WWI and Russian Revolution Study Guide – Flashcards
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Militarism
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a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests
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Imperialism
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a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries
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Alliance
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the act of forming an alliance or confederation
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Triple Alliance
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Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry
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Nationalism
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love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
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Triple Entente
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An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
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Immediate cause of WWI
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Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.
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Gavril Princip
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Serbian nationalist who killed Archduke Ferdinand
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June 28, 1914
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assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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July 28, 1914
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Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
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Wilhelm II
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grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918
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Blank Check
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Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia
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Schliffen Plan
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German plan for quick defeat of France through Belgium
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Central Powers
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in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
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Allied Powers
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Great Britain, France, Russia
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Trench Warfare
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War from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas
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Machine Gun
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introduced in WWI and fires bullets rapidly
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Barbed Wire
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strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage
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Large Cannons
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artillery that caused the most casualties in wwi
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Paris Guns
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What German rail guns of WWI had a range of over 70 miles?
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Dirigibles
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Zeppelins, or any aircraft that flew over in the air so that they drop bombs and burn down cities
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Fixed Winged Airplanes
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Purpose- to attack beyond the range of artillery and spy on the enemy Affect- dog fights and air forces started
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Submarines
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U-boats, Germans used them most effectively against the British navy
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Flame Throwers
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first used by germany on western front october 1914
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Poison Gas
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a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact
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Chlorine Gas
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Used by Germans at Ypres, destroy respiratory system, leading to slow death. Alies used masks made of cotton pads soaked with urine for protection. Gas maksed were made in the 1915s
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Phosgene Gas
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• Germany developed it • Colorless, tasteless, smells like freshly cut grass or moldy hay • Twice as deadly as chlorine gas • It takes up to 24 hours for symptoms to show, so more can be breathed in, and it forms hydrochloric acid when it mixes with mucus.
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Mustard Gas
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a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs
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Tank
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a large (usually metallic) vessel for holding gases or liquids
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Total War
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a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
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War of Attrition
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a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
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Rationing
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a system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price
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Propaganda
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information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
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Women at war
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took over runnoing farms/some traveled with army to cook/wash/nursing the wonded
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The Western Front
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The fighting between the border's of Germany, Belgium, and France as characterized of two lines of trenches extending from the English Channel to Switzerland.
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Battle of the Marne
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a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918
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London Pact
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a secret pact between italy and the tripple entente to leave the triple alliance
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Battle of Caporetto
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battle of World War I (1917)
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Battle of Verdun
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a battle in World War I (1916)
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Battle of the Somme
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battle in World War I (1916)
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Third Battle of Ypres
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battle in World War I (1917)
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The Eastern Front
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fighting on the borders between Germany & Austria Hungary and Russia
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Battle of Tannenberg
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This battle was a German victory against the Russian, the Russians were crushed
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Battle of Masurian Lakes
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German victory that forced Russians to retreat from German territory
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The Gallipoli Campaign
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attempt by the British to open a front on the Balkan peninsula by attacking the Ottoman Turks
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Armenian Massacre
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mass slaughter of Armenians in Ottoman Empire
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Japanese enter the war
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declared war on Germany as part of a military agreement with great britian
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Causes of the Russian Revolution
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a) Previous defeat in the Russo-Japanese War b) Landless peasants c) incompetent leadership d)Many defeats and casualties during WW I
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Czar Nicholas II
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Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)
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Czarina Alexandra
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czar Nicholas II's wife, believed anything Rasputin would say because she believed he was healing her son
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Rasputin
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Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II
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Alexis
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Peter the Great's son; killed by torture; his death plunged Russia into a succession crisis in 1725
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March Revolution (February Revolution) 1917
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-factory workers strike -women demanded food -guard refuse to fire -Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate
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Mensheviks
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the smaller and more moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party before WWI
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Bolsheviks
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Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian government during WWI
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V.I. Lenin
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led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia
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November Revolution (October Revolution) 1917
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red gaurd joined russian sailors in attacking mensheviks in st petersburg
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Reforms made by Lenin
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capital from st petersburg to moscow, redistribution of land, workers given control of mines and factories
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war.
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
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A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters
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Neutral Nation
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A nation that has a policy against fighting in wars
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Sinking of Lusitania
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When German submarines sunk an unarmed British ship killing 139 Americans
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Zimmerman Note
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German proposal of a German Mexican alliance, promising the return of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona
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Woodrow Wilson
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28th President of the United States
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November 11, 1918
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day that Germany signed Armistice ending WWI
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Treaty of Versailles
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the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
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Germany Loses Territories
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- return land to France and Russia and other German land were taken to form Poland and other German colonies were given to other world power
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Reparations
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payment for damages after a war
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Disarmament
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act of reducing or depriving of arms
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War Guilt Clause
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in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
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George Clemenceau
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French premier that lived through 2 German invasions of France and was determined to prevent future invasions
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David Lloyd George
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He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
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Fourteen Points
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Woodrow Wilson's plan put before the League of Nations to prevent future war.
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League of Nations
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an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
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Impact of the Treaty of Versailles
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The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to an increase in Germany's desire to regain its power and prestige.
