circular path called an orbit. A revolution is one complete orbit around the sun. One orbit or revolution is completed every 365 1/4 days( one year)

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solstices-

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the summer and winter solstices- the days when the sun appears directly overhead at the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer

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equinoxes-

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spring and fall equinoxes-
on these two days, the sun at noon, appears directly overhead at the Equator and the length of day and night are nearly equal everywhere on earth

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How does Latitude affect climate-

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The sun's rays always fall most directly at or near the Equator. Most places near the Equator have warm climates, while areas farthest from the Equator are cold like the North and South Poles

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How is the sun's heat distributed around the globe?

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Heat is distributed by a process called convection- which is the transfer of heat from one place to another.
Convection occurs inside the earth and in both air and water. Movements of air are called wind. Movements of water are called currents.

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Precipitation-

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is all forms of water that fall from the atmosphere onto the earth's surface

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The Water Cycle-

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evaporation
condensation (clouds form)
precipitation

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3 Types of Precipitation-

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Convectional Precipitation-
Orographic Precipitation-
Frontal Precipitation-

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Other factors that influence climate-

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being close to a body of water- having a coastal climate or a continental climate
elevation of the land
close to landforms

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World Climate Regions-

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tropical wet
tropical wet and dry
semiarid
arid
mediterranean
humid subtropical
marine west coast
humid continental
subarctic
turndra
ice cap

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global warming-

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a rise in the earth's temperature that could partially melt polar ice caps, causing a rise in the level of the oceans and flooding of densely populated low-lying areas, increase in precipitation or droughts

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clouds-

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masses of tiny particles of water and dust floating in the atmosphere

A low cloud is called fog

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ozone layer-

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a band of ozone gas that absorbs the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays and scientists think it is getting thinner

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ecosystem-

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formed by the interaction of plant life, animal life, and the physical enviornment in which they live

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biome-

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used to describe major types of ecosystems that can be found in various regions throughout the world

example- deciduous forrest

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Ecosystems-

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deciduous forests
coniferous forests
mixed forests
tropical rain forest
chaparral forest
tropical grasslands- savannas
temperate grasslands- prairies
deserts
tundras
ice cap
highlands

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deciduous trees-

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trees that shed their leaves

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coniferous trees-

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named after the cones that protect their seeds

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chaparral-

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includes small evergreen trees and low bushes or scrub
chaparral is a Spanish word meaning "an area of underbrush and small trees"

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herbivore
or carnivore

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herbivore- plant eating animals like gazelles and zebras

carnivore- meat eating animals like lions and hyenas

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permafrost-

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a layer of soil just below the surface stays permanently frozen

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chapter 3- Population and Culture

culture-

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culture- the beliefs and actions that define a group of people's way of life

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demography-

demographics-

demographers-

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the study of populations including topics like birth, death, marriage, and migration

the numbers and statistics that tell about a country

people whose job it is to study demography

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How many people are there in the world?

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Over 7 Billion

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population density-

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the average number of people in a square mile or square kilometer

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arable land-

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land that can be farmed

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birthrate-

deathrate-

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the number of live births each year per 1,000 people

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

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immigrants-

emigrants-

migration-

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people who move into a country

people who leave the country to live in other places

movement of people

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urbanization-

urban-

rural-

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the growth of city populations

living in the city

living in the country

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material culture-

non material culture-

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includes things that people make, such as food, clothing, architecture, arts, crafts, and technology

includes religion, language, spiritual beliefs, and patterns of behavior, government systems, education systems, attitudes towards the role of women and men

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culture hearth-

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a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures

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What is the most important unit of social organization?

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the family

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cultural convergence-

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occurs when the skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture

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diffusion-

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the process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another

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cultural divergence-

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the rescriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

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Around how many countries are there in the world?

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About 200

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Four specific characteristics that define a place as a country

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-clearly defined territory
-population
-sovereignty (a nation's freedom from outside control)
-government

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Types of Government Structures-

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unitary system- where one central government runs a nation

federation-some powers are given to the national government and other powers are reserved for more local governments

confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government only limited powers

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Types of Government Authority-

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authoritarian- a system of government in which the leaders hold all political power
dictatorship- system of government in which absolute power is held by a small group or one person
totalitarianism- system of government in which a central authority controls all aspects of society
monarchy- system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch- a king, queen, shah, or sultan- whose position is inherited
democracy- a system of government in which the people are invested with the power to choose their leaders and determine government policy

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Types of Economic Systems-

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traditional economy- economic system in which families produce goods and services for their own use, with little surplus and exchange of goods; also known as a subsistence economy

market economy- economic system in which decisions about production, price, and other economic factors are determined by the law of supply and demand

command economy- economic system that is controlled by a single central government
mixed economy- system combining different degrees of government regulation

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chapter 4- Resources and Land Use

natural resources-

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are materials in the natural environment that people value and use to satisfy their needs

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renewable resources-

nonrenewable resources-

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are constantly being regenerated or replaced by the environment, like soil and water

can not be replaced once they have been used, like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas which formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals)

