World History: Chapter 10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622-1000 – Flashcards
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Around 800 C.E., the Abbasids and Tang shared all of the following characteristics except: A) ideological/religious foundations for political rule. B) the effective use of nomadic cavalry. C) rigid exclusion of foreign cultures. D) a single cultural language.
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C) rigid exclusion of foreign cultures.
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Islam can best be described as A) a desert religion focused on Muhammad as the son of God. B) None of these answers are correct. C) a polytheistic nature religion with little ethical content. D) an urban religion that first flourished in an agricultural oasis.
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D) an urban religion that first flourished in an agricultural oasis.
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jihad is considered by some to be one of the pillars of Islam; it is best defined as A) a holy pilgrimage. B) a just and holy war. C) a formal prayer. D) an act of judgment.
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B) a just and holy war.
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Religious experts who administered law and settled public and private disputes were known as A) imams. B) sufis. C) caliphs. D) ulama.
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D) ulama.
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The Kharijites A) were supporters of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali. B) espoused a limited egalitarianism among the faithful. C) were the most radical idealists among Muslim factions. D) were willing to maintain members in the umma who had committed no more than three major sins.
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C) were the most radical idealists among Muslim factions.
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Which of the following is not a prophet recognized by the Qur'an as having come before Muhammad? A) Augustine B) Jesus C) Abraham D) Moses
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A) Augustine
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The traditional report or hadith became the chief source of A) legal and religious norms. B) geographic knowledge. C) security information on spies and disloyal commanders. D) population and taxation data.
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A) legal and religious norms.
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According to the Qur'an, women have the right to A) receive equal inheritance. B) wear a veil at all times. C) hold political office. D) own property.
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D) own property.
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The city to which Muhammad made the first hajj is A) Mecca. B) Jerusalem. C) Medina. D) Khadija.
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C) Medina.
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Astronomy and medicine were among the disciplines A) that were hampered by religious restrictions under Islamic rule. B) that advanced thanks in part to Greek and Sanskrit works that were translated into Arabic. C) that were suppressed under the Abbasids. D) in which most of the founding texts were originally written in Arabic.
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B) that advanced thanks in part to Greek and Sanskrit works that were translated into Arabic.
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Amirs were A) court diplomats under the Umayyads. B) Buyid commanders who dominated the caliphate. C) tax collectors of the Abbasid government. D) regional governors during the seventh century.
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B) Buyid commanders who dominated the caliphate.
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In intellectual and cultural life, the early Abbasid Dynasty was marked by A) the suppression of earlier, non-Muslim forms of knowledge. B) the preservation and expansion of Greek, Roman, and Indian knowledge. C) an emphasis on "practical" forms of science over liberal arts. D) the spread of Indian styles of art and literature.
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B) the preservation and expansion of Greek, Roman, and Indian knowledge.
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Non-Arab converts to Islam A) were considered clients and had a protected place in the diwan. B) were often persecuted with changes in the caliphate. C) were given full legal and spiritual equality with Arab Muslims. D) None of these answers are correct.
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A) were considered clients and had a protected place in the diwan.
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Before Muhammad, Arabia was A) part of the Byzantine Empire. B) inhabited by settled farmers and merchants alongside nomadic herdsmen. C) already united under a monarch claiming divine ancestry. D) the most important agricultural region of the Persian Empire.
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B) inhabited by settled farmers and merchants alongside nomadic herdsmen.
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Which of the following would have been least likely to be translated and discussed by Muslim scholars in the 8thand 9th centuries C.E.? A) Aristotle B) Euclid C) St. Augustine D) Galen
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C) St. Augustine
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Which of the following was not a trait of the "high caliphate" that existed from approximately 700 to 850 C.E.? A) reliance on Syrian Arab forces B) a vibrant, cosmopolitan culture C) economic prosperity D) political centralization
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A) reliance on Syrian Arab forces
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The hajj was a turning point in Muslim history because it A) transformed Islam into a political as well as religious movement. B) was the first of Allah's revelations to Muhammad. C) marked the start of succession struggle between Shiites and Sunni Muslims. D) was the first Muslim conquest outside of Arabia.
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A) transformed Islam into a political as well as religious movement.
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The faith that had the least influence on Islam was A) Hinduism. B) Christianity. C) Zoroastrianism. D) Judaism.
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A) Hinduism.
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The move of the Islamic capital to Baghdad under the "high caliphate" brought more political influence to which group? A) Persians B) Egyptians C) Mamluks D) Orthodox Greeks
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A) Persians
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The Muslim believes in all of the following except: A) bodily resurrection. B) monotheism. C) hellfire and paradise. D) baptism.
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D) baptism.
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The early Spanish Islamic state (756-1030 C.E.) was controlled by the A) Abbasids. B) Shi'ites. C) Umayyads. D) Sunnis.
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C) Umayyads.
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The Sunni position advocates all of the following except A) a person who professes to be a Muslim by supporting Muslim tenets cannot be excluded from the umma automatically by even a mortal sin. B) the umma is a state under the authority first of the precedent of the Prophet and Qu'ran and second by the consensus of Muslims. C) the umma is a theocratic entity. D) the caliph is the absolute temporal and spiritual leader.
