question

The _______ ________ Church became the dominant religious and cultural force in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.

answer

Roman Catholic

question

Catholic Church __________- Led by the __________, Cardinals, Archbishopa, _________, and ________(many others joined seperate orders to become monks, friars and nuns).

answer

clergy; pope; bishops; priests

question

The Clergy collected and copied texts of the _______ as well as Greek and Roman writings, they led faith through the ________.

answer

bible, sacraments

question

Saint _______ explained and promoted Catholic beliefs

answer

Augustine

question

Saint _______ established a guide for monks

answer

Benedict

question

Saint Thomas ______ believed there was no conflict between Catholic faith and Greek philosophy (scholasticism)

answer

Aquinas

question

Through missionary efforts many ________ kingdoms Europe ______ to Catholicism between 500-1000.

answer

Germanic, converted

question

The Church built Gothic ____ (tall, pointed, stained glass, windows, gargoyles) that were the focus of ________ communities.

answer

Cathedrals, medieval

question

The Church collected funds called _______, these were used for education, care for the sick and to help the poor.

answer

tithes

question

The _______ ________- In 1054 Christians in Eastern Europe, Russia, and _____ denied the authority of the Pope and created the Christian ________ _______ Church. This division still exists today.

answer

Great Schism, Greece, Eastern Orthodox

question

The primary reason behind the schism was the _____ of the church; the pope wanted the church to be the _________ _______ of life and leadership in the _________ wanted the church to be (somewhat) ______ (obedient) to the crown.

answer

Position, central point, east, subservient

question

There were other disagreements as well, such as the ________ (character) of the Holy Spirit.

answer

disposition

question

The Crab Nebula (M1) was first discovered by the ______ in July 1054. Other observations of the explosion were recorded by Japanese, __________, and _________ ________ stargazers.

answer

Chinese, Arabic, Native American

question

The Papacy reached height of power under ________ in the early 1200's. The Pope ruled the _______ States in Italy and had great control over the monarchs of Europe.

answer

Innocent 3, Papal

question

European Civilization in the ______ ______ (500-1400).

answer

Middle Ages

question

The _______ developed the first strong medieval Christian Empire (500-800 AD). It was first led by king Clovis (converted in 496).

answer

Franks

question

Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated a Muslim __________ force from domain at the battle of _______ in 732.

answer

Invasion, Tours

question

Under king ___________, the Franks ruled most of the Western Europe, spread Catholicism to Germanic lands and supported education. He was crowned by Pope Leo 3.

answer

Charlemagne

question

After Charlemagne, the empire broke apart and became the kingdom of ______ and the _____ _____ Empire (Germany/Northern Italy) by the 900's.

answer

France, Holy Roman

question

______ from Scandinavia raided, traded and _______ throughout the British Isles, Iceland, Greenland, Western Europe and Russia (700s-1000s).

answer

Vikings, settled

question

Leif _______ reached North America (1000 AD).

answer

Erikson

question

Vikings converted to Christianity and formed kingdoms in _______, Sweden, and Norway

answer

Denmark

question

In response to the Viking threat, Western Europe develops the system of ______- A system of oaths and loyalties from kings to ______, to _______, to _____ (Peasant).

answer

Feudalism, Lord, Knight, Serf

question

The government was based on a _____- the rule by a King or queen. The monarch's power was given by God to rule justly (___________ __________ of kings)

answer

Monarchy, Divine Right

question

The code of _______- knights should be generous and brave, respectful of ______, maintain family honor, fight for the King and defend the Church.

answer

Chivalry, women

question

Kings/Lords fought each other in many small wars. They used ________ ________- Surrounded and attacked each other's manor castles.

answer

Siege Warfare

question

The economy was based on the _______. Each manor was a self-sufficient community with a church, mill, farmland and cottages all surrounding the lord's ______.

answer

Manor, Castle

question

Landowners gave plots of land (_____________) to a _________ (subordinate) who swore an oath to serve and defend the lord.

answer

fief, vassal

question

_________, ______ and _____ disappeared in some areas.

answer

Trade, Cities, Money

question

Feudal justice- it was the Lord's responsibility to settle disputes on the manor with a trial by _______ (for knights) or a trial by _______ (for serfs).

answer

battle, ordeal

question

Languages- use of ______ (common) languages replaces ______, two major categories: (________- French, Spanish, Italian and ________- German, English, Dutch).