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Energy Sources-

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fossil fuels- nonrenewable mineral resources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and used for fuel

nuclear energy- produced by fission- the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor, releasing stored energy

hydroelectric power- electricity that is generated by moving water
geothermal energy- energy produced from the earth's intense interior heat

solar energy- energy produced by the sun

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Economic Activities-

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primary economic activities- economic activity that takes or uses natural resources directly, fishing, mining
subsistence farming- farming that provides only enough for the needs of a family or a village
commercial farming- raising of crops or livestock for sale in markets
secondary economic activities- economic activity in which people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value
cottage industries- small-scale manufacturing operation using little technology, often located in or near people's homes
commercial industries- large-scale manufacturing operation that employs many people and produces large quantities of goods
tertiary economic activities- economic activity in which people do not directly gather or process raw materials but pursue activities that serve others; service industry
quaternary economic activities- economic activity that focuses on the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information, such as education, or research

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exports-

imports-

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goods that are sent out of the country

goods that are brought into the country

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Levels of Development of Countries-

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developed- United States

developing- Mexico

underdeveloped- Botswana, Africa

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Chapter 5- Introduction to the United States and Canada

colony-

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any territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.

example- Great Britain and the 13 colonies of the US before the US was it's own country

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How do scientists think people orginally came over to the Americas?

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across a land bridge from Asia called the Bering Strait

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annexed-

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to formally incorporate into a country or state the territory of another

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secede-

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to withdraw formally from membership in a political or religious organization

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civil war-

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a conflict between opposing groups of citizens of the same country

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ceded-

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transferred land

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Industrial Revolution-

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the shift from human power to machine power

from farming(agriculture) to industry (manufacturing)

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continental divide-

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a boundary or area of high ground that separates rivers flowing toward opposite sides of a continent

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drainage basins-

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the entire area of land that is drained by a major river and its tributaries

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tributaries-

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a river or stream that flows into a main river

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straitions

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marks characterizing glaciated areas of rocks

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rain shadow-

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area of reduced rainfall on the leeward side of high mountains

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literacy-

literacy rate-

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ability to read and write

number of people age 15 or older that can read and write from a specific country used for demographic purposes

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standard of living-

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a person or group's level of material well-being, as measured by education, housing, and healthcare, and nutrition

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per capita-

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per person

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Chapter 6- A Profile of the United States

gross national product-

gross domestic product-

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GNP- total value of a nation's goods and services, including the output of domestic firms in foreign countries and excluding the domestic output of foreign firms

GDP- total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year, including the domestic output of foreign firms and excluding the output of domestic firms in foreign countries

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canals-

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artificial waterways

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telecommunication-

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communication by electronic means

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free enterprise-

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economic system that allows individuals to own, operate, and profit from their own businesses in an open, competitive market

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metropolitan area-

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a major city and its surrounding suburbs

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hierarchy-

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rank according to function

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hinterlands-

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area served by a metropolis

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urban hierarchy-

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metropolis
city
large town
village
farm

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Chapter 7- Regions of the United States

The Northeast-

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New England Region- Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey

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megalopolis-

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a very large city; a region made up of several large cities and their surrounding areas, considered to be a single urban complex

example- BOSWASH

area from Boston to Washington D.C.

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The South-

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Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Washington D.C.

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mangroves-

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tropical trees that grow in swampy ground along coastal areas

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bayous-

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marshy inlets or outlets of a lake or river

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fall line-

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imaginary line between the Applachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where rivers and streams form waterfalls and rapids as they descend from higher elevations to the coastal plain

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Columbian Exchange-

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The exchang from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas of wheat, sugar, banana, rice, grape, olive oil, dandelion, horse, pig, cow, goat, chicken, small pox, typhus

From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia- maize, potato, sweet potato,beans, peanut, squash, pumpkin, peppers, pineapple, tomato, cocoa

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Sun Belt-

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the band of southern states from the Carolinas to southern California

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The Midwest-

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North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan

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humus-

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plants and animals that live in the soil die and decay producing the dark colored organic material called humus and combines with particles of weathered bedrock to help build more soil

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growing season-

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average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall

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grain elevators-

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tall buildings equipped with machinery for loading, cleaning, storing, and discharding grain

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grain exchange-

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a place where grain is bought and sold as a commodity

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Mississippi River-

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flows 2,348 miles from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico

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The West-

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Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico

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tundra-

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a dry treeless plain where temperatures are always cool or cold and only specialized plants can grow

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aqueducts-

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large pipes or channels designated to transport water from a remote source over a long distance

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Chapter 8- Canada

answer

left blank

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provinces-

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how canada divides up its land into provinces and territories instead of states

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maritime-

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The Atlantic Provinces are often called the maritimes because of their close ties to the seas

maritimes means bordering on or related to the sea

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Atlantic Provinces-

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Newfoundland and Labrador
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Bruswick

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The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Provinces-

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Quebec
Ontario

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Great Lakes-

located between the United States and Canada

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H.O.M.E.S

Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Superior

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lock-

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enclosed area on a canal that raises or lowers ships from one water level to another

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bedrock-

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solid rock that is usually covered by soil, gravel, and sand

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Prairie Provinces-

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Alberta
Manitoba
Saskatchewan

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British Columbia-

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British Columbia the province

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The Northern Territories-

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Yukon Territory
Northwest Territories
Nunavut

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First Canadians- Inuit and Native Americans

Vikings

French

English

answer

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What two languages do they speak in Canada?

