WPUNJ AP1 Chapter 2 – Leonard – Flashcards
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| All living things are composed of ______. |
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| matter |
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| Define: Matter |
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| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| Matter exits in what 3 states? |
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| solid, liquid, gas |
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| Define: Weight |
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| force of gravity acting on mass |
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| Define: Energy |
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| capacity to do work |
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| What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state? |
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| Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; instead it remains constant |
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| What are 2 types of energy? |
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| Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy |
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| Define: Kinetic Energy |
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| energy of motion |
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| Define: Potential Energy |
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| inactive or stored energy |
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| 5 Forms of Energy |
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| Radiant, Heat, Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical |
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| What is Radiant Energy? |
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| energy that travels in waves (micro, light, UV, x-rays) |
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| What is Electrical Energy? |
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| energy resulting from the flow of charged particles (electricity powering computer/heart) |
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| What is Heat Energy? |
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| energy transferred from one object to another due to difference in temperature (cooling) |
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| What is Chemical Energy? |
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| energy released or used in the process of destroying or forming chemicals |
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| What is Mechanical Energy? |
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| energy used to move mass |
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| When is Mechanical Energy Potential / Kinetic? |
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| Potential: object is still. Kinetic: object is moving |
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| What are the building blocks of all forms of matter? |
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| chemical elements |
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| How many elements exist? How many are naturally occurring? How many occur in the human body? |
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| 112, 92, 26 |
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| What elements make up 96% of human body mass? |
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| CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
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| The smallest unit of matter? |
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| an atom |
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| Fill in the blank: A(n) ___(A)___ is a quantity of ____(B)____ composed of ___(C)___ of the same type. |
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| A: Element; B: Matter; C:Atoms |
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| An atom is made up of what? |
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| Subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| Which has no charge? |
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| neutron |
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| Which has a positive charge? |
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| proton |
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| Which has a negative charge? |
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| electron |
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| How many electrons can each of the 3 Electron shells hold? |
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| 1st: 2; 2nd: 8; 3rd: max 18 |
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| The atomic number is based on what? |
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| number of protons in the nucleus |
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| The mass number is based on what? |
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| number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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| What is an isotope? |
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| an atom of an element with the same amount of protons, but different amount of neutrons |
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| What happens to an unstable isotope? |
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| as they lose stability, they decay into more stable forms causing them to emit radioactivity (packets of energy) |
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| What is the atomic mass? |
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| the total mass of an atom's protons, neutrons, and electrons when at rest |
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| What are ions? |
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| charged particles in which there is no longer an equal number of protons and neutrons |
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| What process forms Ions and how? |
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| Ionization; forms when an atom either gives up or receives an electron |
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| Next to a chemical symbol, what does the ( + ) and ( - ) mean? |
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| ( + ) ---> this chemical gave up an electron ( - ) ---> this chemical received an electron |
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| Define: Anion |
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| an atom negatively charged from gaining an electron |
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| Define: Cation |
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| an atom positively charged from losing an electron |
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| How does a molecule form? |
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| 2 or more atoms come together in a chemical reaction by sharing or exchanging valence electrons |
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| When forming a molecule, can the atoms be the same or do they have to be different? |
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| They can be the same or different |
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| What is a compound? |
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| a chemical substance composed of 2 or more different elements by a chemical reaction |
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| What is a Free Radical? |
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| an electrically charged atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell (valence) |
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| Is a Free Radical stable? Why? How does it become stable? |
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| No It has an unpaired electron. By giving up the unpaired electron or taking an electron from another molecule. |
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| Studies suggest that you can take what to prevent Free Radical induced damage? |
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| Antioxidants- they lack an electron, which causes them to bind with the Free Radicals |
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| What are the products of a chemical bond? |
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| Molecules and Compounds |
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| What is the Octet Rule? |
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| The explanation why atoms interact in a chemical reaction; Ideally, every atom (except H and He) want 8 electrons in their valence shell |
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| What are the 3 types of chemical bonds? |
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| Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond |
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| What is an ionic bond? |
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| Ions are joined and one or more electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms |
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| What is a covalent bond? |
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| Forms when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of electrons |
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| What makes a covalent bond stronger? |
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| More pairs of electrons shared |
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| Can Ionic bonds form between two atoms of the same element? |
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| No |
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| What is a polar covalent bond? |
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| when shared electrons orbit one nucleus more than the other |
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| What is a non polar covalent bond? |
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| when shared electrons orbit each nucleus equally |
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| Hydrogen bonds confer _____, _______, and ______. |
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| Strength, Stability, and Shape |
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| When do chemical reactions occur? |
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| When new bonds form or old bonds break |
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| What is an exergonic reaction? |
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| when the amount of energy RELEASED is MORE than energy ABSORBED |
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| What is an energonic reaction? |
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| when the amount of energy ABSORBED is MORE than what can be RELEASED |
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| What is Activation Energy? |
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| Kinetic; the amount of energy needed to disrupt the electronic stability of a molecule; energy needed to start reactions |
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| What is a Catalyst? |
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| a reusable substance that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
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| What is an acid? |
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more ions |
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| What is a base? |
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more ions |
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| What is a salt? |
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| a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, NEITHER of which are OH- or H+ |
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| 4 Properties of water? |
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| Universal solvent, thermal stability, cohesion, chemical reactivity |