answer

Vernacular, Latin, Romance, Germanic

question

Literature- _________ wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian, and Geoffrey ________ wrote The Canterbury Tales in English.

answer

Dante, Chaucer

question

Innovations- Eyeglasses, the windmill, _________, Indian/ Arabic ________ system, and improvements in metalworking and _______ building.

answer

clock, numbering, ship

question

Growth of _______ Power in _____ and France.

answer

Royal, England

question

Boudicca was a ________ of the British Celtic ______ tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the _____ empire.

answer

Queen, Iceni, Roman

question

Around 60 or 61 AD, Boudica led an army of approximately 75,000 and ________ the Roman IX Legion (Hispania) and then proceed to destroy Londinium (________________) and two ither Romans occupied cities.

answer

defeated, London

question

She then mustered a force of nearly ________ and engaged at least ________ (perhaps as many as six) Roman ________ at the battle of _________ ________.

answer

230,000, four, legions, Watling Road

question

The Romans were victorious as the Battle took place on a ________ field where Boudicca's forces could only attack the Romans from the ______.

answer

narrow, front

question

In the 400's England was conquered by pagan Germanic tribes; the ______________, who eventually converted to Christianity

answer

Anglo-Saxons

question

King _______ the Great (Ruled 871-899) _________ England and finally defeated the Vikings in the late 800's.

answer

Alfred, United

question

Battle of ______ (1066)- fought between English King ________ and ________ the Duke of Normandy, William won and became a model king of the Medieval Age.

answer

hastings, Harold 2, William

question

King William wrote the _____ book to gather ______ efficiently

answer

Domesday, taxes

question

He also created one system of _______,______ and _______.

answer

trade, laws, courts

question

King Henry II began the Plantagenet dynasty and reformed England. He implemented a new legal system, granted _______, ended feudal trials, restored trial by ________, fought to consolidate the _____ Empire vs. the church, Ireland, France and his own family (wife Eleonor of Aquitaine, sons Richard and John.)

answer

rights, jury, Angevin

question

______ _______ (Great Charter)- Was written in 1215 by English lords who forced the _______ King John to sign it after repeated military defeats to France.

answer

Magna Carta, Unpopular

question

Created a _______ monarchy. The king must obey the laws and share power with the powerful lords.

answer

Limited

question

By 1265, following a ______ by Simon de Montfort, King Henry 3 was forced to share power with the representative assembly- _________.

answer

Rebellion, Parliament

question

Parliament was divided into 2 houses: a king- appointed House of ________ (Bishops, Lords), and an elected House of _______ (Knights, Priests).

answer

Lords, Commons

question

England's King Edward 1 created courts to enforce the common law, worked with an _________ Parliament, and sought control of all the British Isles (England, Wales, ________ and _____).

answer

elected, Ireland, Scotland

question

Scottish knight William ________ Led the initial resistance. He was instrumental in a victory over the English at _________ Bridge (1297), but was later captured by the English and executed.

answer

Wallace, Starling

question

_______ King Robert the Bruce secured Scottish independence by defeating Edward 2 at the battle of _______ (1314), although England _________ as the dominant power by mid-1300s under King Edward 3.

answer

Scottish, Bannockburn, emerged

question

Rise of France- King _____ "Augustus" of France greatly expanded French territory and royal control.

answer

Philip 2

question

France destroyed Englands Angevin Em fire after Philip 2 won the battle of _______ (1214).

answer

Bouvines

question

King ________ (St.Louis) added prestige to the French Capetain monarchy through his virtuous rule. He fought two crusades, defeated Cathar heretics, enriched the city of _______ and France prospered.

answer

Louis 9, Paris

question

King _______, power unchecked, __________ Pope Boniface VIII and __________ the Templar Knights to gain money (sons died in rapid succession, which ended the Capetian line)

answer

Philip 4, defied, destroyed

question

Rise of ___________- A monotheistic religion centered in the Middle East (people who follow Islam are called ________)

answer

Isalm, muslims

question

In 610, _______- became the prophet of God (Allah) and began ________ the religion of Islam in the city of ________.

answer

Muhammed, teaching, Mecca

question

Muhammad experienced much resistance to his teachings, In 613 and 615 he and his followers ________ and from Mecca and migrated to Axum (Ethiopia); this migration is known as the ________.

answer

expelled, Hijra

question

By 622 Muhammad and his followers had left Mecca again and headed north to________ to spread the prophets teachings.