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English and French

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separatism-

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a movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group

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multicultural society of Canada-

immigration-

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Native Canadian including Inuit, British, French, German, Italian, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish, and other European, Asian

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customs-

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fees charged by a government on imported goods

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Niagara Falls-

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on the border between Canada and the United States (New York) is a pair of waterfalls known as Niagara Falls. Water thunders over the falls at an average rate of 202,000 cubic feet per second.

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tariffs-

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taxes on imports

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predator-

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animals that feed upon other animals

examples of predators- wolves, bobcats

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hibernation-

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to avoid extreme winter temperatures, bears, wood chucks, and other mammals hibernate. During the fall, they build up a store of fat in their bodies that will last until spring. They then go into hibernation, which slows their bodily functions to a minimum

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Chapter 9- Introduction to Latin America

conquistadors-

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name for the Spanish explorers who claimed land in the Americas for Spain

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caudillos-

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A Latin America military dictator

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pampas-

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a grasslands region in Argentina and Uraguay

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cays-

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a small, low island or coral reef

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coral-

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the rocklike skeletons of tiny sea animals

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Andes Mountains-

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The rugged Andes Mountains are the highest mountains of Latin America along the western coast of South America

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Amazon River Basin-

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the largest and least explored of Brazil's areas, it spreads across more than half of the country, gets more than 80 inches of rainfall per year, the rain forest is home to thousands of plants and animals

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tropical storm-

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a storm with winds of at least 39 miles per hour

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hurricane-

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a destructive tropical storm that forms over the Atlantic Ocean, usually in late summer and early fall, with winds of at least 74 miles per hour

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typhoon-

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a destructive tropical storm that forms over the Pacific Ocean

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cyclone-

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A violent, rotating windstorm around Australia

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El Nino-

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A warm ocean current off South America's northwestern coast that influences global weather patterns

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mestizo-

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a person of mixed European and Native American heritage

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mulatto-

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a person of mixed African and European ancestry

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deforestation-

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the process of stripping the land of its trees

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Population Pyramid-

textbook p.218

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a graphic model that shows the gender/age composition of a population at a specific time

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Chapter 10- Mexico

plateau-

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an area of high, flat land

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peninsula-

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a strip of land that juts out into an ocean, surrounded on three sides by water

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Sierra Madre Oriental-

Sierra Madre Occidental-

Plateau of Mexico (Central Plateau)-

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mountain range on Mexico's eastern coast

mountain range on Mexico's western coast

plateau in the middle of Mexico where the capital city Mexico City is and where most of the people live

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irrigation-

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the watering of farmland with water drawn from reservoirs or rivers

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Yucatan Peninsula-

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dotted with sinkholes, the southern end of Mexico that sticks up like a thumb into the Gulf of Mexico and where the resort city of Cancun, Mexico is, gets lots of hurricanes

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sinkhole-

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a hole formed when limestone is dissolved, causing the land above to collapse

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A Place of Three Cultures-

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Indian, Spanish, and Modern make up Modern Mexico

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haciendas-

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a large Spanish owned estate in the Americas, often run as a farm or a cattle ranch

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Mexican Revolution-

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in 1910, peasants and middle class Mexicans rebelled by standing up to the military dictator and the landlords who together controlled the country, the fighting ended in 1920

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land redistribution-

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a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none

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ejidos-

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farmland owned collectively by members of a rural community

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latifundios-

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large commericial farms owned by a private individual or a farming complany

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cash crops-

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a farm crop grown for sale and profit

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migrant worker-

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a worker who travels from place to place, working where extra help is needed to cultivate or harvest crops

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NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement-

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which phased out trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico

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maquiladoras-

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a factory in Mexico, along the United States border, that assembles goods for export

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Mexico's Air Pollution-

answer

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Chapter 11- Central America and the Caribbean

isthmus-

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a narrow strip of land having water on each side and joining two larger bodies of land

example- Central America- 7 countries

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Central America- 7 countries-

