10.2 10.3 10.4 – Flashcards
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The unique identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.
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Nationalism
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When a nation had its own independent government it became a nation-state: defends nation territory/way of life.
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Nation-state
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United group of people, religion, leader, race, culture, tradition, holidays, language, etc.. Example: native americans, palestine
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Nation
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A country ( australia, ethiopia...) own a government, creates own laws (independent) and borders.
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State
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Favored obedience to political authority, believed religion was crucial to keep order in society , they hated revolutions and didn't accept demands from people who wanted individual right, representative governmeant,- little to no change "old ways"
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Conservatives
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Believed that most people should be as free as possible fro, government restraint and that civil liberties- the basic rights of all people-should be proteted. Freedom to most/some change.
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Liberals
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A political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change. Freedom to all. Lots of change.
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Radicals
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The act,process,or result of making into coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified. Examples: Italian state of Piedmont for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy.
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Unification
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Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tried to break away. Examples: Greeks in ottoman empire and French speaking canadians.
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Separation
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Culturally distinct groups formed into a new state by accepting a single culture. Created something out of nothing. Examples: United States and Turkey.
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State-Building
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Because they don't want their country to see what's happening because if they did then they might think about rebelling.
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Why do leaders of powerful countries oppose revolution even when not directed against them?
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A political philosophy based on the ideas that people should be as free as possible from government restraint, civil liberties- the basic rights of all people- should be protected.
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Liberalism
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A respect for the unique identity of a people based on common language,religion,and symbols.
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What political goal did nationalism embrace?
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Rights of all people should be protected.
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What were some of the civil liberties that liberals wanted to protect?
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1830: France, Belgium, Poland, Italy 1848: France, Germany, Italy, Austria
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Governments/Countries in power
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1830: Nationalists and Liberals 1848: Radicals (France) and Liberals (Germany, Austria, and Italy)
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Groups Revolting
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Positive: Belgium (independent state), France (constitutional monarchy) Negative: Poland (crushed by Russia), Italy (stopped by Austria)
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Outcomes
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They could have some rights but not all and still have a leader that set things in order.
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Why do you think liberals in France supported a constitutional monarchy in 1830?
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Liberals wanted the rights to vote so they overthrew Charles X and established a constitutional monarchy.
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In what ways were liberalism and nationalism causes for the revolutions of the 1830s in Europe?
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Because he was the nephew of the famous French Ruler.
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Why do you think Louis-Napoleon won a huge victory in the first presidential election of the Second Republic?
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To fulfill the liberals and nationalists dreams. The preperation of a constitution for a new united Germany. Proposed a German state with a parliamentary government and a hereditary emperor ruling under a limited monarchy.
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What was the purpose of the Frankfurt Assembly?
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Lacked military power=Empire was a strong army Failed to work together. Too many small groups.
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Why do you think the 1848 revolutions in the Austrian Emperor failed?
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If they are small it would be harder to protect themselves. But if they became larger/became one, then they will have a better chance on protecting themselves.
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Why would Italy's history have convinced Mazzini of the need for national unity?
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France had already experienced revolutions so people knew what to expect and were more accepting of change.
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Why might the 1848 revolution have been successful in France but not in other countries?
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Nationalities everywhere revolted in pursuit of self government. Liberals were divided over their goals and the conservative rule was established
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How did Liberalism and Nationalism present a challenge to conservatism in Europe during the 1830s and 1840s
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Nationalist interests within the states eclipse desires for unification. Separate states remain.
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Outcomes of the 1848 revolutions (Italian States)
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The monarchy ends, but promises of reform are not totally realized.
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Outcomes of the 1848 revolutions (France)
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Liberal constitutions lose supporters and states return to absolute monarchy.
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Outcomes of the 1848 revolutions (German States)
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Despite some liberal gains, the emperor ultimately dismisses the legislature.
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Outcomes of the 1848 revolutions (Austrian Emperor)
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Peninsulares: People who were born in spain. Tiny percent of people. They could only hold high office.
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Social class chart: at the top
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Creoles: People who were born in Latin America. They could not hold high office but could rise as officers in spanish colonial armies.
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Social class chart: 2nd from top
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Mestizos: People of mixed European/Indian.
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Social class chart: 3rd from top
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Mulattos: People of mixed European/African.
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Social class chart: 4th from top
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Enslaved Africans
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Social class chart: 2nd to last
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Natives
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Social class chart: last
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Largest: Indians Smallest: Peninsulares
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What were the largest and smallest groups in society?
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6,958,000 more Indians
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How many more Indians were in Spanish society than Africans?
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Led more than 100,000 enslaved people to revolt. They seized control of all Hispaniola.
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Venezuela member of the Creole Elite, hailed as the "Liberators of South America."
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Simon Bolivar
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Argentina member of the Creole Elite, hailed as the "Liberators of South America."