answer

Medina

question

In 630, Muhammad and followers _________and conquered Mecca. All of ________ converted to _________ by the time Muhammad died in 632 AD.

answer

returned, Arabia, Islam

question

Islamic faith is based on the _______, the Holy Book of Islam. The faith is expressed through the five pillars of Islam.

answer

Qur'an

question

Muslims built ______, spread the _______ language and based their laws on the Qur'an (sharia).

answer

Mosques, Arabic

question

Spread of Islam- successors to Muhammad were called ___________. They were powerful religious/political/military leaders. Many formed empires called ________.

answer

Caliphs, Caliphates

question

Abū Bakr was ________ as the first Caliph after Muhammad's death in 632.

answer

Selected

question

______ and successors led Arab armies that defeated the Byzantine Empire, conquered and converted much of middle East, North, Africa, ___________-, Egypt, Persi, India and __________.

answer

Umar, Palestine, Spain

question

Division- Umar and his successors were murdered, this led to civil war and Islam is broken into _____ major branches: __________ and ________.

answer

2, Sunni, Shi'a

question

____________- believed best man should be __________ caliph.

answer

Sunni, selected

question

_____________- wanted only descendants of _______ (Muhamad's son-in-law) to lead the faith.

answer

Shi'a, Ali

question

Sunnis established control under caliph Muawiyah, moved capital to Damascus, Syria, formed the _______ Caliphate (661-750)

answer

Umayyad

question

In 750 the _______ were overthrown by the _________ who moved the capital to Baghdad (this led to the Islamic "Golden Age")

answer

Umayyads, Abbassids

question

Islamic ___________ and culture

answer

Civilization

question

Trade- _________, cotton, wool, _______, jewelry, metalwork, swords, gassware, _______, leather and pottery were all commonly traded by Muslim merchants.

answer

Silk, carpets, spices

question

_______- they combined knowledge from Greece, Rome, India, and China. They also established advanced ________.

answer

Education, Universities

question

Medicine- Muslim's catalogued ________ and treatments. They also performed __________.

answer

Disease, operations

question

Math- adopted the Indian number system and later, created ________ (from the Arabic word, al-jabr).

answer

Algebra

question

_________ _______ (1304-1368) travelled all around the known Muslim world, even to China. He greatly ________ Muslim knowledge of the world and used the _____ for navigation.

answer

Ibn Battuta, increased, astrolable

question

The power of the Abassid Caliphate was destroyed through invasions from _______ Turks, Crusaders, Mamluks (Turkish slave soldiers) and ________.

answer

Seljuk, Mongols

question

_________ was destroyed by Mongols in 1258 (caliph Al Mustasim was murdered). The Muslim world was devastated and brought to the end of the "golden age"

answer

Baghdad

question

Decline of the _______ Empire.

answer

Byzantine

question

In 1070 Emperor _______ led an expedition towards Manzikert, a Byzantine fortress that had been captured by the _______ (Turks). Romanus offered a treaty with Sultan ______;- Romanus would give back _______ if Arslan gave up his siege of _______.

answer

Romanus 4, Seljuks, Arslan, Hierapolis, Edessa

question

Sultan Arslan rejected the treaty the treaty and the Battle of _______ began. The Turks won the battle and _________ Emperor Romanos IV.

answer

Manzikert, captured

question

Muslim Seljuk Turks conquered ________ and persecuted Christians, Byzantine emperors called on the Pope and Western European lords for aid after the Battle of Manzikert (1071)

answer

Jerusalem

question

Pope ______ called for a crusade (holy war) in 1905, hoped to unite all Christians, end feudal strife, and regain the "______ ______" (Palestine) from the Muslims.

answer

Urban 2, Holy Land

question

The Clash of East and West: The ______ (1096-1291).

answer

Crusades

question

During this 195-year period, there were ________ separate _________.

answer

Eight, crusades

question

The _________ Crusade (1096-1099)- Crusaders were victorious as Christian knights conquered Palestine after a siege of _________ (July 15, 1099)

answer

First, Jerusalem

question

Crusaders established the ___________ _________ to control the Holy Land. The Knights __________ and the Knights ___________ remained behind to protect Christians.

answer

Crusader States, Templar, Hospitaller

question

The _________ Crusade (1147-1149)- Muslims recaptured Edessa, Crusaders (led by King __________ and Queen Eleanor of France) responded with a failed attack on Damascus, Syria.