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Guatemala
Belize
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Coasta Rica
Panama

question

guerrilla-

answer

a member of an armed force that is not part of a regular army; relating to a form of warfare carried on by such an independent armed force

question

earthquake-

answer

a shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements in the earth's crust

question

tsunami-

answer

a huge wave caused primarily by a disturbance beneath the ocean, such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption

question

landslide-

mudslide-

answer

landslide- a sudde drop of a mass of land on a mountainside or hillside

part of the side of a hill falling, sliding off

question

infastructure-

answer

the basic support facilities of a community or country, such as roads and bridges, power plants and schools

question

avalanche-

answer

a sudden fall of a mass of ice and snow

question

aftershocks-

answer

tremor that occurs after an earthquake

question

seismic waves-

epicenter-

answer

seismic waves- vibration caused by a movement of tectonic plates

epicenter- the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

question

archipelago-

answer

a group of islands

question

coral islands-

answer

an island formed by the skeletal remains of tiny sea animals and the sand and sediment piling on top of them

question

windward-

leeward-

answer

windward- side of an island or mountain that is facing the wind

leeward- side of an island or mountain that is facing away from the wind

question

calypso music-

answer

a form of folk music that spread from Trinidad throughout the Caribbean using steel drums. the music traces its roots to the songs sung by enslaved Africans who worked on the plantations of Trinidad

question

Chapter 12- Brazil

escarpment-

answer

a steep cliff that separates two level areas of differing elevations

question

sertao-

answer

an interior plateau in Brazil with poor soil and uncertain rain

question

favela-

answer

a slum community in a Brazilian city, for example there are favelas outside of the city of Rio de Janiro, Brazil

question

plantations-

answer

a large estate farmed by many workers

question

gasohol-

answer

a fuel mixture of gasoline and ethanol

question

ecotourism-

answer

tourism that encourages environmental awareness and has little effect on the ecosystem

question

Chapter 13- Countries of South America

bauxite-

answer

a mineral used in making aluminum

question

llanos

answer

grassy plains

question

Angel Falls-

answer

Waterfall in Venezuela about 20 times higher than Niagara Falls and plunges down to the Churun River

question

cordillera-

campesino-

answer

a related set of separate mountain ranges

in Latin America, a tenant farmer or farm worker

question

altiplano-

answer

a plateau region located in the Andes Mountains of Bolivia and Peru

question

paramo-

timberline-

answer

a plateau in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador

the boundary in high elevations above which continuous forest vegetation cannot grow

question

estuary-

piedmont-

answer

the wide mouth of a river, where freshwater river currents meet salt water

a region of rolling foothills

question

gauchos-

answer

a cowboy who herded cattle in the pampas of Argentina and Uraguay

question

Chapter 14- Introduction to Western Europe-

cultural diffusion-

answer

the process by which people adopt the practices of their neighbors

question

Renaissance-

answer

the revival of art, literature, and learning that took place in Europe during the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries

question

summit-

answer

the highest point of a mountain or similar elevation

question

North European Plain-

answer

the North European Plain stretches eastward from France to Northern Eurasia

question

prevailing westerlies-

answer

The North Atlantic Drift carries tropical waters toward Europe. The winds that blow across this warm current are the prevailing westerlies- the constant flow of air from west to east in the temperate zones of the earth

question

euro-

answer

a single currency to be used by member nations of the European Union

question

compulsory-

answer

required

question

Chapter 15- The British Isles and Nordic Nations

fertile-

answer

able to produce abundant crops

question

United Kingdom-

answer

England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

question

What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?

answer

London

question

ore-

answer

a rocky material containing a valuable mineral

question

The English Channel Tunnel also called the Chunnel connects which two countries?

answer

England (United Kingdom) and France

question

moor-

bog-

answer

moor- broad, treeless, rolling land, often poorly drained and having patches of marsh and peat bog

bog- an area of wet, spongy ground

question

glen-

answer

a narrow valley

question

What is the capital city of Ireland?

Is Ireland mostly Roman Catholic or Protestant?

answer

Dublin

Roman Catholic

question

Nickname for Ireland?

what is peat?

answer

Emerald Isle for its green land

peat- a spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants that covers 1/6 of Ireland

question

blight-

Potato Famine-

answer

blight- plant disease that destroyed the potato crop year after year in Ireland and Europe in the 1840's

the blight affected potato crops causing a Famine in Ireland in the 1840's, this caused a lot of people to immigrate to the United States. 1 million Irish died of starvation

question

Nordic Nations-

answer

also called Norden- from an ancient word meaning Northlands

includes- Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark

question

fjords-

answer

a narrow valley or inlet from the sea, originally carved out by an advancing glacier and filled by melting glacial ice

question

geothermal energy-

answer

energy produced from the earth's intense interior heat

question

midnight sun-

answer

In the Nordic Nations, the start of summer is a public holiday when people celebrate the return of the midnight sun. In the northernmost territories, the sun never really sets for several weeks in midsummer. People call the long twilight hours of the evening the white nights

question

Chapter 16- Central Western Europe

France-
What is the capital city of France?

answer

Paris

question

France is shaped like what?

answer

a hexagon

question

What river runs through Paris, France?

answer

the Seine River

question

The Alps-

answer

are a long range of towering snowcapped mountains, Mount Blanc is the tallest peak in the Alps

question

France was once known as what?

