2.3.2-3.2.3 Test Review – Flashcards
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What is anemia?
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The lack of red blood cells in the body.
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Why do sickle cell patients tend to have anemia?
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The white blood cells try and attack sickle cells because of their irregular properties.
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hematocrit
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the percentage of red blood cells in the blood
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centrifuged
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An apparatus consisting essentially of a compartment spun about a central axis to separate contained materials of different specific gravities, or to separate colloidal particles suspended in a liquid.
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equation used to find hematocrit
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(height of red blood cells)/(total height of blood) * 100
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Phlebotomist
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people trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research
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Anna: symptoms of sickle cell
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symptoms: chest and leg pain, spleen complications, yellowish eyes, avascular necrosis (hip joint dying), crises
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Anna: benefit of treatment
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physical treatment, hip replacement (increased mobility, less pain)
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Anna: risks associated with treatment
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hydroxyurea (nauseous, tired, hair falls out, baby defects); hip replacement (major surgery, every ten years)
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Anna: biomed professionals
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hematologist and genetic counselor, doctor, surgeon, physical therapist
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Anna: lifestyle concerns
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increased risk of infection, hard to keep up with school, can't hang out with friends, self conscious, hospital/doctor visits, reduced mobility, medications, cold temperature, high altitude, bone problems in hip, hard to concentrate, taking toll on relationship
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4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements: symptoms of sickle cell
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symptoms: risk of infection, swelling in hands and feet, vision problems, pain
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4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements: benefits with treatment
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folic acid (increase red blood cells), antibiotics (help with infections)
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4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements: risks associated with treatment
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folic acid (fever, weakness, rashes, shortness of breath), antibiotics (may not work, might not help feel better, side effects)
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4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements: biomedical professionals involved
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hematologist, pediatrician
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4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements: lifestyle concerns
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miss pre-school and time with friends, hospital visits, impair learning
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7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy: symptoms of sickle cell
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symptoms: dizziness, shortness of breath, pain
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7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy: benefits with treatment
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lower risk of stroke, reduce amount of pain, increase red blood cell count and oxygen to body
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7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy: risks associated with treatment
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too many transfusions you can have a build up of iron, body rejects blood, risk of developing infections
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7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy: biomedical professionals involved
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hematologist, pediatrician
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7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy: lifestyle concerns
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miss school and time with friends
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15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplant: symptoms of sickle cell
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symptoms: dizziness, shortness of breath, pain in chest, crises, yellow eyes
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15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplant: benefits with treatment
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healthy bone marrow cells, get rid of disease
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15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplant: risks associated with treatment
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pain, chills, fever, hives, vomiting, extreme weakness
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15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplant: biomedical professionals involved
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hematologist, dietitian
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15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplant: lifestyle concerns
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can't go out with friends, miss school, no sports
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hematologist
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A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the blood
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collagen
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main structural protein of various connective tissues in animals
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amylase
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enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars
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hemoglobin
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protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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insulin
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allows glucose to be taken in by cells
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protein synthesis
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The RNA polymerase binds one of the DNA strands, reads the gene (starts at prometer region and ends at termination sequence), and creates the mRNA which are bases complimentary. This is called transcription. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and to the ribosome. The mRNA strand is read by the ribosome (composed of rRNA) three codons at a time. The tRNA with the correct anticodon binds into place. It has the correct amino acid attached to it. When the amino acids link up next to each other the bond an form a polypeptide chain. This is called transcription.
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codon
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sequence of three nucleotides
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What is the mutation that occurs with sickle cell anemia?
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substitution (point mutation)
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mutations
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a change in DNA's nuleotide sequence; their effects range from fatal to none
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The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule determines the sequence of ___ ____ in a protein.
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amino acids
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Hemoglobin has ____ subunits; it is made by combining two _-globin proteins with two _-globin proteins
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four; B (beta); a (alpha)
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all proteins are classified as...
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alpha (twisted ladder) helix or a beta pleated sheet (paper fan) (determined by the shape the proteins take after it has bended and folded)
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The sickle form of the hemoglobin gene is created when an _____ nucleotide is changed to a _____.
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adenine; thymine
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That single amino acid replacement in the B-globin protein alters the shape and the chemistry of the hemoglobin molecule, causing it to ......
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polymerize and distort the red blood cell into the sickle shape.
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Tay Sachs disease
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caused by a substitution mutation occurring in different proteins; the Tay Sachs disease mutation occurs in an enzyme in the brain; causes the protein to be useless sickle cell mutation occurs in hemoglobin; the mutation only decreases its ability to function
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hydrophilic
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likes water
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hydrophobic
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doesn't like water
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When a hydrophobic protein is in water it ____ however when it is in oil it ______.
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bunches up (because it tries to hide); spreads out
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Glutamic Acid
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hydrophilic, negative 6th amino acid of normal hemoglobin
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Valine
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hydrophobic, neutral 6th amino acid of sickle cell hemoglobin
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why the replacement of the glutamic acid by valine changes the way that molecules of β-globin interact with each other
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The change makes two parts of the surface of the hemoglobin hydrophobic. This makes it easy for hemoglobin molecules to stick to each other. In regular blood, the glutamic acid makes the molecule hydrophilic and allows it to operate normally.
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why the change in the way that molecules of B-globin interact with each other lead to the sickling of the red blood cells in sickle cell anemia
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The sickle blood cells are hydrophobic, and have a different shape than normal blood cells. This shape along with the hydrophobic properties allows the molecules to stick to each other. This sticking can lead to blood clots and more problems in the body.