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Jose de San Martin
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First real hero of Mexican Independence. A parished priest who lived in a village about 100 miles away from Mexico City.
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Miguel Hidalgo
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Held revolts in mexico
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Jose Maria Morelos
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A selected Creole military leader to set up a new government
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Augustin de Iturbide
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Disastrous rule followed by a period of reform from 1855-1876
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General Santa Anna
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Brought liberal reforms to mexico including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor and an education system for all of mexico.
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Benito Juarez
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To be free, Brutal treatment, wanted to govern themselves
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Why did the slaves in the French colony of Saint Domingue revolt?
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Money from sugar
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Why did French not want to lose the Haiti?
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-Rebels were local Native Americans and mestizos -Led by parish priest who had studied the French Revolution -Rebels were not prepared, and Mexico's conservative elite helped defeat them
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Hidalgo's Revolution
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-Rebels were Creoles and Peninsulares, the conservative elite -Led by Creole military leader chosen by conservatives -Mexico became and independent monarchy in 1821 and, after 1823, a republic
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Iturbide's Revolution
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Mestizos: Thy wanted to free themselves from the spanish Creoles: Controlled land and business and were attracted to the principles of equality of all people in the eyes of law, free trade, and a free press. Natives: Conditions and enlightenment ideas
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What role did natives, mestizos, and creoles play in Mexico's Independence?
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Believed that they should be free from Spanish Rule led by multiple revolutions across the continent 14 years freed 8 countries.
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How did San Martin Bolivar earn the names"Liberators of the South?"
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Peru
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In which country was the colonial power so strong that it took the combined efforts of these revolutionaries to achieve independence?
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Wars resulted in many deaths and heavy loses and Border disputes between new colonies.
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What were three challenges that accompanied independence in Latin America?
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In post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite.
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Who were the Caudillos?
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Santa Anna: Used force, miss used funds, halted reforms, crushed chaos Juarez(Hero): Liberal president, gave lots to the poor, Religious, created education
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How were Santa Anna and Juarez different in their ways of leadership and use of power?
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Land still based on wealth, most did not own land so could not make basic food, and poverty was widespread.
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In what ways was society not equitable in Latin American countries after their independence?
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Prussia dominated all of northern Germany.Taking advantage of the situation, Bismarck pushed the French into declaring war on Prussia. Prussia won. German states agreed to enter the Northern German Confederation. The Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army had achieved German Unity.
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How did the Prussians help the germans achieve unification after the Frankfurt Assembly?
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Parliament wanted monarchs to have no more power so that they could become more democratic.
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What can you infer from the liberal parliament's refusal to provide money for Wilhelm I's reforms.
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A system of politics based on a country's situation and its needs rather than on ideas about what is morally right and wrong.
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What is a realpolitik's
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Bismarck said that Austria was going to start a war. He them started a war to show dominance of Germany. Wanted German power stronger.
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How did Bismarck's provocation of war with Austria demonstrate realpolitik's?
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Strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class
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Junker
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He twisted his words and told lies to achieve his goals. He stirred up conflicts to start wars. He didn't consult with his rivals he just did it.
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How was Bismarck's approach to achieving his goals different?
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After defeating Denmark with the help of Austria in 1864, Prussia gained control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
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War with Denmark-leading to German unification
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Prussian victory and the exclusion of Austria from Germany.
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Seven Weeks War-leading to German unification
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Conflict came from the tension cause by the German Unification
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Franco-Prussian War-leading to German unification
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-Southern wanted access to the southern parts -Russia invaded the turkish provinces of Moldavia and Walachia in 1853 -The Ottoman turks declared war on Russia -Great Britain France and Austria sided with the Turks -Russia was defeated in 1856 -Russia and Austria became enemies and the concert of Europe was destroyed.
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Actions of the Crimean War
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This expansion would allow Russia ships to sail through the Dardanelles, the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
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What did Russia ultimately hope to achieve by expanding into Ottoman lands in the Balkans?
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A defeated and humiliated Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years. Italy and Germany pushed for unification.
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How did the Crimean War mark the end of the Concert of Europe?
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-Pushed for the economic growth to build a sturdy army -Alliance with the France to gain strength -Provided Austrian into War to gin territory
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What steps did the Piedmont's Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour take in order to prepare for and begin war with Austria?
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Pursued a policy of economic growth in order to equip a large army. Made alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon because he knew his army(Piedmont) was not strong enough to defeat the Austrians. Provoked the Austrians into declaring war(1859)
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Camillo di Cavour- Help unify Italy
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Italian Leader, Raised an army of thousands volunteers. His forces landed in Sicily and by the end of July 1860, controlled most of the island. Later he crossed over to the mainland and began a victorious march up the Italian Peninsula. The kingdom of Two Sicilies fell. He then chose to turn over his conquest to the Piedmont.
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Giuseppe Garibaldi- Help unify Italy
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King of Italy, claimed the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania.
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King Victor Emmanuel- Help unify Italy