answer

Gaul

question

dialect-

answer

a variation of a spoken language that is unique to a region or community

question

Impressionism-

answer

a style of art where painters try to catch visual immpressions made by color, light, and shadows

question

nationalize-

answer

to bring a business under state control

question

recession-

answer

an extended decline in business activity

question

confederation-

answer

a system of government in which individual political units keep their sovereignty but give limited power to a central government

question

Germany-

reparations-

inflation-

answer

reparations- money paid for war damages

inflation- a sharp, widespread rise in prices

question

What is the capital city of Germany?

answer

Berlin

question

lignite-

answer

a soft, brownish-black coal

question

The Benelux Countries-

answer

Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg

question

dikes-

polders-

answer

dike- an embankment of earth and rock built to hold back water

polder- an area of low-lying land that has been reclaimed from the sea

question

decentralize-

answer

to transfer government power to smaller regions

question

Switzerland and Austria-

cantons-

neutral-

answer

canton- a poltical division or state; one of the states in Switzerland

neutral- not taking sides in a war

question

perishable good-

strip mining-

answer

a product that does not stay fresh for long

the process whereby miners strip away the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits

question

Chapter 17- Spain and Portugal

navigable-

answer

deep and wide enough to allow the passage of ships

question

dry farming-

answer

a farming technique that leaves land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture

question

sirocco-

answer

a hot, dry wind from northern Africa

question

hub-

answer

a central point of concentrated activity and influence

question

What is Spain's capital city?

answer

Madrid

question

What is Portugal's capital city?

answer

Lisbon

question

What is the name of the piece of land that Spain and Portugal occupy?

answer

The Iberian Peninsula

question

What is the capital city of Italy?

answer

Rome

question

Where does the Pope live and the headquarters for the Roman Catholic Church?

answer

Vatican City

It is considered it's own country and it is also called the Holy See

question

seismic activity-

answer

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

question

subsidence-

answer

a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks

question

mezzogiorno-

answer

the southern region of Italy and includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, the name means midday for its intense noontime sun

question

volcano-

lava-

answer

volcano- an opening in the earth's crust from which molten rock escapes to the surface

lava- magma, or molten rock from the earth's mantle, that breaks through the surface of the earth during volcanic activity

question

plume-

crater lake-

answer

plume- a very hot spot in the earth's mantle

crater lake- a body of water that occupies a bowl-shaped depression around the opening of an extinct or dormant volcano

question

Greece-

grabens-

answer

grabens- a long, narrow area that has dropped between two faults

question

What is the capital city of Greece?

answer

Athens

question

inhabitable-

answer

able to permanent residents

question

Chapter 18- Introduction to Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

domestication-

answer

domestication-the process of training and breeding animals for use by humans

question

communism-

answer

a system of government in which the government controls the means of production, determining what goods will be made, how much workers will be paid, and how much items cost

question

Eurasia-

answer

the view that Europe and Asia should be viewed as a large single continent

also the area where Europe touches Asia

the dividing line between the two continents is the Ural Mountains in Russia

question

Lake Baikal-

answer

in Russia, world's deepest lake

question

taiga-

steppe-

answer

taiga- thinly scattered, coniferous forests found in Europe and Asia

steppe- a temperate grassland found in Europe and Asia

question

multiethnic-

ethnic group-

answer

multiethnic-composed of many ethnic groups

ethnic group- people who share such things as culture, language, and religion

question

infant mortality-

maternal mortality-

life expectancy-

answer

infant mortality- the number of children per 1,000 live births who die within the first year

maternal mortality- the number of women who died due to pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births

life expectancy- the number of years an individual is expected to live as determined by statistics

question

What is the capital city of Poland?

answer

Warsaw

question

national identity-

answer

a people's sense of what makes them a nation

question

ghettos

answer

a section of a city in which a particular minority group is forced to live

question

Holocaust-

genocide-

answer

the execution of 6 million Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World War II

the systematic killing or intentional destruction of a people

question

What two countries used to be combined forming Czechoslovakia?

answer

Czech Republic
Slovakia

question

Capital of Czech Republic?

Capital of Slovakia?

answer

Prague

Bratislava

question

velvet revolution-

privatization-

answer

a revolution without bloodshed, which took place in Czechoslovakia during the late 1980's

the process of selling government owned industries and businesses to private owners

question

collective farms-

answer

a government owned farm managed by workers who share the profits from their produce

question

What is Hungary's capital city?

answer

Budapest

question

What is Switzerland's capital city?

What is Austria's capital city?

answer

Bern

Vienna

question

What is Norway's capital city?

What is Sweden's capital city?

