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Define Renaissance:

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A movement in Europe between the 1300s-1600s marked by a rebirth in classical, Greek, and Roman art, literature, and learning. - A change/rebirth period.

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Where did the Renaissance begin?

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Southern Europe/Northern Italy

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Define Humanism:

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The study of classical texts.Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

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Leonardo Da Vinci:

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Painted the Mona Lisa; also a scientist and inventor.

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Michelangelo:

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Italian painter and sculptor; sculpted David.

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Desiderius Erasmus:

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Humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly.

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William Shakespeare:

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English writer of plays and sonnets.

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China:

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*Important trade goods were paper, silk, porcelain, and tea. *Created foreign enclaves to control trade. *Invented gunpowder and the magnetic compass. *Important trade route was the Silk Road

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Japan:

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*Ruled by a shogun; the emperor was powerless. *Began policy of isolationism in the 1600s.

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Mughal Empire:

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*The location of the Taj Mahal. *Important trade goods were textiles. *Important trade route was the Silk Road

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Ottoman Empire:

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*Capital was Istanbul (Constantinople) *Important trade goods were coffee, and ceramics. *Trans-Saharan trade was important. *Important trade route was the Silk Road *Included the Balkan Peninsula *Main religion was Islam, but they tolerated other religions.

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Songhai:

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*Important trade goods were gold, salt, and slaves. *Trans-Saharan trade was important.

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Martin Luther:

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Actions: -Wrote the Ninety-five Theses Ideas/Effects: -Salvation by faith alone -Bible is the ultimate authority -Began the Protestant Reformation

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John Calvin:

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Actions: -Founded Calvinism Ideas/Effects: -Predestination -The work ethic

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Henry VIII (8th):

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Actions: -Disputed with the pope because he wanted to divorce his wife. Ideas/Effects: -Broke England away from the Catholic Church

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Ignatious of Loyola:

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Actions: -Founded the Jesuits Ideas/Effects: -Strengthened and spread Catholic teachings -Part of the Counter Reformation

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Johann Guttenberg:

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Actions: -Invented the printing press Ideas/Effects: -Spread the ideas of the Reformation -Increased literacy

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Queen Elizabeth I:

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Actions: -Founded the Anglican Church Ideas/Effects: -Tolerance for dissenters in Englans -Expansion and colonialism -Defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Causes of the Protestant Reformation:

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-The sale of indulgences -German princes wanted power -Merchants challenged the church views on usury -Church corruption was wide spread -Church's great political power and wealth caused conflicts -Europe's nobility disliked Italian domination of the church

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Effects of the Protestant Reformation

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-The Thirty Years' War -The Edict of Nantes -Many Christian denominations -Growth of individualism -Growth of secularism -Eventual growth of religious tolerance

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The Hapsburgs

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Dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the 1500s; supported the Catholic Church

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Cardinal Richelieu

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French leader who changed the focus of the Thirty Years' War from religious to political

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Indulgences

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Pardons purchased from the church that offered forgiveness of sins, and a release from time in purgatory

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Predestination

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Belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved

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The Jesuits

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Catholic group founded in 1540 that focused on education, missionary work, and preventing the spread of Protestantism

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Huguenots

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Calvinists in France

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The Counter Reformation

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Reforms and actions taken by the Catholic Church in the 1500s

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The Edict of Nantes

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Granted freedom of worship to Huguenots in France

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Motivations for European Explorations

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*Seeking new trade routes in Asia *Efforts of Henry the Navigator *Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources *Desire to spread Christianity *European and Islamic innovations in navigational arts *Political and economical competition between European Empires

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Effects of European Exploration

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*The Columbian Exchange *Spanish inflation *Commercial revolution *Disease killed any Native Americans *Gold and silver exported to Europe *Spread of European language and culture *Atlantic Slave Trade *Demise of Native American Empires *Migration of colonists to new lands

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Responsible for launching the Age of Exploration in Portugal:

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Prince Henry

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Sailed around Africa to India in 1498; Sponsored by Portugal:

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Vasco de Gama

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Led a voyage to the west in search of Asia in 1492; Sponsored by Spain:

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Christopher Columbus

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Led Spain's conquest of the Aztec Empire:

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Hernan Cortes

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Led Spain's conquest of the Inca Empire:

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Fransisco Pizzaro

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Led the first voyage around the world; Sponsored by Spain:

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Led the second voyage around the world; Sponsored by England:

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Francis Drake

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Claimed eastern Canada for France:

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Jacques Cartier

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What are the 3 steps to the Triangular Trade?

