question

School of Mind

answer

a philosophy espoused by Wang Yangming during the mid-Ming era of China, which argued that mind and the universe were a single unit and knowledge was therefore obtained through internal self-searching rather than through investigation of the outside world; for a while, a significant but unofficial rival to Neo-Confucianism.

question

khanates

answer

Mongol kingdoms, in particular the subdivisions of Genghis Khan's empire ruled by his heirs.

question

foot binding

answer

An extremely painful process, common in China throughout the second millenium C.E., that compressed girls' feet to half their natural size, representing submissiveness and self-discipline, which were considered necessary attributes for an ideal wife.

question

White Lotus

answer

A Chinese Buddhist sect, founded in 1133 C.E., that sought political reform; in 1796-1804, a Chinese peasant revolt.

question

Pure Land

answer

A Buddhist sect, originally Chinese but later popular in Japan, which taught that devotion alone could lead to enlightenment and release.

question

Tantrism

answer

a mystical Buddhist sect, which emphasized the importance of magical symbols and ritual in seeking a path to enlightenment.

question

scholar-gentry

answer

In Song dynasty China, candidates who passed the civil service examinations and whose families were nonaristocratic landowners; eventually, a majority of the bureaucracy.

question

Chan

answer

A Chinese sect (Zen in Japanese) influenced by Daoist ideas, which called for mind training and a strict regimen as a means of seeking enlightenment

question

Supreme Ultimate

answer

according to Neo-Confucianists, a transcendent world, distinct from the material world in which humans live, but to which humans may aspire; a set of abstract principles, roughly equivalent to the Dao.

question

Neo-Confucianism

answer

The dominant ideology of China during the second millennium C.E. It combined the metaphysical speculations of Buddhism and Daoism with the pragmatic Confucian approach to society, maintaining that the world is real, not illusory, and that fulfillment comes from participation, not withdrawal. It encouraged an intellectual environment that valued continuity over change and tradition over innovation.

question

All of the following occurred after the decline of the Han dynasty except

answer

Japan conquered Taiwan and the east coast of China.

question

Marco Polo

answer

Italian merchant -traveled to China in the late thirteenth century -served as an official at the court of Khubilai Khan "this must be one of the largest and wealthiest cities on earth—a city "planned out to a degree of precision and beauty impossible to describe". -When he spoke about Khanbaliq -diary-published after his return to Italy almost twenty years later, tales of this magnificent but unknown civilization far to the east. -many of his European contemporaries were skeptical and suspected that he was a charlatan seeking to win fame and fortune with a fictional account of his travels to fantastic lands.

question

Khanbaliq

answer

later known as Beijing -capital of the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) -one of the great urban centers of the Chinese Empire.

question

Kaifeng

answer

-commercial hub of Kaifeng -on the Yellow River

question

China

answer

-had clearly emerged as the richest and most powerful empire on the Eurasian supercontinent after the decline of the Abbasids in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. -nearly four centuries of internal division -in 581 C.E. Yang Jian, founded a new dynasty, known as the Sui (581-618).

question

Han Dynasty

answer

collapsed at the beginning of the third century C.E

question

era of the six dynasties

answer

-after the collapse of the Han Dynasty -era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han.

question

Confucian

answer

principles that emphasized hard work, subordination of the individual to community interests, and belief in the essentially rational order of the universe came under severe challenge, and many Chinese intellectuals began to reject the stuffy moralism and complacency of State Confucianism as they sought emotional satisfaction in hedonistic pursuits or philosophical Daoism.

question

seven sages of the bamboo forest

answer

-group of writers -Liu Ling (best known) poet

question

Liu Ling

answer

Best known poet of the "seven sages of the bamboo forest" very odd, sat around naked - "Heaven and earth are my dwelling, and my house is my trousers. Why are you all coming into my trousers?"