What is Finland's capital city?

answer

Oslo

Stockholm

Helsinki

question

The Balkan Peninsula-

answer

Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
Serbia
Montenegro
Croatia
Slovenia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Macedonia
Kosovo

question

balkanize-

entrepreneurs-

multiplier effect-

answer

to break up into small, mutually hostile political units, as occurred in the Balkans after WWI

a go-getter individual who starts and builds a business

the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout the economy

question

What is NATO?

answer

question

Baltic States-

answer

Lithuania
Estonia
Latvia

question

diversify-

answer

to increase the variety of

question

Border Nations-

answer

Ukraine
Belarus
Moldova

question

What was Chernobyl?

answer

question

What is the capital city of Ukraine?

answer

Kiev

question

Chapter 20- Russia

What does the U.S.S.R. stand for?

answer

Union of Soviet Socialists Republics

old communist name for Russia when it was the Soviet Union

question

What is the capital city of Russia?

answer

Moscow

question

chernozem-

answer

a rich topsoil found in the Russian steppes and other mid-latitude grasslands

question

Siberia-

permafrost-

answer

part of northern Russia where the climate is very frigid

a layer of soil just below the earth's surface that stays permanently frozen

question

czar-

Romanov Dynasty-

answer

an emperor of Russia

The Romanov family ruled Russia for 300 years before WWI and the Bolshevik communists took over Russia and made it the Soviet Union

question

abdicate- to surrender one's office, throne, or authority

soviet- in the former Soviet Union, any one of various governing councils

answer

give up the throne

governing council

question

Cold War-

glasnost-

perestroika-

answer

Cold War- time period after WWII with tension between the United States and Soviet Union without any actual war

a policy of openess introduced in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's

in the former Soviet Union, a policy of economic restructuring

question

Vladimir Lenin- first communist leader of the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin- communist leader of the Soviet Union, very ruthless, had lots of his own people killed if anyone didn't go along with his laws

answer

question

Mikhail Gorbachev-

answer

last of the communist leaders of the Soviet Union, instituted the policies of glasnost and perstroika. Helped to end communism in Russia

question

Chechnya-

Dagestan-

answer

question

Trans Siberian Railroad-

ruble-

black market-

answer

railroad going across Russia

Russian currency (money)

the system of selling goods and services outside of officials channels, selling off the record, without paperwork, illegally

question

Chapter 21- Introduction to Southwest Asia

agricultural revolution-

answer

the change from nomadic hunting and gathering to farming that took place about 8000 B.C.

question

civilization-

monotheism-

polytheism-

answer

an advanced culture

the belief in one God

the belief in many gods

question

protectorate-

answer

an area that has its own government but is controlled by an outside power

question

Aral Sea-

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers-

Caucasus Mountains-

answer

Soviet engineers diverted water from the rivers that feed the Aral Sea, a land locked salt lake, to irrigate farmland in Central Asia. The sea has sunk dramatically, and salt flats now cover the exposed lake bed

Two rivers mentioned in the Bible in the Garden of Eden and run through present day Iraq

mountains that separate the country of Georgia and Russia

question

yurt-

mosque-

answer

a round tent made of a wooden framework and covered with felt of skins

An Islamic place of religious worship

question

Jerusalem-

answer

capital city of Israel

sacred religious city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims

question

What country is the Ataturk Dam in ?

answer

Turkey

question

trade deficit-

trade surplus-

answer

the situation in which a country imports more than it exports

the situation in which a country exports more than it imports

question

Chapter 22- The Caucasus and Central Asian Countries

Caucasus Nations-

answer

Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan

question

nationalism-

answer

pride in one's nation; the desire of a cultural group to rule themselves as a separate nation

question

Central Asian Nations-

answer

Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan

question

fundamentalism-

desertification-

answer

a set of religious beliefs based to a strict interpretation of a sacred text

the transformation of arable land into desert either naturally or through human intervention

question

Chapter 23- The Countries of Southwest Asia

The Middle East

mandate-

answer

a comission from the League of Nations authorizing a nation to govern a territory

question

Zionist-

self-determination-

answer

A member of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state

the right of a people to decide their own political future

question

What is the capital city of Israel?

drip irrigation-

answer

Jerusalem

a process by which precisely controlled amounts of water drip directly onto plants from pipes, thus preserving precious water resources in dry areas

question

potash-

Arab-

answer

a mineral used in explosives and fertilizer

a person of middle eastern descent that lived in Palestine

question

What two groups fight over Israel?

answer

Jews and the Arabs

question

What did the Arabs call Israel?

answer

Palestine

question

Fertile Crescent-

militia-

answer

a region in the Middle East where farming and the first civilizations developed

a citizen army

question

anarchy-

embargo-

answer

political disorder and violence; lawlessness

a severe restriction of trade with other countries

question

desalination-

answer

the process of removing salt from seawater so that it can be used for drinking and irrigation

question

falaj system-

secular-

answer

In the Arabian Peninsula, an ancient system of underground and surface canals

worldly, not relating to religion

question

shah-

ayatollahs-

answer

the title of the former ruler of Iran

a religious leader among Shiite Muslims

question

Sahel-

answer

a region just south of the Sahara in Africa

question

colonialism-

nomadic herding-

answer

the system by which countries set up colonies to secure sources of raw materials and markets for their products

the practice of moving flocks to different pastures throughout the year

question

leaching-

land degradation-

answer

the dissolving and washing away of nutrients in the soil

reduction in the productive potential of the land

question

Chapter 25- North Africa

fellaheen-

answer

Egyptian peasants

question

sandstorm-

bazaar-

answer

a windstorm that blows hot air, dust, and grit

an open-air market; a street lined with shops and stalls

question

basin irrigation-

reservior-

answer

in Egypt, a sytem by which water and silt were controlled by embankments and time-released to irrigate farmlands

a natural or artificial lake used to collect water for human needs

question

perennial irrigation-

answer

an irrigation system that provides necessary water to the land throughout the year

question

capital-

What is the capital city of Egypt?

