World History Chapter 25 The Industrial Revolution – Flashcards
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Industrial Revolution
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A time when people greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s
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Enclosures
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Landowners that experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields
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Crop Rotation
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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
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Industrialization
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The process of developing machine production of goods
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Factors of production
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the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required
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Factories
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place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods
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Entrepeneur
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A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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Watt
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Mathematical Instrument maker figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel
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Boulton
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Entrepreneur who paids Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines
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Fulton
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American inventor ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt he built the steamboad the Clermont which made
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McAdam
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Improved British roads
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Trevithick
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Engineer won a bet by hauling ten tons of iron over ten miles of track in a steam driven locomotive
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Stephenson
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designed and build locomotives
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Urbanization
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City building and the movement of people to cities
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Elizabeth Gaskell
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Wrote novels that showed smpathy for the working class
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Middle Class
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a social class made up skilled workers professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
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Luddites
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people who were part of the working class attacked whole factories in northern England
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Lowell
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revolutionized the american textile industry
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Stock
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Rights of ownership
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Corporation
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a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
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Slater
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smuggled a design of spinning machine to the United Sates
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Lassez-faire
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the economic policy of letting owners of industry and dusiness et working conditions without interference term for "let people do as they please"
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Adam Smith
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defended the idea of a free economy of free markets in his book the WEALTH OF NATIONS
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Weath of Nations
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the law of self interest-- People who work for their own good the law of competition--Competition forces people to make a better product the law of supply and demand--Enough goods would be produces at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy
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Capitalism
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and economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
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Malthus
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argued that the population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply
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Ricardo
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believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor
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Bentham
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introduced the philosoophy of utilitarianism
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Utilitarianism
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people should judge ideas institutions and actions on the basis of their untility or usefulness these people pushed for reforms in the legal and prison systmes and in education
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Owen
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improved working conditions for his employees founded cooperative community called New Harmony utopia
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Utopia
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a ideal society
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Socialism
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the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for teh welfare of all
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Karl Marx
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introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called marxism
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communism
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a form of complete socialism in which the means of production all lands mines factories railroads and businesses would be owned by the people
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Unions
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wokers joined to taoether in voluntary labor associations
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Strike
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refusal to work
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AFL
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American Federation of Labor made up of several joined unions
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Ten Hours Act
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limited work hours to ten hours for women and children
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Factory Act
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law made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old
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Mann
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favored free education for all children
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Rockefeller
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founded Standard Oil
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Carnegie
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Carnegie Steel Company
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Robert Fulton
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built first profitable steam boat
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John McAdam
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improved roadways by layering the roads with large stones for drainage and a smoothed layer of crushed rocks