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#1: Manufactured goods from Europe to Africa #2: Slaves from Africa to America #3: Agricultural goods from America to Europe

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What is mercantilism?

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Colonies are supposed to support the 'Mother Country'

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What were the main effects of the Commercial Revolution?

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Competition between European Nations for colonies and resources

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The social class system of colonial Latin America was based on...

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Race and place of birth

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How was colonial Latin America governed?

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Viceroys were appointed by the king/government mirrored the mother country

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The main religion of colonial Latin America

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Catholic

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The two main economic activities of colonial Latin America:

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*Agriculture *Exporting precious metals (mining)

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How did the importing of precious metals affect Spain's economy?

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It caused inflation

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The Scientific Revolution

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Scientists began placing emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature. They did this by using the scientific method which led to a significant expansion of scientific knowledge.

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Discovered the Heliocentric Theory:

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Nicholas Copernicus

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Discovered planetary motion:

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Johannes Kepler

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Used the telescope:

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Galileo

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Laws of gravity

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Isaac Newton

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Discovered the circulation of blood:

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William Harvey

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Absolute monarchy

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King or Queen has all political power

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Define the Divine Right of Kings:

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Belief that the monarchs power comes from God

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*Ruled France *Built the Versailles Palace *Known as the "Sun King"

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Louis XIV

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*Ruled Russia *Built St. Petersburg *Known as "The Great" *Encourages westernization

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Peter I

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The Restoration

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In the 1640s, members of Parliament rose up against the king, which began the Civil War. King Charles I was beheaded in 1649, and Oliver Cromwell took control of England. In 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne.

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The Glorious Revolution

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In 1688, Parliament forces James II from the throne. They invited William and Mary to take the throne. The new monarchs agreed to follow the laws made by Parliament. This meant that England was now a constitutional monarchy. They also signed the English Bill of Rights.

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The Enlightenment

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The Enlightenment was influenced by the Scientific Revolution. The philosophers of the Enlightenment applied reason to the human world as well as the natural world. Their ideas had a major impact on the world. They stimulated religious tolerance, and fuel democratic revolutions in many parts of the world.

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3 events influenced by the Enlightenment

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*French Revolution *American Revolution *Latin American Revolution

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Miguel de Cervantes

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Novelist who wrote Don Quixote

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Eugene Delacroix

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Romantic painter whose world included Liberty Leading the People

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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Classical composer

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Johann Sebastian Bach

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Baroque composer

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Wrote the Two Treatises of Government. Main ideas: *Natural rights *Life, liberty, property *Right to rebel against unjust government

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John Locke

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Wrote the Spirit of the Laws. Main ideas: *Best form of government has separation of power *3 branches of government

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Baron de Montesquieu

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Wrote the Social Contract. Main ideas: *Government by consent of the governed

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

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Wrote Camdide. Main ideas: *Freedom of religion *Enlightened despotism

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Voltaire

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Wrote The Wealth of Nations. Main ideas: *Natural laws of economics *Laissez Faire economy

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Adam Smith

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Wrote Leviathan. Main ideas: *Government protects people from their own selfishness *Absolute monarchy is best

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Thomas Hobbes

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Main causes of the French Revolution

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*The old Regime *Economic inequality *The Enlightenment *American Revolution *Unfair taxes and inequality *Bankruptcy

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What event is celebrated as the beginning of the French Revolution? When?

answer

The Storming of the Bastille, 1789

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What was the Reign of Terror?

answer

Thousands were sent to the guillotine

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Who was the king of France when the Revolution when it began? How did he die?

answer

Louis XVI got sent to the guillotine

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in 1799, Napoleon...

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Seized power on France and later declared himself as the emperor. Through military conquest her temporarily brought most of Europe under his rule. He suffered a major defeat in Russia due to the harsh winter weather, and his enemy use of a scorched-earth policy. His final defeat was at Waterloo. His reign had a lasting impact on the continent. The Napoleonic code was a written set of laws that have influenced many countries. His conquests led to increased feelings of nationalism, which is pride in one's land and people. Following his defeat in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna. There they restored the old monarchies and boundaries. They attempted to establish a balance of power in Europe. Most of the leaders sought to maintain the traditional system. This idea was called conservatism. Their opponents sought change. They wanted to give more power to the elected Parliaments. Thus was called liberalism. The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to unsuccessful attempts to unify Italy and Germany. In contrast to continental Europe, Britain expanded political rights through legislative means. They also abolished slavery.

