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the two main reasons for settling the british colonies were

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religious freedom and money

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the three sections of american colonies developed differently:

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new england's economy focused on shipping, trading and manufacturing middle colonies were known as the "bread basket" because they grew grains, wheat and corn southern colonies focused on sash crop (tobacco indigo rice and cotton) farming for their economy

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mercantilism is the idea that

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a country increases its wealth through trade and the development of of colonies.

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establishing a favorable balance of trade is

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where exports are greater than imports and increases wealth

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england issued a number of laws regulating trade called

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Navigation Acts

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triangular trade route connected

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england, colonies, and africa and included the middle passage

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maryland act o of toleration was

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the first document to establish freedom of religion for all christians in the colonies

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the mayflower compact established

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self rule for the pilgrims in massachusetts with direct democracy in town meetings

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the virginia house of burgesses was

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the first representative legislative body in the colonies

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the fundamental orders of connecticut was

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the first written colonial constitution

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the John Peter Zenger trial

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established freedom of the Press in the colonies

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the French and INdian War

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caused england to raise taxes in the colonies, which caused boycotts and riots and an outcry of "no taxation without representation; boston tea party

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england passed the coercive acts (intolerable acts) which led to...

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the battles of concord and lexington and the shot heard around the world

question

Thomas jefferson's declaration of independence...

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signed by the second continental congress, explained to the king why the colonies were breaking away. influenced by theories of JOHN LOCKE, NATURAL RIGHTS and idea of social contract where govt should protect the rights of citizens

question

thomas pain wrote

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common sense which helped unify the colonies to fight england and seek independence

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the articles of confederation was...

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the fist government of the new US created during the american revolution.

question

AOC weaknesses:

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no national judiciary, no common currency, and no chief executive, no power to tax.

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shays rebellion

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illustrated that the government under the AOC was too weak for america.

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a constitutional convention was called to

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revise the AOC.

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the virginia plan

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wanted representation in congress to be decided by a state's population (house of representatives)

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the new jersy plan wanted

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representation in congress to be based equally for each state (like senate)

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the Great compromise (connecticut compromise)

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settled the conflict and combined the virigina plan and the new jersey plan and created a bicameral congress

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3/5 compromise

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meant that 3 out of every five slaves would count toward taxation and representation

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federalists supported

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the ratification of the constitution and the stronger national government that it created

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anti-federalists supported

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a constitution only if it contained the bill of rights, and felt that the states should have more power

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anarcy means

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no law

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absolute monarchy means

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a king or queen holds all the power,

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constitutional monarchy

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limits the power of the monarch

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autocracy

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is government with a single person having complete control (dictatorship)

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preamble of the constitution

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states the purpose of our government

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four major principles of constitution

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popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers and federalism

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the legislative branch

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makes the laws

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executive branch

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administers the laws

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the judicial branch

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interprets the laws

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a bill mus

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pass in both houses of congress ot become a law

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steps of bill becoming a law

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1. introduced 2. sent to committe 3. returned to the floor for debate and vote 4.sent to a conference committee to iron out differences in the two version. (created in HoR and senate) 5. sent to present to be vetoed or ratified 6. if vetoed, can still be passed by a 2/3'ds vote in both houses to override the president's veto

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all appropriations bills must start in

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the house of representatives

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judicial review

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the power of the courts to declare acts of the other branches of government unconstitutional

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things that help the president

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the executive office of the president, the cabinet, and the executive agencies.

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expressed powers (enumerrated)

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written in the constution and for federal govt

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implied powers are

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suggested

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concurrent powers

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shared by federal and state

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reserved powers

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the powers kept by the states

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congress has the power

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to declare war

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the house of representatives has the power to

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impeach officials, put them on trial, and can approve presidential ppointments and treaties propoesd by the president

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the president serves a veriety of roles:

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commander in chief, chief diplomat, chief executive, party leader, legislative leader, chief of state, judicial leader

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check and balance occurs

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when one branch can liimit what the other branch does

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the alrgest source of revenue for NC's budget is

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income tax

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its greatest expenditure is

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education

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the governer is the

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chief executive of teh state and has the power of line item veto

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goerno does not have

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diplomatic power

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rrequirements for the office of governor

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US citizen for 5 years, 30 years old. 2 consecutive terms

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most effective way for citizens to influence government decision making

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letter writing

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the legislative body of the state is called the

answer

general assembly

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the legislative body of the county is called the

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board of commissioners

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NC supreme court has;

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chief justic and six associate jjustices who are elected to 8 year terms.

