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Pericles

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Great general and leader of Athens. Dominated Athenian public affairs, had a very significant reign called 'The Age of Pericles.' Athenian government became completely democratic.

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Peloponnesian Wars

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Provoked by the Athenians' flaunting of power, Sparta began to fight. Was a war between Sparta and Athens. Spartans invaded Athens, and the Athenians hid behind protective walls. Plague broke out, and many Athenians died including Pericles.

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Persian Wars

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War started when the Persian ruler, Darius, raised taxes. Greeks rebelled with the help of Athens, but Darius crushed the revolts. He sent an army into Greece in 492 B.C, and regained Thrace and Macedonia. Battle of Marathon happens. 10 years peace, then Darius' son Xerxes came into rule and established a massive army. Then came Thermopylae.

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Battle of Marathon

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Battle in which the Greeks, though vastly outnumbered by the Persians, defeated the Persian Army on the plain of Marathon.

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Darius

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Vicious Persian ruler who crushes Greek revolts and starts the Persian wars.

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Xerxes

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Darius' son. Assembled a very large Persian army after 10 years and sent them to Thermopylae.

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Thermopylae

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A narrow pass which connects Greece and central Greece. The Persians could not get past the standing Greek army; the pass was too narrow. But a Greek traitor showed the Persians another way. Although outnumbered, the Greeks defeated the Persians, not physically, but in spirit.

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Delos

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The island where the Delian League's funds were deposited on.

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Democritus

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Philosopher who developed the atomic theory, that the universe is made up of tiny particles which he called atoms.

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Pythagoras

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Mathematician who believed everything was based on numerical relationships & ratios, also believed that math and music were related.

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Aristotle

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Entered Plato's academy at the age of 17, but made his own school, the Lyceum in 355, which was a periptetic (walking) school. Studied biology and established it's main theories. Believed a city-state was the best setting and that moderation = justice. Aristotle placed emphasis on balance between liberty and authority, the value of public education, and quality of life for all Athenians. Created a government that was the best of a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy with a strong middle class.

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Plato

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Student of Socrates, recorded his teachings. He had wealthy parents and an excellent education. Believed that democracy was the tyranny of the common people. In 388, he established the Academy, a school that was devoted to philosophy and science. The Republic was was the ideal state that included welfare for citizens and emphasis on special talents and abilities. His 4 virtues: truth, wisdom, courage, and moderation. Ideal government was an aristocracy based on intelligence.

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Socrates

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Created a different method of teaching than the 'sophists' in which he asked questions instead of giving answers. Motto was 'know thyself.' Was impeached in 399 for 'corrupting the youth and undermining religious beliefs.' Created the death penalty.

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Hippocrates

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Established a school of medicine on the island of Cos in 420 (lol blaze it yo.) Discovered the natural causes of illness which were: crisis, acute, and chronic. Established the "Hippocratic Oath" which doctors today still must accept.

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Herodotus

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Considered the father of history, traveled through Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. Frequently discussed the Persian Wars.

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Thucydides

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Famous for his writing, 'the History of the Peloponnesian War.' Believed that by studying the past, one can understand human nature better, and tried to make his writings as accurate and unbiased as possible.

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Aeschylus

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Was the father of Greek tragedy, and fought in both Marathon and Salamis. He wrote a total of 80 plays, including the Orestian Trilogy. He was famous for using characters to demonstrate development, justice, and moral order. Also focused on the relationship between gods and humans.

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Sophocles

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Had noble parents and a great education. Was great friends with Herodotus, Pericles, and Euripides. Believed it was impossible for a man to control his own destiny, that the moral laws of the universe defended traditional value.

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Euripides

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Wrote around 100 plays with passionate characters and rash actions. His plays reflected on the uncertainty during the Peloponnesian Wars.

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Aristophanes

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Wrote comedies, considered greatest Greek writer of comedies. Disliked wars, used his comedies to make people think about wars' causes and consequences, especially the Trojan Wars.

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Philosopher

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Word meaning 'lover of wisdom.'

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Philosophy

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The study of the most fundamental questions of reality and human existence.

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Dramas

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Plays containing action or dialogue. Usually involved conflict and emotion.

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Comedies

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Originated at a festival honoring Dionysus, mocked ideas and people.

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Tragedies

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Main character struggles against fate and a combination of outside forces overcome the main character.

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Hubris

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Excessive pride in yourself or your accomplishments.

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Phalanx

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Consisted of two rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder, equipped with pikes as long as 21 feet.

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Infantry

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A group of soldiers trained and equipped to fight on foot.

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Orators

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Public speakers.

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Demosthenes

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Great orator who led the opposition to Philip in Athens. He tried to make Athenians aware of the danger he believed Philip withheld. He spurred the Athenians to take action, but they failed to present a unified defense.