answer

Second, Louis 7

question

__________ Crusade (1189-1192)- Called after Muslim leader Sultan _________ defeated Crusaders ar Hattin and then seized Jerusalem.

answer

Third, Saladin

question

English King ___________, French King ________ and Holy Roman Emperor _________ responded (although Frederick died along the way and Philip left due ro "Ilness")

answer

Richard 1, Philip 2, Frederick

question

Richard 1 recovered land along the coast but could not re-take Jerusalem. He agreed to a peace treaty (_________ ____________, but ________________ _______________ for Christians)

answer

Muslim Rule, safe passage

question

Results- Subsequent Crusades ___________. Muslims under the _____________ ___________- regained all land.

answer

failed, Mamluk Sultanate

question

Last Crusader stronghold at _________ fell in 1291.

answer

Acre

question

Economic Changes- An Increase in world _________ and interest in money increased. Europeans demanded new products (______________, ___________), and sought new profitable trade routes to Asia.

answer

trade, spices, silk

question

The End of __________ Society.

answer

medieval

question

Marco ________- was an Italian merchant who traveled across Asia, he reached _________ in 1271. World travel and __________ increased.

answer

Polo, China, Exploration

question

_______ and __________ became wealthy as cities grew and the importance of the ______ manors in Europe ________.

answer

Merchants, Bankers, feudal, declined

question

The _______ ________- In 1348 the bubonic plague swept across Europe and killed ___ of the population, approximately _______ million people.

answer

Black Death, 1/3, 25

question

The plague was carried by ______ on rats along trade routes from China.

answer

Fleas

question

Surviving workers demanded better conditions and to be paid in _____, not feudal obligations.

answer

money

question

The _____ _______ War (1337-1453)- between _____ and ______, fought for control of France and the French Monarchy.

answer

Hundreds Year's, England. France

question

France claimed to be ________ by a series of English Kings, starting with King Edward 3.

answer

Inherited

question

English introduced new weapons: the __________ and _________ (gunpowder weaopns)

answer

longbow, cannon

question

King Henry 5th destroyed the French army at _______ (1415), England (allied with Burgundy) gained control of most of France by 1429.

answer

Agincourt

question

___________- A teenage girl, gained the loyalty of the French king, then led a French counterattack. She was later betrayed and sold to the English who burned her at the stake for ________.

answer

Joan of Arc, heresy

question

She inspired the French soldiers and __________ won the war in 1453.

answer

France

question

By late 1400's __________(guns) emerge, once invincible armored lords and knights were now vulnerable.

answer

firearms

question

The Battle of ________ (1453) was the last battle of the Hundred Year's War

answer

Castillon

question

England and France remained formally at war for another _________ years. but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced ________ at home.

answer

20, unrest

question

Treaty of _________ (1475)- Formally ended the Hundred Year's Wat with Edward 4 ___________ his claim to the throne of France in exchange for a large cash sum and an annual pension.

answer

Picquigny, renouncing

question

Effects of the War- France emerges united under King _________, the English lost all land in France and descended into Civil war (War of the __________, (1453-1487)

answer

Charles 7, Roses

question

War of the _________- a fight for the English throne between family members; The _______ and the _______. Both of whom could trace their bloodline to Edward 3.

answer

Roses, York's, Lancaster's

question

King Richard 3 (york) was killed at the battle of Bosworth in 1485, the war was won by ________ (Lancaster).

answer

Henry 7

question

Decline of Feudalism- ___________ changes led to the ________ of feaudalism.

answer

social, end

question

Many serfs abandoned the manors for a better life as a _________ or _________ in the new trading towns.

answer

Merchant, soldier

question

Using _________ revenue from the cities kings created powerful __________ armies and forces lords to submit to their rule.

answer

tax, professional

question

Europe was dominated by several strong kingdoms by the late 1400's; __________ and ___________- from the West and the _____ _______ _______ from the east.

answer

England, France, Holy Roman Empire

question

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by ________ kings who claimed authority from ______ and the _____ Empire.

answer

Germanic , Charlemagne, Roman

question

The Holy Roman Empire was often divided by _____ between the _______ and pope, German nobles, Italian cities and ________ expansion in Europe.

answer

conflicts, emperor, German

question

The _________ _______- A conflict between the emperor and the pope over who could ________ (invest) individuals

answer

Investiture Controversy, appoint

question

The disagreement and ____ from Henry 4 led to the pope to ___________ the emperor.