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D) the caliph is the absolute temporal and spiritual leader.
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Those scholars who acted as judges and guardians of Muslim conscience were known as A) Shari's. B) ulama. C) diwan. D) umma.
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B) ulama.
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In Islam the term caliph means A) holy pilgrim. B) servant of Allah. C) none of the answers are correct. D) successor of Muhammad.
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D) successor of Muhammad.
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Which of the following did not contribute to the permanence of Islamic conquests? A) the development of new administrative systems B) relatively little bloodshed C) the adjustment of unequal taxation D) the appointment of capable governors
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A) the development of new administrative systems
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In Islam the umma is best defined as A) sacred book. B) holy war. C) arrival in paradise. D) community of faithful.
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D) community of faithful.
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All of the following are part of pillars of Islam except A) hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). B) chador (modest clothing). C) zakat (charity). D) salat (form of prayer or worship).
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B) chador (modest clothing).
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An important difference between Islam and Christianity is that A) Islam is exclusive while Christianity is inclusive. B) Christians and Muslims have distinctly different religious traditions. C) Christianity has a stricter moral code. D) Islam is inclusive while Christianity is exclusive.
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D) Islam is inclusive while Christianity is exclusive.
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The rebellion that brought the Abbasid Dynasty to power in the eighth century was inspired by A) Shi'ite religio-political hopes. B) non-Arab disaffection. C) All of these answers are correct. D) Khorasanian regionalism.
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C) All of these answers are correct.
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In general, Muslims in the Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties A) had no knowledge of Greek and Roman philosophy. B) borrowed many philosophical ideas from India but not Greece. C) preserved and expanded Greco-Roman philosophy and science. D) rejected philosophy as incompatible with Islam.
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C) preserved and expanded Greco-Roman philosophy and science.
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The Abbasid government had contact with which Chinese Dynasty? A) Yuan B) Qin C) Han D) Tang
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D) Tang
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By 750 C.E., Islam had spread A) to the Middle East, north Africa, and Spain. B) to the Far East, north Africa, and Spain. C) to the Middle East, east Africa, and Italy. D) to the Near East, north Africa, and Italy.
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A) to the Middle East, north Africa, and Spain.
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The mahdi is best defined as the A) "judgment day" when the faithful would be rewarded. B) religious leadership of the Islamic state. C) Shi'ite vision of the true umma. D) "guided one" who would usher in a messianic age.
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D) "guided one" who would usher in a messianic age.
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The Mamluks were A) slave soldiers primarily of Turkish origin. B) administrative officials of the "high caliphate." C) provincial bureaucrats who broke away from the caliphs. D) religious teachers.
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A) slave soldiers primarily of Turkish origin.
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Which of the following did not contribute to the fragmentation of the Muslim world after 800 C.E.? A) the collapse of trade and commerce in the empire B) weak and incompetent caliphs C) civil wars and invasions D) the enormous size and diversity of regions in the empire
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A) the collapse of trade and commerce in the empire
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The Muslim rulers who made the office of caliph hereditary and moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus were the A) Seleucids. B) Sufis. C) Abbasids. D) Umayyads.
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D) Umayyads.
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The Qur'an states that Abraham was A) Christian. B) Jewish. C) pagan. D) Muslim.
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D) Muslim.
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What is the main message of the Qur'an? A) Social justice and obedient worship are demanded of every human. B) Reject idolatrous worship of false gods. C) Submit oneself completely to God's will. D) All of these answers are correct.
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D) All of these answers are correct.
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In general, the Sunni branch of Islam has A) never been a single sect in Islam. B) All of these answers are correct. C) taken the most inclusive approach to defining membership in the Muslim community of faith. D) normally been among the more aggressive Islamic sects in supporting jihad.
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C) taken the most inclusive approach to defining membership in the Muslim community of faith.
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The major splits that occurred in Islam in the century after Muhammad's death revolved around the issue(s) of A) whether Muhammad was the last prophet or others would come in the future. B) whether Christians and Jews should be allowed to practice their religions or be forced to convert. C) what was the nature of the community of faith and who should lead it . D) whether Mecca or Medina was the holiest city in Islam.
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C) what was the nature of the community of faith and who should lead it .
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The center and capital of the Abbasid Empire in 900 C.E. was A) Constantinople. B) Alexandria. C) Mecca. D) Baghdad.
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D) Baghdad.
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Before 600 C.E., the Arab people were united primarily by A) All of these answers are correct. B) a shared language and poetic idiom. C) adherence to the same polytheistic faith. D) membership in the same centralized empire.
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B) a shared language and poetic idiom.
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The two primary competing dynasties during the seventh and eighth centuries were the A) Mu'awiya and the Umayyad. B) Abbasid and the Umayyad. C) Mu'awiya and the Abbasid. D) ulama and the Umayyad.
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B) Abbasid and the Umayyad.
