16.4 – The Inca – Flashcards
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From which locations did the empire stretch to?
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From Ecuador in north to Chile in south
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The size of the Incan Empire was...
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Largest empire ever seen in Americas
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What is the capital of the Incan Empire? (and where is it located)
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Cuzco in South Peru
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Where was the Incan Empire located?
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In South America
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What are the other ancient civilizations that established a tradition of high culture in Peru?
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Chavín, Moche, Nazca
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What did the Inca build an empire on (not physically speaking)?
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The Inca built an empire on cultural foundations thousands of years old
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Info about Huari and Tiahuanaco (including locations)
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The Huari and Tiahuanaco cultures of southern Peru and Bolivia that followed right after the other high-cultured ancient civilizations
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Who was the Chimú?
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Impressive civilization of the 1300s, that was based in northern coastal region once controlled by Moche
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Which region did the Inca extend their rule to?
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The Andean region
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What was the original location of the Inca?
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High Plateau of Andes
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Where did the Inca settle in?
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Valley of Cuzco (+ established their own kingdom in valley)
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Who was the Incan god that the Incans believed that the Incan ruler descended from?
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Inti - the Sun God
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What helped launch and unify the empire?
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Traditions and Beliefs
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What did Inti bring to the Incan ancestry?
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would bring greatness and prosperity to Incan ancestry
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Who did the Incas believe to be the descendants of the sun god?
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Only men from one of eleven noble ancestry believed to be descendants of the sun god
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What were the qualifications to become an Incan leader?
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Only men from one of eleven noble ancestry who believed to be descendants of the sun god
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Who was Pachacuti?
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A powerful and ambitious ruler who took throne in 1438, who led Inca to a lot of success/triumph
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What were some of the things Incans achieved with Pachacuti as their leader?
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Inca conquered all of Peru and then moved into neighbouring lands
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What was the Incan empire called?
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"Land of the Four Quarters"
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During Pachacuti's ruling, which coast was along the stretched-out Incan empire that?
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along Western coast of South America
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Describe the "Land of the Four Quarters"
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80 provinces, home to 16 million people
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How did Pachacuti and his successors accomplish feat of conquest?
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Through combination of diplomacy and military force
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What was a powerful part of the Inca?
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Military
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(True/False) Inca only used force when neccessary
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True, The Inca ONLY used force WHEN NECCESSARY
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(True/False) The Inca were NOT clever diplomats
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False, They WERE clever diplomats
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Before attacking, what did the Inca offer their enemy states?
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An honorable surrender
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What were the enemies of the Inca allowed to keep in exchange for loyalty?
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Customs and rulers
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(True/False) Many enemy states of the Inca gave up w/ no resistance
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True, Many enemy states of the Inca DID give up w/ no resistance (because the Inca offered a good deal)
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If an enemy's area was defeated, what did the Inca diligently do (after)?
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They made every effort to gain loyalty of the newly conquered people
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Facts about Pachacuti
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- 2nd son of Viracocha - When Cuzco was attacked in 1438, older brother fled city - Pachacuti drove off attackers - Proclaimed himself ruler
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What was Pachacuti's nickname(s)?
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"World Transformer" and "Earthshaker"
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How did the Rulers of Inca divide the territory? Who governed the territory?
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Rulers divided territory and its people to manageable units that was governed by central bureaucracy
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What (kind of) system(s) did the Inca create to support the empire?
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- created efficient economic system to support empire - road system
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What was the official language of the empire?
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Quechua
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What did the Incans make their schools teach?
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The Incan ways
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How were the social groups identified?
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BY officially dictated patterns on clothing
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Why did the Inca build (more) many cities in conquered areas?
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For more control
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How were the architecture of government buildings? (+reason why they were like that)
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They were all the same to show apparency of government
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What was another name of Cuzco?
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"The Heart of Incan Empire"
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Describe Cuzco (Cuzco was the city of...)
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city of temples, plazas and palaces
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What did Cieza de Leon say about Cuzco?
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- grand and stately - fine streets, houses of solid stones beautifully joined
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What were the Incans masters at? (and who were they like?-- speaking in the context of the subjects mastered)
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at enginnering and stone masoning (like the Romans)
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(True/False) The Incans used iron tools and the wheel
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False, The Incans did NOT use iron tools nor the wheel
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(True/False) The Incan builders used mortar
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False, There was NO mortar use, everything fit together perfectly
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What did Incan builders do to huge blocks of stone?
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They carved and transported huge blocks of stone
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(True/False) Many Incan walls exist today, not disturbed by region's frequent earthquakes
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True, Many Incan walls exist today, not disturbed by region's frequent earthquakes
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Who had the control of the economic and social life in the Incan Empire?
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The state had the control
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What did the government control in terms of economic activity?
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they controlled regulation of production and distribution of goods
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(True/False) The Incans allowed little private commerce or trade, unlike the Maya and the Aztecs
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True, The Incans allowed little private commerce or trade
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What was the social system of the Inca based on?
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It was based on an age-old form of community cooperation (AYLLU)
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What was an ayllu?
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an extended family group, that undertook tasks too big for a single family
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What did an ayllu cut and build in the Empire? [hint: related to agriculture]
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- built irrigation canals - cut agricultural terraces into steep hillsides
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What did allyu store to distribute among members during hard times?
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food and other supplies necessary for human survival
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What system was the ayllu structure, that was incorporated into the governing system, based off of?
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the decimal system
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what kind of number grouping existed to form an ayllu?
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divided into groups of 10, 100, 1000 and 10000
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Who led an ayllu?
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the chief - he was part of chain command
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Where did the chain (command) stretch to and from?