answer

aggression, excommunicate

question

The investiture controversy was finally _______ in 1122 by pope Claxitus 2 and emperor Henry 5 with the ____ of _________.

answer

resolved, Concordant, Worms

question

Emperor __________ "Barbarossa" (and grandson Frederick 2) struggled against popes for authority and fought to control German nobles and to gain control of Italy and Sicily.

answer

Frederick 1

question

By the 1400's, the Austrian ______ family was elected as emperors, although Italian cities and German nobles had achieved great independence within the empire.

answer

Habsburg

question

____________ was united after the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.

answer

Spain

question

Ferdinand and Isabella completed the _______ (re-conquest) of Spain from the Muslims (Moors).

answer

Reconquista

question

They also made a strong alliance with the Catholic Church and used the __________ to punish heretics (mainly Jewish and Muslim converts who were later expelled).

answer

Inquisition

question

The _______ were a warlike, ________ people who originated from east-central Asia, they dominated Medieval Asia.

answer

Mongols, nomadic

question

Mongol tribes were united by _______ ________ around 1200. They used ________ (soldiers on horseback) with a powerful bow in fast attacks to win a massive empire.

answer

Genghis Khan, cavalry

question

By the early 1200's Genghis Khan had conquered Northern ________ and much of _________.

answer

China, Asia

question

Successors to Genghis, including grandson ________, added the rest of Song China, Central Asia, __________, the Midlle East, _________, and parts of Eastern Europe killing millions along the way.

answer

Kublai, Persia, Russia

question

The Mongols ruled the largest _______ empire in history. They heavily ______ conquered peoples, were the first to use __________ money and advanced astronomy (study of the stars).

answer

Land, taxed, paper

question

Decline- Mongols were halted by the Mamluks at ______ ______ (1260), and their invasion of Japan was ruined by a typhoon (1281).

answer

Ayn Jalut

question

By the mid-1300's many Mongols were ______ into local populations. The empire divided and disintegrated.

answer

absorbed

question

China regained independence with the ________- Dynasty (ruled 1368-1644) started by the Emperor Hongwu. China flourished and dominated east Asia.

answer

Ming

question

Admiral _________ ________ made numerous voyages throughout Asia. Later emperors forbade exploration.

answer

Zheng He

question

_______ (A Muslim Mongol) conquered Central Asia, Persia, and India (many Indian Hindus were slaughtered or converted to Islam) in the late 1300's-early 1400's.

answer

Timur

question

Persians re-asserted independence in 1501 with formation of the ___________- Empire, begun by Shah ____________ (who also led the Persian conversions to Shi'a Islam)

answer

Safauid, Ismail

question

Shah ________ (the Great, ruled 1587-1629) increased royal authority and built the beautiful, prosperous capital of Isfahan.

answer

Abbas 1

question

Turko-Mongol Muslim descendants of Timur, starting with Babur, formed the _________ Empire in northern India in 1526.

answer

Mogul

question

_________ expanded Mogul territories, supported art and building, held a tolerant view of religion that helped Hindu's and Sikhs thrive.

answer

Ahbor

question

________-fertile, mountainous island chain off the coast of China. Japanese people were heavily ________ by Chinese _________.

answer

Japan, influenced, civilization

question

Traditional religion called ________- focused on the worship of _____, spirits and the ______.

answer

Shinto, nature, emperor

question

__________ ideas and the Buddhist way of life were _______ from China.

answer

Confusion, adopted

question

400's AD- Japan was ruled by a ______ from the Yamato dynasty. They built Kyoto, the Capital city.

answer

emperor

question

Yoritomo Minamoto seized power in 1192, became the ________ (Military leader), but preserved the emperor as a figurehead.

answer

Shogun

question

Tokugawa Ieyasu formed the _________ Shogunate (1600-1868), achieved stability and moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo) and stressed isolation from foreigners.

answer

Tokugawa

question

_____________ __________ - Future shoguns divided land and power amongst the ________ (land-owning lords) and _______ (warriors). Peasents and merchants served the daimyo and samurai.

answer

Japanese feudalism, daimyos, samurai

question

Daimyos and samurai followed a code of behavior called _________ that valued bravery, skill in battle, loyalty, and honor.

answer

Bushido

question

Japanese ______ and civilization

answer

Culture

question

People enjoyed reading (Japans writing system is based on Chinese characters, __________, _________ theater, poetry (________) and Sumo wrestling.

answer

literature, kabuki, haiku

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