World History – Chapter 17 "Renaissance and Reformation" – Flashcards
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Renaissance
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Rebirth, refers to the revival of art and learning (1300-1600)
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Humanism
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Intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
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Secular
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Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now
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Patrons of the Arts
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People who supported the artists financially
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Perspective
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Technique used in art to show three dimensions on a flat surface
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Vernacular
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Native Language (not Latin)
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City-States
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A growth of these in Northern Italy, which where a Bubonic Plague in the 1300s kills 60% of population. This disrupts the economy
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Medici
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A wealthy family of bankers, rulers, and patrons of the arts that controlled Florence and much of Italy
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Renaissance Man
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Must excel in many fields: the classic arts, politics, and combat; Baldassare Castiglione writes "The Courtier" in 1528; the "universal" person
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Renaissance Woman
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Upper class, educated, and charming; inspire art but not create it; d'Este, patron of the arts, wields power in Mantua
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Dante
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Wrote "The Divine Comedy" about a soul reaching salvation
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Niccolo Machievelli
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Wrote "The Prince", which advices rulers and explains how people can gain power (and keep it)
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Indulgence
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Pardon of the Church releasing the sinner from penalty
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Reformation
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Movement for religious reform
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Lutherans
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Luther and his followers were a separate religious group and called this
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Protestant
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Term applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches
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Printing Press
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Spreads secular ideas which challenges church authority; created by Johannes Gutenberg; first form made in China; first book printed was The Bible
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Popes and Priests
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Very extravagant but corrupt, some of them were poorly educated and could barely read
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John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
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They stressed the Bible's authority over clergy's
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Desderius Erasmus and Thomas More
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They were vocal critics of the Church
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The 95 Theses
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This attacked "pardon merchants" and was posted by Martin Luther on a church door in 1517; written in Latin; intended audience was the Church
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Friar Johann Tetzel
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He was protested by Martin Luther for selling indulgences
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Luther's Teachings
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People can win salvation by faith, not by good works; Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the Pope; All people with faith are equal and can interpret the Bible without priests
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Pope Leo X
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He issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther in 1520, but Luther refuses
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Charles V
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He was the Holy Roman Emperor and issued the Edict of Werms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic
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Peasant's Revolt
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Inspired by Luther and the Reformation; Luther didn't support them; 100,000 people die
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Protestants
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The Princes that sided with Luther
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Peace of Ausburg
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In 1555, it was a decree that said that each prince can decide the religion of his state
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Henry VIII
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He had only one daughter; wanted a divorce, but turned into an annulment; had 6 wives; became the official head of the English Church
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Angelic Church
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The Church of England; formed by Queen Elizabeth I
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Predestination
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God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved (very few)
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Calvinism
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Religion based on John Calvin's teachings
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Theocracy
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Government controlled by religious leaders
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Presbyterian
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John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland and his followers had this name
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Anabaptists
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Christians who were old enough to decide to be Christian; they opposed wars; Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish
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Catholic Reformation
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A movement within the Church to help Catholics remain loyal. Ignatius of Loyola was VERY important
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Jesuits
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The Society of Jesus (made schools, converted people to Catholicism, and stopped the spread of Protestantism)
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Council of Trent (Paul III)
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Church's interpretation of the Bible is final
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John Calvin
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He said that the ideal government is theocracy -- his followers in France are called Huguenots
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Huguenots
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French followers of Calvinism; massacred in Paris in 1572 by Catholics
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Ignatius of Loyola
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He was a leading Catholic reformer; his spiritual exercises called for meditation, prayer, and study
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Reforming Popes
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Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV, who used Inquisition to seek out heresy
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Index of Forbidden Books
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Issued by Pope Paul IV in 1539; 10,000 books burned in one day
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Religious and Social Effects of Reformation
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Catholic Church is unified; Catholics and Protestants create schools across Europe; women's status does not improve
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Political Effects of Reformation
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Catholic Church's power lessens; brings intellectual ferment; pushes forth the Enlightenment
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"School of Athens"
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Raphael's best known work of art
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"David" Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo painting
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"Mona Lisa, Last Supper"
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Leonardo Da Vinci painting