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Main cities that were established as outposts of colonial authority in Latin America:

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-Havanna, Cuba -Lima, Peru -Mexico City, Mexico -Buenos Aires, Argentina -Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Main causes of independence movements in Latin America and when:

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*Early 1800s-1830ish -The Enlightenment -The American Revolution -The French Revolution -Rigid social class system

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How did Brazil gain independence?

answer

Dom Pedro PEACEFULLY led Brazil to independence from Portugal

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What was the Monroe Doctrine?

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1823 US policy in which the US would not tolerate future attempts by the Europeans to gain territory in the western hemisphere

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Main effects of the Monroe Doctrine

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The US became the dominant power in the western hemisphere

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Revolution leader of Haiti:

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

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Revolution leader of South America (Venezuela)

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Simon Bolivar

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Revolution leader of Mexico:

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Father Miguel Hidalgo

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Main idea that motivated Italians and Germans to want to form unified nations

answer

Nationalism

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Define Realpolitik

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A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. (Do what you have to do to achieve your goals)

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Who led the Italian unification in the North?

answer

Count Cavour

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Who led the Italian unification in the South?

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Guiseppe Garibaldi "Red Shirts"

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The last area to join Italy

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The Papal States

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Led the unification of Germany

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Otto Van Bistmark

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What was the final step in the unification of Germany?

answer

The Franco-Prussion war (France vs. Russia)

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The first industries to become industrialized were...

answer

Textiles and mining

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The Industrial Revolution began in...

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Britain

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Louis Pasteur

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Discovered bacteria

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Eli Whitney

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Invented the cotton gin

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James Hargreaves

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Invented the Spinning Jenny

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles

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Wrote The Communist Manifesto

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James Watt

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Improved the steam engine

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Edward Jenner

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Developed the smallpox vaccination

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Henry Bessemer

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Developed a process for making steel

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How did the factory system differ from cottage industries?

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*Mass production *Division of labor *More machines/better technology

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What were the main goals of labor unions? What methods did they use to achieve them?

answer

Higher wages and better working conditions. Used collective bargaining and strikes.

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How did the invention of the cotton gin affect the slave trade?

answer

It caused and increase in slave labor in the Americas

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Define Laissez faire

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A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course without interference

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Define suffrage

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The right to vote

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Main ideas of communism

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Capitalism is and unjust system due to the unequal distribution of wealth in society. Therefore wealth should be shared equally and private property should be abolished.

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Main effects of the Industrial Revolution

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*Urbanization *Pollution *Harsh working conditions *Child labor *Dissatisfaction of the working class *Increased population *Growth of the middle class *Demands for women's suffrage *Improved transportation *Goods became less expensive

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Define Imperialism

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A policy o extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

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3 main types of imperialism

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*Colonies *Protectorates *Spheres of Influence

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What type of imperialism was used in China?

answer

Spheres of Influence

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What was the British East India Company?

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Established in 1600s to trade directly with India; gradually expanded its power in India

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Reasons for Imperialism:

answer

*Eurpeans needed raw materials for industries *Desire to spread Christianity *European nationalism *European military advantages *Need for markets for industrialized goods

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Effects of Imperialism:

answer

*Tensions contribution got WWI *Boxer Rebellion *Indian National Congress *Japan forced to end policy of nationalism

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Fasted way to India

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Suez Canal located in Egypt

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Who was the leader of Germany during WWI?

answer

Kaiser Wilhelm II

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Why did the US enter WWI?

answer

*Unrestricted submarine warfare *Sinking of the Lusitania *Zimmerman telegram

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Who was the president of the US during WWI?

answer

Woodrow Wilson

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Why did Russia drop out of WWI?

answer

Russian Revolution/Its army was losing and the people at home did not support the war.

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Causes of WWI:

answer

*Assassination of Franz Ferdinand *Alliances divided Europe *Nationalism *Militarism *Imperialism

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Effects of WWI:

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*Germany forced to pay reparations *Limits put on Germanys military *Break up of the Ottoman Empire *Break up of Austria-Hungary *The League of Nations *The Mandate System *The Fourteen Points (Woodrow Wilson)

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Define Reparations:

answer

The making of amends for a wrong one has done by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. (Payment for damages after the war)

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What were the main weaknesses of the League of Nations?

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-US was not a member -No military to enforce its decisions

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What were mandates?

answer

Territories that were temporary occupation of a country in order to support a new country

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