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Philip II

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Became king in 359. As a youth, he was a hostage to Thebes for 3 yrs, but he came to admire the Greek lifestyle and Greek military. He recruited the first paid army in Macedonian history. His soldiers became one of the strongest armies of all time. He continually gained more and more control of Greece. After undergoing the revolt of his people and becoming disliked, he was assassinated at his daughter's wedding in 336.

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Alexander the Great & his reign

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Alexander was the son of Philip. He received his military training from the Macedonian army and his education from Aristotle. He was very physically strong and very brave. He crushed revolts in Greece and then set out to conquer the world after conquering Greece. He tried to conquer India, but after 4 years, his soldiers got tired and begged to go back home. He divided his troops and people among deserts, oceans and forests to explore the world, a process in which many of his people died in. His empire became discontent and he shrunk back in fear. He died of a 10 day fever at 32 years old.

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Diogenes

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Best known Cynic.

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Pyrrho

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Credited as the founder of Skepticism.

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Epicurus

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Founder of Epicurean philosophy, taught that the aim of life focuses on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

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Archimedes

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Considered to be the greatest scientist of the Hellenistic period.

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Hipparchus

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First scientist to use trig in a systematic way, calculated the times of eclipses of the Sun and the moon. Also calculated the length of a year according to the sun and moon.

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Eratosthenes

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Calculated the cirumfrence of the Earth with amazing accuracy.

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Zeno

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Established stoic philosophy in 300 B.C in Athens.

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Greek Art

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All forms reflected the Greeks' views of themselves and the world. Four characteristics established Greek Art: 1. Glorified humans. 2. Symbolized the peoples' pride in their city-states. 3. Expressed Greek ideals of harmony, balance, order, and moderation. 4. Expressed Greek belief in combining beauty and usefulness.

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Myron

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Greek sculptor during the Golden Age. Sculpted the Discus Thrower.

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Phidias

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Famous Greek sculptor who created the two famous statues of Athena that stood on the acropolis and in the Parthenon.

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Praxiteles

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Lived about 100 years after Phidias. Created a different type of sculpture. He created large, formal, dignified works that were appropriate for the gods.

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Republic

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Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state.

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Tribunes

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Ten officials elected by the assembly.

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Veto

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To refuse to approve.

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Checks and Balances

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The division of power between the Senate that prevented any one part of the government from becoming too powerful.

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Consuls

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Two leaders elected at the end of the monarchy that served one-year terms. They served as chief executives that ran the government and acted as military commanders.

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Praetors

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Officials elected by the Romans to help the Consuls.

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Patrician

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A powerful aristocratic class organized in clans.

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Plebeian

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All other citizens that weren't Patricians.

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Legion

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The most important military unit of the Roman army.

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Paterfamilias

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The name for a father in Roman society.

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Romulus

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The son of a priestess and Mars, who was also the god of war, who founded Rome. His mother was killed, so him and his twin brother, Remus, were sent down the Tiber River in a basket. They washed ashore and were raised by a wolf and nursed by a sheperd. Romulus killed his brother Remus and by doing so was crowned king and founder of Rome.

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Pax Romana

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"Roman Peace."

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Aqueducts

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Bridge-like structures that carried water from the mountains.

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Anarchy

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The absence of any government.

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First Triumvirate

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Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. *CCP Fell because Crassus was killed in campaign in Parthea, and Caesar's daughter, the wife of Pompey, Julia dies, so he doesn't feel loyal to Pompey anymore.

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Second Triumvirate

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Anthony, Lepidus, and Octavian. Anthony and Octavian end up kicking Lepidus out.

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Octavian

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Controls provinces of Sicily and Africa. Divorces his wife, Octavia, eventually finds Anthony's will and his intent to leave Cleopatra everything, and he declares war and defeats Anthony and Cleopatra.

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Cleopatra

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Egyptian wife of Anthony.

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Republic

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Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state.

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Punic Wars

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The wars were started because the Romans feared that the Carthaginian navy would dominate the Med. Sea and prevent the expansion of Roman influence overseas. First punic war: Rome had no Navy, but soon built a vessel and modeled it similar to the Carthaginians. The Romans used boarding bridges which brought their land tactics to sea. Rome prevailed and Carthage asked for Peace. Second Punic War: Hannibal, from Spain brought war elephants into battle. He won many victories over the Romans, and tried to win over Roman allies, despite their strong loyalty. Third Punic War: Romans had a hatred for Carthage, so the Senate decided to crush Carthage in 149. They declared war, and the city fell in two short years of war.

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Hannibal

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Well-known for his cruelty as an army leader. Involved in the second punic war, made a famous trek throughout the mountains with his elephants which were a gift to him, and won many victories over the Romans.

