12th Century Europe – Flashcards
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Pope St. Gregory VII
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Gregory VII was the pope from April 1073 to his death in 1085. One of the great reforming popes, he's perhaps best know for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV.
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Friar
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A member of a certain religious groups made of men, especially the four mendicant orders.
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St. Dominic
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Saint Dominic also known as Dominic and Osma of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Gazaman.
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Dominic de Gazman
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The patron saint of astronomers. Dominic was born in Calerugea, halfway between Osma and Aranda de Duero in Spain.
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St. Francis of Assis
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Saint Francis of Assis, born in Giovani di Pietro di Berrardone, informally named as Francesco, was an Italian Roman Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the Men's Order of friar.
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Scholosicism
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The system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and writings of the church.
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Charter
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Urban population grows in result better jobs. In some towns, the merchants had a charter, or privileges. Many towns used theirs to have fairs.
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Guilds
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Guilds formed among merchants and the various groups (goldsmiths, coppers, weavers, etc). Guilds established standout for networking and organizing and preparation.
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Barrel Vaults
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Long rounded ceilings found in romanesque churches. These ceilings needed huge pillars and thick walls to hold them up. Windows were small and set back, they let in little light
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Gothic Architecture
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Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches.
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Flying Buttress
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A buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch
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Stained-glass windows
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Although they are considered to be beautiful works of art and decoration today, during the Middle Ages they told stories form the Bible in pictures because most people could to read.
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Tapestry
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A wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric with pictorial designs.
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Reliquary
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A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints).
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Illuminated Manuscripts
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A handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals.
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Clovis
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5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity.
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Hugh Capet
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King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996).
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Phillip the 2nd
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First to be called king of France. Conquered most of the land in western France that was ruled by England.
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Battle of Bouvines
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The triumph of Philip the 2nd and Augustus of France went against King John of England, even though John was not present at the battle. Philip has seized much of John's French lands, and in an attempt to recover them, John, and his ally Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, joined to invade France.
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Louis IX (Saint Louis)
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Reigned 1226-1270. Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts; declared only king could mint coins; banned private warfare; weakened feudal ties; made into a saint for his chivalrous behavior.
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Sainte-Chapelle
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The chapel of the palace which leads to king's apartment. It was built for King Louis IX and for relics; the church itself is like a reliquary. It's a prime example of the Radiant of the High Gothic age; much smaller, no sense of verticality. No flying buttresses because it is not as tall. It has the projections, recessions, transparency of walls. 90 percent of the interior walls are glass. Blue and gold paint which represents french monarchy.
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Phillip IV
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King of France who argued with the pope. He kidnapped Pope Boniface after he said that "All kings must obey the Pope."
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Estates General
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France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
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Pope Boniface VII
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A notoriously corrupt pope who reigned from 1294 to 1303, Boniface made a concerted attempt to increase the political might of the Catholic Church and was thus a political enemy of Dante, who advocated a separation of church and state.
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Romanesque
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Architecture with thick walls, small windows, dark interiors
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Barrel Vaults
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Long rounded ceilings found in romanesque churches. These ceilings needed huge pillars and thick walls to hold them up. Windows were small and set back, they let in little light