question

Buddhism

answer

-filled that gap between popular beliefs in the supernatural and philosophical Daoism -was brought to China by merchants during the first two centuries C.E. by missionaries and merchants traveling over the Silk Road -Buddhist ideas ofMahayana school began to find adherents among intellectuals and ordinary people alike. -assisted by the efforts of such tireless advocates as the missionaries Fa Xian and Xuan Zang and the support of ruling elites in both northern and southern China

question

Yang Jian

answer

a member of a respected aristocratic family in northern China, founded a new dynasty, Sui (581-618). -a builder as well as a conqueror -ordered a new canal from the capital to the confluence of the Wei and Yellow Rivers nearly 100 miles to the east. - also known by his reign title of Sui Wendi -established his capital at the historic metropolis of Chang'an and began to extend his authority throughout the Chinese heartland. -turned to Daoism and Buddhism -founded monasteries for both doctrines and appointed Buddhist monks to key positions as political advisers. -son was Sui Yandi

question

Grand Canal

answer

-built over centuries -one of the engineering wonders of the world -crucial conduit for carrying goods between n and s China. -Yangtze River -used to carry rice and other agricultural products to the food-starved northern provinces. -towns and cities became famous for their wealth and cultural achievements. -Among the most renowned was Suzhou -1,400 mile long -facilitated the shipment of grain from the rice-rich southern provinces to the densely populated north -served as an imperial highway for dispatching troops to troubled provinces. -extended from the Yellow River to the capital.

question

Song dynasty

answer

- region south of the Yangtze River became the heartland of the empire

question

Suzhou

answer

-center for silk manufacture, -"Venice of China" because of its many canals. -humpback bridge crossing an arm of the canal in downtown Suzhou. -Chinese constructed bridges several hundred years before Europeans mastered the technique.

question

Sui Yandi

answer

-was the son of Yang Jian -tyrannical ruler, expensive military campaigns - failed campaign against Korea in 618, the emperor was murdered in his palace. -Li Yuan, a general took advantage of the ensuing instability and founded the Tang Building on the successes of its predecessor

question

Sui Dynasty

answer

-came to an end immediately after Sui Yangdi's death

question

Tang Dynasty

answer

-after the Sui Dynasty -lasted for three hundred years, until 907. -one of the greatest periods in the long history of China -Tang Taizong -launched a program of internal renewal and external expansion that would make it one of the greatest Chinese dynasties. -Xinjiang "new region" in the northwest -Korea accepted tribute status and attempted to adopt the Chinese model, -Japanese dispatched official missions to China to learn more about its customs and institutions -apogee of Chinese creativity in poetry and sculpture -Buddhism exploded culture (art, literature, philosophy, religion, and politics. -city of Chang'an became the seat of the empire. -population nearly 2 million, it was possibly the greatest city in the world. -DECLINE=court intrigues and official corruption, prolonged drought, -early tenth century, when border troubles with northern nomadic peoples Khitan Uighurs , Kirghiz

question

Li Yuan

answer

-general -founded the Tang Building on the successes of its predecessor

question

Tang Taizong

answer

(627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty. China's most admired emperor -great general, war hero; expands China's borders; encourages trade; -allows buddhism to spread; let christians and muslims practice; let people who passed the civil exam work for government

question

Khitan

answer

-northern nomadic peoples -caused the Tang to follow the classic Chinese strategy of "using a barbarian to oppose a barbarian" by allying with the Uighurs

question

Uighurs

answer

-a Turkic-speaking people who had taken over many of the caravan routes along the Silk Road.

question

Kirghiz

answer

nomadic people, defeated the Uighurs and then turned on the Tang government in its moment of weakness and overthrew it.

question

Song Dynasty

answer

-a new dynasty, the Song (960-1279), rose to power. -more problems defending their territory than predecessors. -founding emperor, Song Taizu -when pressures from the nomads increased, the capital was moved to Hangzhou -Despite its political and military weaknesses, the dynasty ruled during a period of economic expansion, prosperity, and cultural achievement. -considered among the more successful Chinese dynasties. -population, 40 million, was slightly higher than that of the continent of Europe. -were never able to surmount the external challenge from the north, -that failure eventually brought the end of the dynasty. -rulers were forced to pay tribute to the Jurchen peoples from Manchuria -formed an alliance with the Mongols -weakened by internal factionalism and a loss of tax revenues. -battles and sieges marked by the use of catapults and gunpowder, the Song were defeated, -a new Yuan (Mongol) dynasty.