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Indemnity

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Money for damages caused.

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Sulla

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Elected to censorship in 88 BC, but after his term expired, his band of enemies, led by Marius, tried to prevent him from taking higher military command. Sulla then marched his legions into Rome and started a civil war in which Sulla won. He then executed all Roman citizens who opposed him and ruled as dictator for awhile. He carried out a reform program and expanded the Senate to 300 members. He died peacefully and willingly.

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Julius Caesar

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Caesar returned to Rome after the reign of Sulla and had made many enemies in the Senate. He joined forces with Pompey and Crassus. (CCP, 1st Triumvirate) He obtained a loyal army in Gaul in order to stay in power. He became sole consul after the death of Crassus. He then lead his army towards Rome. His army then crossed the Rubicon. He was eventually declared dictator for life but some people were not too fond of his new status, and on March 15 (ides of March) Brutus and his other close friend stabbed him.

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Pompey

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Member of the first Triumvirate, was jealous of Caesar.

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Good Emperors

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Nero, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Nerva.

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Martyrs

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Someone who dies for a certain belief to stand as an example.

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Carthage

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Rome's opposer in the Punic Wars.

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Christianity

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Monotheistic religion that was brought into the Roman Empire, believed in Jesus Christ.

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Rabbi

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Jewish priest.

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Rise and fall of the Roman Empire

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Rome became very powerful because every road in the world at that time led to Rome. Trade was very easy and Rome was raking in money. But soon, something called inflation came in and money was no longer worth it's face value. Citizens stopped accepting money, and reverted to bartering. So instead of advancing, the Roman Empire went backwards. The Roman Empire eventually grew too large to fast and the type of government (designed for a city-state) proved faulty.

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Patriarchs

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Bishops of Empire cities.

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Icons

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Statues, holy pictures of saints, people, and scenes from the church.

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Heresy

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Opinions that conflict with church law.

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Excommunication

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Banning of a person from church membership and ceremonies.

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Justinian

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Emperor who ruled from 527 to 565. Led the successful, political, economic, intellectual, and artistic revival.

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Theodora

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Justinian's loyal wife, the most famous Byzantium empress. Was in the circus. Encouraged Justinian to make many new laws and stay within the Empire when he wanted to flee.

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Dowry

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Goods brought into the marriage by the groom.

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Constantinople

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Capital of the Byzantine Empire.

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Byzantine Empire: strengths and weaknesses

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Strengths: the people adapted well to change, and the government was very strong with a high-skilled emperor at the center of it. Effective military that developed Greek fire. Large trading empire, very wealthy. They were the first to trade with China, Scandanavia, & India. But the empire was especially vulnerable at some points, and when the Ottoman turks attacked them in 1453, they had no defense.

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Justinian Code

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Became the basis of many European legal systems during the Middle Ages. It recognized Roman law to make sure there were no inconsistencies and the novels contained updates in the laws.

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Muhammad

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He was born in Mecca in 570, was orphaned at the age of 6 and his grandpa and uncle took care of him. He had no formal education, but lived as a caravan trader which exposed him to scholars of monotheistic religions. Has a great religious experience at the age of 40 and becomes a great prophet.

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Moors

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Islams of Spain.

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Bedouins

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Nomadic Arabic herders.

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Mosques

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Islam places of worship.

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Caliph

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Head of Islamic faith, holy one.

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Koran

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Holy book of Islam.

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Mecca

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Holy city where Muhammad was born.

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Sunni

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Muslims who followed the koran and the teachings of Sunna. They believed any enlightened person could become Caliph.

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Shi'ah

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Muslims who followed the Koran and the Koran only, believed only descendants of Muhammad could be Caliph.

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5 Pillars of Islam Faith

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1. "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet." Recite the Islam creed. 2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca. 3. Give offering to others. 4. Fast and refrain from sexual relations during the month of Ramadan. 5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, or contribute to someone elses'.

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Feudalism

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Political structure that evolved in Europe.

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Vassal

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Person who recieved land from their lord in turn for services.

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Fief

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Land recieved by vassals in turn for services.

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Manor

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Large estate, included the manor house.

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Serfs

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Peasants who were bound to the lands.

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Chivalry

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Code of conduct for knights.

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Orginization of the church

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1. Pope who lived in Vatican city. 2. Cardinals who elected Popes beginning in 1059. 3. Archbishops who excersized authority over the other bishops in his provience. 4. Bishop who managed a diocese consisting of many parishes. 5. Parish priest who conducted services in the village church and supervised moral and religious instruction.

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7 Sacraments

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1. Baptism 2. Holy Eucrues (communion) 3. Confirmation 4. Penance (forgiveness) 5. Marriage 6. Annointing of the sick 7. Holy orders.

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