answer

wealth in the form of money or property owned or used in business

Cairo

question

wadi-

caravan-

answer

a usually dry riverbed or gully that temporarily holds water from a sudden downpour

a large group of merchants who join together to travel in safety

question

What are the Maghreb Countries?

answer

Algeria
Tunisia
Morocco
Western Sahara Morroco

question

medina-

souk-

answer

the old section of a North African city, usually centered around a mosque

a market in an Arab community

question

What country was Muammar Qaddafi from?

answer

Libya

he was Libya's dictator leader for 40years

question

Chapter 26- West and Central Africa

shifting agriculture-

answer

the practice of farming a sight until the soil is exhausted, then moving on to a new site

question

forage-

refugee-

answer

food for grazing animals

a person who flees his or her country to escape danger or unfair treatment

question

landlocked-

answer

almost or entirely surrounded by land; cut off from the sea

question

inland delta-

coup-

answer

an area of lakes, creeks, and swamps away from the ocean

the sudden overthrow of a ruler or government, often involving violent force or the threat of force

question

ancestor worship-

animism-

answer

the belief that respecting and honoring one's ancestors will cause them to live on in the spirit world after death

the religious belief that such things as the sky, rivers, and trees contain gods or spirits

question

World Bank-

International Monetary Fund-

answer

an agency of the United Nations that provides loans to countries for development projects

An agency of the United Nations that provides loans to countries for development projects

question

structural adjustment program-

answer

a program to reform the structure of an economy

question

What used to be the name of the Congo River in Africa?

answer

Zaire River

question

watershed-

mercenaries-

answer

a dividing ridge between two basins

professional soldiers hired by a foreign country

question

barter-

answer

the exchange of goods without money

question

Chapter 27- East and Southern Africa

harambee-

answer

a policy of cooperation adopted in Kenya after independence to encourage economic growth

question

pyrethrum-

malnutrition-

answer

a pesticide produced from certain flowers

disease caused by a lack of food or an unbalanced diet

question

strategic value-

ethnocracy-

answer

importance of a place or thing for nations planning military actions

question

villagization-

apartheid-

answer

a political movement by which rural people are forced to move to towns and work on collective farms

formly in the Republic of South Africa, the policy of strict racial segregation

question

segregated-

sanctions-

answer

the separation of the races

actions taken by the international community to punish a country for unacceptable behaviors

question

Who was the first black president of South Africa?

answer

Nelson Mandela

question

enclave-

white flight-

answer

a country completely surrounded by another country

the departure of white people from a region

question

Chapter 28- Introduction to South Asia

sultanate-

answer

a state ruled by a sultan

question

nonaligned nations-

subcontinent-

answer

nations that adopted neutrality during the Cold War

question

What is the world's tallest mountain range?

What is the tallest mountain peak?

answer

The Himalayas in Nepal

Mt. Everest in the Himalayas

question

monsoons-

What country has bollywood?

answer

a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds that influences large climate regions

India

question

Chapter 29- The Countries of South Asia

Who was Mohandas Gandhi?

answer

later called Mahatma or Great Soul, led India to independence. Used nonviolent resistance against British injustice and boycotts of British cloth

question

nonviolent resistance-

boycott-

answer

the policy of opposing an enemy or oppressor by any means other than violence

to refuse to purchase or use a product or service as an expression of disapproval

question

partition-

reincarnation-

answer

a division into separate parts

the belief that the soul of a human being or animal goes through a series of births, deaths, and rebirths

question

caste sytem-

charpoy-

answer

a social hierarchy in which a person possesses a distinct rank in society that is determined by birth

a wooden bed frame with knotted string in place of a mattress

question

sari-

purdah-

answer

a brightly colored cloth, worn by many Indian women, that is draped over the body like a long dress

the practice among Hindu and Muslim women of covering the face with a veil when outside the home

question

joint family system-

hydroelectric power-

answer

In India, the custom of housing all members of an extended family together

electricity that is generated by moving water

question

embankment dam-

buffer state-

answer

^{a wall of soil and rock to hold back water}

^{a country that separates two hostile countries}

question

tornado-

storm surge-

answer

a funnel shaped cloud of violently rotating air

question

blizzard-

tropical cycloon

typhoon-

answer

a heavy snowfall accompanied by strong winds

a storm that originates over a tropical ocean and whirls around a low pressure center

destructive tropical storm that forms over the Pacific Ocean

question

Chapter 30- Introduction to East Asia and the Pacific World

concessions-

answer

a priviledge or exemption granted by a government

question

bullet train-

answer

a high- speed train

we studied about one in Japan

question

Chapter 31- China

spheres of influence-

answer

an area or country that is politically and economically dominated by, though not directly governed by, another country

question

The Long March-

answer

In China in the 1920's a split developed between the National Party and Communists. The Nationalist leader- Chiang Kai-shek disagreed and ordered the communists killed. the communists fled to south central China. In 1934, the Communists left their spot and started a year long northward journey called the Long March crossing 18 mountain ranges and 20 rivers over 6,000 miles and Mao Zedong became leader of the Communists

question

Mao Zedong-

Deng Xiaoping-

answer

First communist leader of China

Became the leader after Mao Zedong

question

light industry-

martial law-

answer

the production of small consumer goods such as clothing and appliances

question

What is the capital city of China?