question

Song Taizu

answer

-founding emperor of the Song Dynasty -unable to reconquer the northwestern from the nomadic Khitan peoples -therefore established his capital farther to the east, at Kaifeng, where the Grand Canal intersected the Yellow River.

question

Hangzhou

answer

-on the coast just south of the Yangtze River delta; -emperors known as the southern Song (1127-1279).

question

Jurchen peoples from Manchuria

answer

-peoples from Manchuria

question

Mongols

answer

-new and obscure nomadic people from the Gobi Desert. -obscure pastoral people of modern Outer Mongolia. -organized loosely into clans and tribes -Rivalry over pasture, livestock, and booty due to growing population and the consequent overgrazing of pastures. -within a few years, had become a much more serious threat to China than the Jurchen. -learned about gunpowder from the Chinese. -1231 attacked Persia -defeated the Abbasids at Baghdad in 1258 -attacked the Song from the west in the 1260s -defeated the remnants of the Song navy in 1279. -lived in round, felt-covered tents (called yurts), -depended on milk and meat from their herds and game from hunting. -last, and arguably the greatest, of the nomadic peoples who came out of the steppes of Central Asia -era was brief, but was rich in consequences.

question

Medieval China

answer

c. 1st century C.E. Arrival of Buddhism in China 220 C.E. Fall of the Han dynasty 581-618 Sui dynasty 618-907 Tang dynasty 700s Li Bo (Li Po) and Du Fu (Tu Fu) 960-1279 Song dynasty 1021-1086 Wang Anshi 1127-1279 Southern Song dynasty 1279 Mongol conquest of China 1260-1294 Reign of Khubilai Khan 1368 Fall of the Yuan dynasty 1369-1644 Ming dynasty

question

Civil Service Examination

answer

-adopted during the Tang Dynasty -1/3 of those who succeeded on the examinations during the Tang era came from the great families. -because it was dominated by the great aristocratic clans, who had mastered the technique of preparing candidates for the exams -3 levels 1-qualifing exam annually at the provincial capital. 2-second examination given at the capital every three years 3-final examination, which was given in the imperial palace once every three years -based entirely on the Confucian classics -system guaranteed-would have received a full dose of Confucian political and social ethics. -not open to criminals -set up training academies at the provincial and district level -scholar-gentry -helped provide China with a cultural uniformity lacking in empires elsewhere in Asia

question

Grand Council

answer

The top of the government hierarchy in the Song dynasty in China. -assisted by a secretariat and a chancellery -reps from all three authorities—civil, military & censorate. -Department of State Affairs=ministries responsible for justice, military affairs, personnel, public works, revenue, and rites (ritual).

question

Tang dynasty

answer

-Civil Service Examination-a way of strengthening the power of the central administration. -relatives of individuals serving in the imperial court were prohibited from taking the examinations -rising professionalism and influence of the bureaucracy, 20,000 with 10,000 in the imperial capital

question

Han Yu

answer

a key figure in the emergence of Neo-Confucian thought as the official ideology of the state, responds to such remarks with a withering analysis of the dangers of "doing nothing"—a clear reference to the famous Daoist doctrine of "inaction."

question

Local Government

answer

-base of the government pyramid was the district (or county), governed by a magistrate responsible for maintaining law and order and collecting taxes -Below -was the basic unit of Chinese government, the village. Villages were allowed to administer themselves, normally through a council of elders. The council, usually made up of the heads of influential families in the village, maintained the local irrigation and transportation network, adjudicated disputes, organized a militia, and assisted in collecting taxes (usually paid in grain).

question

Economy

answer

-grew considerably in size and complexity -an agricultural society, -urban sector was becoming increasingly important, new social classes were beginning to appear, and the economic focus of the empire was beginning to shift Land Reform- -concentrated in the hands of aristocratic families, with most peasants reduced to serfdom or slavery. reduce the power /maximize tax revenues by adopting the ancient "well-field" system **** failure to resolve the land problem contributed to the fall of the Tang dynasty in the early tenth century -Wang Anshi (1021-1086) -opening of new lands in the Yangtze River valley, technological improvements such as the chain pump - introduction of a quick-growing rice -during the Song dynasty rice became the main food crop

question

"well-field" system

answer

in which land was allocated to farmers for life in return for an annual tax payment and three weeks of conscript labor.

