World history ch3 – Flashcards
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Christian humanism
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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
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fundamental
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basic or essential
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external
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outward or observable
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Salvation
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the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works
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indulgence
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a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
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valid
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well-grounded or justifiable
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Lutheranism
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the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed, it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works, Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
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publish
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to print for distribution
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predestination
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belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
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justification
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process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God
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Annul
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Declare invalid
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Ghetto
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formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live
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community
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a group of people with common interests and characteristics living together within a larger society
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What paved the way for Martin Luther's reform movement in Germany.
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Christian humanism
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Desiderius Erasmus
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best-known Christian humanist show people how to live good lives. He thought that if people would read the classics (Bible, etc) they would become more religious.
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Why did Christian humanists call for reform in the Church?
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more spiritual and less worldly objected selling of indulgences People were critical of the Church.
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Martin Luther built on Christian humanist ideas to create a Christian reform movement, which developed into what?
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Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther
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Catholic monk and professor by faith alone was the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation. powerless in the sight of God.
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Why was Luther made an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire (Called the Edict of Worms)?
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he wanted to overthrow the papacy attacked the Church's system of sacraments promoted salvation through faith alone.
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because of this the Holy Roman Empire accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.
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Peace of Augsburg
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Charles V
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wanted to keep the empire united and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty would disrupt the political and social order. Oppositions:Francis I,princes in Germany,and the Ottoman Turks
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Peace of Augsburg
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end to religious warfare in Germany 1555 This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
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What factors combined to foster a religious reformation in Europe?
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Christian humanism's goal to reform the Catholic Church Martin Luther's criticism of the Church's corrupt and worldly practices the rise of Lutheranism the political struggles of Charles V.
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Swiss priest introduced Protestant reforms in the city of Zurich alliance with Martin Luther. Germans and Swiss saw a need to defend themselves against Catholic authorities.
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John Calvin
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predestination Calvinists the belief that they were doing God's work on Earth. all-powerful nature of God.
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The English reformation was rooted in?
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politics.
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The Act of Supremacy
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1534 King Henry VII was "the only supreme head on earth of the [new] Church of England." Anglican Church (Church of England). close monasteries.
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restore Catholicism to England
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Queen Mary I had almost 300 Protestants burned as heretics.
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Anabaptist
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dangerous radicals considered all believers to be equal called for the complete separation of church and state.
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School
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teachers used humanist methods, Martin Luther believed that the state should pay for education.
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Women's duties in marriage included
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bearing children and being obedient to their husbands
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anti-semitism
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or discrimination against Jews, continued and was common.
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As part of the Catholic Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church
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founded religious orders, introduced papal reforms, and affirmed traditional Catholic teachings.
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Two new religious orders included:
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the Jesuits (society of Jesus) founded by Ignatius Loyola, and the Carmelites, who took vows of complete poverty.
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Council of Trent
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1545 which defined Catholic doctrine. It reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings and forbid the selling of indulgences.
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How did the Reformation and Catholic Reformation affect European life and thought?
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the emergence of different forms of Protestantism; Calvin's idea of predestination; King Henry VIII's control over the new Church of England; the Anabaptists' belief in separation of church and state; new religious orders, papal reform, and the restatement of traditional Catholicism in the Council of Trent.