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two landmark decisions by the NC supreme court were

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state v. mann (slaves were property and leandro v. NC (sound education for all)

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annexation

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when a city adds more land to its boundaries to expand its tax base and its services

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political spectrum:

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left=liberal, right=conservative. levels from left to right: radical, liberal, moderate, conservative, reactionary

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the majority of private funding for a candidate when running for election comes from:

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PAC's

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propaganda techniques

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glittering generalities, bandwagon, stacked cards, name calling, just plain folks

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national convention is for

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a political party to name its candidate for president and vp and adopt the platform

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a recall election is when

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the citizens of a state remove an official from office before the end of their term

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the difference between arbitration and mediation is that

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while both have third parties who listen to both sides of an argument, a mediator makes recommendations while an arbitrator's solution is binding

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a plurality means that

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a candidate received the most votes

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simple majority is

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one more than half of the votes

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four methods of solving conflicts are;

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compromis, debate, negotiation and consensus

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jurisdiction is the

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area of control

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court levels

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supreme court, appellate courts, district courts,

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steps to a trial

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arrest, preliminary hearing, indictment, arraignment, trial, sentence

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juvenile justice system goal

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rehabilitation

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grand jury vs petit jury

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grand jury decides if there is enough evidence t oindict the defendant,

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petit jury decides

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guilt or innocence during the trial phase

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english common law

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had biggest impact on American system of justic

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influences on american law

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10 commandments, code of hammurabi, magna carta, roman law,

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common (civil) law

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deals with disputes between people. family law, law suits, and contract disputes

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criminal (statutory) law

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takes effect when a law or state statute is broken. local laws called ordinances

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administrative law

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a law created and enforced by a government agency (FDA, FCC, CPSC)

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constitutional law

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when a part of the constitution is broken

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law enforcement agencyies

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FBI, State Troopers, State bureau of investigation, sherriff, police.restitution

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a punishment where

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the convited party must pay money to the victim

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retribution

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idea that someone who does something wrong deserves punishment

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recidivism

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repeat offenders

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a deterrent is

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something that stops someone from acting

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scarcity

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the result of unlimited wants with limited resources

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four factors of production

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natural resources, labor, capital, entrepreneurship. factor market

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human capital

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education and training invested in workers

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division of labor

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increases productivity by assinging specialized tasks to the workers

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law of diminishing returns

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states that s you add a factor of production, productivity increases, but only to a point and then it begins to decrease.

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trade-offs are

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all arternative choices when making a decision

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oppportunity cost

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what you give up when you make a choice, the BEST alternative given up in making a decision

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comparative advantage

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when one country chooses to produce based on lowest opportunity cost

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three basic economic questions

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what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce

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traditional economy

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relies on custom and ritual to decide questions of production and consumption

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command economy

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questions are answered by government through a central planning agency

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in a market economy,

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decisions of production and consumption are based on consumer sovereignty

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mixed economies

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share characteristics of each of the three types of economic systems

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circular flow chart shows

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the interdependent relationship of housholds and firms , where money and goods and services are exchanged in the product pmarket, and labor and money are exchanged in the factor market.

question

sole proprietorship

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one owner boss, gets all profits, has unlimited liability

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partnership

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two or more owners who share decisions and work ,but also has unlimited liability

question

corporation

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an entity with ownership through stock and therefore has limited liability, but is double taxed

question

franchise

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a semi-independent company that pays fees and receives services from a parent company

question

perfect competition

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a market where many small companies produce the same product and are price takers

question

monopoly

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where one company dominates the market and is therefore a price setter

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oligopoly

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where a few large companies control the market

question

monopolistic competition

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has many small companies with differentiated products t oget some price control

question

Gross domestic product

answer

a measure of production of final goods in one year in a country

question

expansionary policy

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increas government spending and or decreas taxes and or increase transfer payments

question

inflation

answer

prices going up

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consumer price index

answer

measures inflation

question

federal reserve

answer

can control the money supply more directly through regulation of banks, called monetary policy

question

signs of bad economy:

answer

fed initiates a loose monetary policy, lower the required reserve, or loer teh discount rate, or sell government bonds.

question

to fight high level of inflation, the fed might initiate a

answer

tight monetary poicy,

question

functions of money:

answer

medium of exchange, store of value, account of value

question

FDIC

answer

insures all deposits up to 100,000 dolllars

question

North American free trade agreement

answer

goal t oreduce trade barriers

question

tariff

answer

a tax on imported goods

question

quota

answer

a limit on how much can be imported

question

unfavorable balance of trade

answer

something the US has with many countries meaning it imports more than it exports

101 civics and economics things to know – Flashcards

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