question

Wang Anshi (1021-1086)

answer

-reformist -attempted to limit the size of landholdings through progressive land taxes and provided cheap credit to poor farmers to help them avoid bankruptcy. -chain pump (a circular chain of square pallets on a treadmill that enabled farmers to lift water to a higher level)

question

Manufacturing

answer

During the Tang, -mastered the art of manufacturing steel by mixing cast iron and wrought iron. -Blast furnaces by burning coal. -resulting product was used for swords, sickles, and even suits of armor. -35,000 tons of steel were being produced annually. -cotton offered new opportunities -Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese during the late Tang dynasty and was used primarily for explosives and a primitive form of flamethrower

question

Chang'an

answer

Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any contemporary world city. (modern day Xian—home of terra cotta warriors)

question

Wu Zhao

answer

Empress -female with power, the revolt in 755 that sounded the death knell to the aristocratic system. In 649, she strangled her daughter and blamed it on the current empress for being jealous over who had a child and who didn't. The emperor dumped his old wife for the liar. After he died, she assumed full power in 683. Strong leader, daughter of a Chinese general, first to select graduates of civil service examinations for highest government positions, formed alliance with Korea, lowered taxes. -declared herself empress of China. -responsible for giving meaning to the civil service examination system and was the first to select graduates of the examinations for the highest positions in government. During her last years, she reportedly fell under the influence of courtiers and was deposed in 705, when she was probably around eighty. (c. 625-c. 706)

question

Village and Family

answer

-still lived in rural villages. -most Chinese rarely left their native village/market -joint family with at least three generations under one roof. -joint family prevalent in the south. -son married, expected to bring his new wife back to live in his parents' home -dwellings were simple, consisting of one or two rooms. -constructed of dried mud, stone, or brick, -Roofs were of thatch or tile, and the floors packed dirt. -Large houses were often built in a square around an inner courtyard. -eldest male theoretically ruled as an autocrat. -ancestral rites -legal rights over his wife, and if she did not provide him with a male heir, he was permitted to take a second wife. - wife, no recourse to divorce. -concubines, lived in a separate room in the house and competed with the legal wife for precedence. -children were expected to obey their parents, determined their children's careers, selected their marriage partners. ***Filial piety was viewed as an absolute moral good, above virtually all other moral obligations.

question

Role of Women

answer

Female children were less desirable than males -Poor families sold their daughters to wealthy villagers to serve as concubines, -in times of famine, female infanticide common -During the Song era, two new practices emerged -First, a new form of dowry appeared. Whereas previously the prospective husband offered the bride's family a bride price, now the reverse became the norm, with the bride's parents paying the groom's family a dowry. With the prosperity that characterized much of the Song era, affluent parents sought to buy a satisfactory husband for their daughter, preferably one with a higher social standing and good prospects for an official career. -second marital bait promise of a bride with tiny bound feet. foot binding, on girls aged five to thirteen, represented submissiveness and self-discipline, two attributes of the ideal Confucian wife. -less common in southern China, -limited to the scholar-gentry. -prohibited, the practice lasted into the twentieth century, particularly in rural villages. -Women had substantial property rights and retained control over their dowries even after divorce or the death of the husband. -influential force within the home, handling the accounts and raising the children. Some were active in politics.

question

Daoism

answer

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

question

All of the following are correct about the Sui dynasty except

answer

the Sui ruled China until the coming of the Mongols.

question

Rice, grain, and other commodities were shipped from China's southern regions to the densely populated north along the

answer

Grand Canal

question

The Tang dynasty is known as the apogee of

answer

Chinese poetry and sculpture.

question

In the 900s, the Tang dynasty fell because of the nomadic attacks of the

answer

Kirghiz.

question

Which of the following is correct about the Song dynasty?

answer

After external pressures continued, they ultimately moved the capital south to Hangzhou

question

In an attempt to resist the Jurchen peoples, the Song made an alliance with the

answer

Mongols.