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From the community and regional levels all the way to Cuzco
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Where did Incan rulers and his council of state hold court?
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In Cuzco
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(True/False) Local administration responsible to local rulers
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True, Local administration was responsible to local rulers
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(True/False) The conquered villages allowed to continue their traditional ways
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True, the villages were allowed to continue their traditional ways
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What happened to resistants of the Incan government?
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- The Inca relocated them to a new territory - resistors under control of rulers who were picked by government in Cuzco
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How did the subjects pay tribute?
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Usually in form of labor
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What was mita? [Explain thoroughly]
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- labor tribute - allowed all able-bodied citizens to work for state a certain number of days every year
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What did Mila workers do exactly? (and where?)
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- labor on state farmlands - produce craft goods for state warehouses - help with public works projects
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What systems were the Incan system compared to?
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Type of socialism or/and modern welfare state
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What did the citizens get in return if they worked for the state?
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They received care (they were cared for in return)
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(True/False) The aged and disabled were cared for by the state
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True, the aged and disabled were cared for by the state
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What was mainly stored in huge government warehouses for distribution during food shortages that prevented starvation during bad harvests?
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Chuño - freeze-dried potatoes
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What was the most spectacular project of the Inca?
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The Incan Road System
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What did the Incan road system symbolize?
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It symbolized the power of the Incan state
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What was the Incan road system? [Where did the road system go through? Like what types of surfaces/locations]
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14,000 mile-long network of roads and bridges extended throughout empire (through rugged mountains and harsh deserts)
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What was the Incan road made out of and what kind of paths did it have?
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Paved stone and simple paths
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What did the Inca build along the roads to provide shelter for weary travelers?
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guesthouses
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What was the cahsquis
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System of runners that traveled roads like postal service to carry messages from one end of empire to the other
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How did the road system help troops?
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The road system allowed easy movement of troops to stop trouble in certain areas of the empire
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[True/False] The Incans had a writing system
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False, No they did not have a writing system
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What did the Incans memorize?
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History and Literature (it was oral tradition)
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What was the quipu?
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- set of knotted strings that could be used to record data - was also used for accounting device - used for numerical info
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What did the knots and their position of the quipu indicate?
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Numbers
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[True/False] Colors of strings represented different categories of info. important to gov.
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True, Red=East; Black=West, White=North, Yellow=South; Green=Center
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[Some historians believe] Explain the Inca's calendar.
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- Detailed/complicated calendar system w/ 2 types of calendars - One calendar for night, and one for day - It was primarily for religious purposes - It had info on which god ruled the day and time [like Maya and Aztecs]
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[True/False] Religion helped reinforce power of the state
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True, Religion helped reinforce power of the state.
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What were the key nature spirits?
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The moons, the stars, the thunder
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What was the term for when the Inca saw patterns of human & human and human & Earth relation?
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Balance of nature
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Who was the primary Incan god?
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Viracocha
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Who was the secondly-important Incan god?
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Inti
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[True/False] An Incan ruler considered descendant of Iuti so sun worship equaled worship of the king
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True, an Incan ruler was considered descendant of luti so sun worship equaled worship of the king
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What did Incan priests lead?
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Priests led sun-worship services
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Explain the people involved in the sun-worship services.
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-Priests assisted by young women, who were unmarried women drafted by Inca for lifetime of religious ervice
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What were young women called?
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Mamakuna
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What were mamakuna trained in?
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Religious activities as teachers, spinners, weavers and beer makers
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What were young men called?
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Yamakuna
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Describe young men in religious positions.
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- served as full-time workers for state and in reliigous activities
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What was part of religious activities?
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Sacrifice of llamas and exchange of goods
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What was distributed to the people as gifts from the gods?
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Goods distributed to people as gifts from the gods
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What was the Temple of the Sun?
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It was the most important shrine of all Incan Shrine, and it is located in Cuzco
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What is the Temple of the Sun decorated in?
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It is decorated in gold
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What is the Incan reference that relates to the gold deco of the Temple of the Sun?
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"sweat of the sun"
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What did the temples have?
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- Garden with plants - Animals crafted from (only) gold and silver
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[True/False] Cuzco was the most non-religious capital of the Incan Empire
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False, Cuzco was was the most religious capital of the Incan Empire
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What was the Machu Picchu?
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- Religious center or estate of Pachacuti - or retreat for Incan rulers or the nobility
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What did the Machu Picchu have?
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Sun temple, public buildings and central plaza
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What/When was the "height of glory"?
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Reign of Huayna Capac (early 1500s)
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Huayana's death
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- tour of Ecuador - received gift box in Quito - butterflies and moths flew out = bad omen - died of disease few weeks later
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Who took over as leader after death of Huayna? [in detail]
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his sons: Atahualpa and Huascar -Atahualpa: Ecuador (1/5 of Empire) -Rest to Huascar
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Why did a civil war take place?
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- dual leadership of Atahualpa and Huascar worked at first, but then Atahualpa claimed that he has full ownership and Atahualpa won and tore the empire apart
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Who arrived during the last days of the civil war and took advantage of the Incan weakness and divided and conquered the empire?
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The Spanish
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What was the word "Inca" the name of?
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The name of the ruling family
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The Inca Road System had a relation to the locations of ___________________________ and ___________________________
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of Pacific coast and Andes Mt.
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Which two crops were the most important and used often?
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Quinoa and Corn (=important)
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How were dead Incan rulers treated?
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- kings worshipped (even) after death - they were kept in special chambers: they were still taken to religious activities
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Describe Mummies
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- had rights - owned property - kept wealth
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Who "found: Machu Picchu?
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Hiram Bingham