answer

Beijing

question

What are the four geographical regions of China?

answer

The Northeast
The Southeast
The Northwest
The Southwest: Tibet (Xizang)

question

Where is the Gobi Desert?

answer

in China and Mongolia

question

What are the other names for the Huang He River?

answer

Yellow River
China's Sorrow

question

double cropping-

What is another river in China?

answer

in farming, growing more than one crop a year on the same land

Yangzi River

question

theocract-

Dalai Lama-

answer

someone who claims to rule by religious or divine authority

The leader of Tibet of Buddhist monks

question

autonomous region-

answer

a political unit with limited self-government

example of one is Tibet

question

ideograms-

Atheism-

answer

in written language, a character or symbol that represents an idea or thing
In Chinese stands for a word

the belief that God does not exist

question

acupuncture-

Tai Chi-

answer

the ancient Chinese practice of inserting fine needles at specific body points to cure disease or to ease pain

martial art and exercise performed by Chinese and other Asian peoples

question

provisional government-

exodus-

answer

a temporary government pending permanent arrangements

a mass migration from a region

question

Chapter 32- Japan and the Koreas

What is the capital city of Japan?

answer

Tokyo

question

seismographs-

capsule hotel-

answer

instruments that measure and record movement in the earth's crust

to save space in Japan, people rent tiny rooms stacked together called a capsule hotel

question

homogeneous-

answer

having a similar nature; uniform in structure or quality

question

imperialism-

militarism-

answer

the efforts to control weaker countries that are rich in natural resources.
Japan tried to do this

the glorification of the military and a readiness for war

question

downsize-

tariffs-

quotas-

answer

to fire an employee in order to reduce costs

a tax imposed by a government on imported goods

a fixed quantity

question

demilitarized zone-

answer

a strip of land on which troops or weapons are not allowed

Area between North and South Korea

question

proliferation-

answer

an increase in the number of something

question

Chapter 23- Southest Asia

barbarians-

answer

persons without manners or civilized customs

question

paddy-

indigenous-

answer

irrigated or flooded land on which rice is grown

native to or living naturally in an area or environment

question

insurgents-

What is the old name for the country Myanmar?

answer

people who rebel against their government

Burma

question

What 3 countries was once known as French Indochina?

answer

Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos

question

What country used to be known as the Dutch East Indies?

answer

Indonesia

question

heterogeneity-

answer

a lack of similarity

question

Chapter 34- The Pacific World and Antarctica

Australia

What are the original people from Australia called?

answer

Aborigines

question

lagoon-

answer

a shallow body of water separated from the sea by coral reefs or sandbars

question

outback-

What is Uluru? Also called Ayers Rock

answer

remote, sparsely settled, arid, rural country, especially the central and western plains and plateaus of Australia

sacred site to Aborgines, the world's largest monolith, or single stone located in the outback

question

artesian wells-

plankton-

answer

wells that are drilled deep enough to tap a layer of porous material filled with groundwater

microscopic floating organisms

question

Great Barrier Reef-

answer

a natural barrier made up of the bodies of living and dead coral- the largest coral reef in the world off the Sunshine coast (northeastern) of Australia

question

New Zealand-

answer

country made up of two islands, the north island and the south island, the capital city is Wellington. Other large cities are Auckland and Christchurch

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Capitan James Cook-

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In 1770 landed on the east coast of Australia and claimed it for Great Britain, became the first explorer to chart accurately the coast of New Zealand and the east coast of Australia

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Pacific Islands are divided into 3 groups-

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Micronesia
Melanesia
Polynesia

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Name 4 Pacific Islands-

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Hawaii
Fiji
Guam
Tahiti

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trust territories-

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a dependent colony or territory supervised by another country by commission of the United Nations

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Antarctica-

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one of the 7 continents. not owned by any one country. researchers from different countries share it

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crevasses-

ice shelves-

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a deep crack in glacial ice

a massive extension of glacial ice over the sea, often protruding hundreds of miles

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pack ice-

convergence zone-

krill-

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floating sea ice formed by a mix of icebergs with other ice formed in superchilled ocean waters

an area of severe storms where the frigid waters circulating around Antarctica meet the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans

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Antarctic Treaty-

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in 1961, 12 countries signed it agreeing to share the use of Antartica for reseach and not to do harmful things to the environment. In 1989, 28 more countries signed it

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