question

The following are true of the role of women in China during the Song dynasty except

answer

women had property rights.

question

The Mongols attacked Persia and then defeated the

answer

Abbasids at Baghdad.

question

Which weapon did Mongol warriors discover during their campaigns?

answer

The firelance.

question

firelance

answer

a weapon that used gunpowder, flamethrower, precursor of cannon -early form of flamethrower that could spew out flames and projectiles a distance of 30 or 40 yards. -evolved into more effective handgun and cannon.

question

To promote trade, the Grand Canal was extended from the Yellow River to the

answer

capital

question

All of the following are true of the fleet the Ming emperor sent into the Indian Ocean except

answer

it was comprised of the small ships.

question

When the Ming replaced the Mongols,

answer

the population of China doubled.

question

All of the following are correct about motives of the voyages of Zhenghe except

answer

ambition to acquire a large overseas empire in Southeast and South Asia.

question

Yongle decided to move the Ming capital to Beijing from

answer

Nanjing.

question

Zhenghe's voyages ended following the

answer

death of Yongle.

question

Which of the following were not among the Buddhist sects that became significant and popular in China?

answer

Shinto

question

The Buddhist sect that had political objectives was

answer

White Lotus

question

During the post-Han era, the favorite forms of literary activity included historical writings and

answer

essays.

question

Who succeeded the Song as the rulers of China in 1279

answer

The Mongols

question

Temuchin

answer

-great Mongol chieftan Genghis Khan/Chinggis Khan 1162- 1227). -his father was murdered by a rival-sought refuge in the wilderness. -tall, adroit, and vigorous, -unified the Mongol tribes prowess &personality. -1206 elected Genghis Khan"universal ruler" Gobi Desert.

question

Genghis Khan

answer

-universal ruler -Army less than 130,000 in 1227, -mastery of military tactics set the Mongols apart. -set up capital at Karakorum/present-day Outer Mongolia -divided into several separate khanates, each ruled by one of his sons -One son was awarded the khanate of Chaghadai -another ruled Persia from Baghdad; -third received the khanate of Kipchak- the Golden Horde. -one of his grandsons, Khubilai Khan (1215-1294), completed the conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty, called the Yuan

question

Yuan Dynasty

answer

-founded by grandson of Genghis Khan, Khubilai Khan -completed the conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty, called the Yuan "original creative force" -moved the capital to Khanbaliq ("city of the khan"), Later known by Beijing or Peking "northern capital"). -restored the tripartite division of the administration into civilian, military, and censorate -restored the six ministries. -restored the civil service system, -state cult of Confucius was also restored -Excessive spending on foreign campaigns, inadequate tax revenues, and factionalism and corruption at court and in the bureaucracy all contributed to the dynasty's demise

question

Khubilai Khan

answer

-a Buddhist -completed the conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty, called the Yuan "original creative force" -moved the capital to Khanbaliq ("city of the khan"), Later known by Beijing or Peking "northern capital"). -restored the tripartite division of the administration into civilian, military, and censorate -restored the six ministries. -restored the civil service system, -state cult of Confucius was also restored

question

Zhu Yuanzhang

answer

-immediate instrument of Mongol defeat -son of a poor peasant in the lower Yangtze valley -lost most of his family during a famine -became the leader of a band of bandits -put an end to the disintegrating Yuan regime and declared the foundation of a new Ming (MING) ("bright") dynasty (1369-1644).

question

ordos

answer

a system of restructuring tribes into decimal units whose top level of leadership was organized on bureaucratic lines. -Mongols applied it to create disciplined and highly effective military units.

question

Pax Mongolica

answer

Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire -"Mongol Peace" from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.

question

Ming Dynasty

answer

-China extended its rule into Mongolia and Central Asia. -replaced the Mongols in the fourteenth century -Confucian institutions as a means of ruling their vast empire. -the use of civil service examinations to select members of the bureaucracy -division of the empire into provinces, districts, and counties. - cities near the coast and along the Yangtze River valley, factories and workshops were vastly increasing the variety and output of their manufactured goods. -population had doubled, and new crops had been introduced, greatly expanding the food output of the empire.

World Civilization Chapter 10 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards