World Civ Final Exam - Flashcards

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the system your skin is part of

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integumentary

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The cultural artifacts of early humans include all of the following except:

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Irrigation Canals

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Hominins were forerunners of humans after genetically splitting from ___________ around 7 million years ago:

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Chimpanzees

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_____________ became a key evolutionary advantage to hominins, since walking on two feet freed the arms to do something else.

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Bipedalism

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The oldest specimen of H. sapiens discovered so far is a fossil discovered in Ethiopia in 1967 and dated to _______________.

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195,000 years ago

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Levallois is a stone technique where workers first shaped a hard rock into a ____________.

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cylinder or cone

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A dozen or so dispersed families of H. sapiens would come together around a campfire, forming a clan, _______________.

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Among which sexual partners were chosen.

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The vast land mass called "Sahul", comprised of ______, began moving about 100 million years ago.

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New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania.

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The most esteemed elders among the Australian Aboriginals possessed a deep knowledge of the tribe's past in the _______________.

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Dreamtime

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A set of 15,000-year-old engravings on the floor of the La Marche Cave shows realistic sketches of __________.

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Old and young men and women.

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Tundra is a landscape in which the top soil unfreezes during the summer and supports ____________.

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The growth of small shrubs, mosses, and lichens.

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The mitochondrial DNA of a young girl's teeth, found in the Yucatan peninsula and dating to 13,000-12,000 years ago, is:

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Closely related to that of the groups of Siberian Homo sapiens who migrated to Beringia during the Ice Age.

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The discovery in 2003 of the fossils of Homo floresiensis, living as recently as 12,000 years ago on the island of Flores in _______________, seemed to contradict much of what was known about human evolution.

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Indonesia

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Forager clans and tribes had to retreat southward and adapt to the harsh environmental conditions when ____________.

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The Ice Age hit their dwelling places

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The "Levant" encompasses the modern countries of

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Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine.

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Mesopotamia is "the land between the rivers" __________.

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Euphrates and Tigris.

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In a(n) ___________, people, at a minimum, are engaged in farming cereal grains on rain-fed or irrigated fields and breeding sheep and cattle.

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Agrarian society.

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The period from ca. 9600 to 4500 BCE when stone tools were adapted to the requirements of agriculture, through the making of sickles and spades, was the _________.

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Neolithic.

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It took until about ___________ in the Middle East before farmers had bred the large-grained wheat and barley of today.

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7000 BCE.

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The Nile usually begins to swell in _________ and recedes during ___________

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July and October.

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Mesopotamian towns administered themselves through local ____________, in Sumerian called "puhrum".

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Assemblies.

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__________ received seed, animals, and tools from landowners in exchange for up to two-thirds of their harvest.

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Sharecroppers.

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The first place in Mesopotamia to fit the definition of a city was ____________, founded around 4300 BCE.

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Uruk

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Hatshepsut was a strong-willed woman who became "king" (the title of "queen" did not exist) over __________ in ca. 1479 BCE.

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Egypt.

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The Code of Hammurabi calls for extreme punishments according to the principle of _________ ("an eye for an eye").

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Lex talionis

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As a god on earth, the Egyptian king upheld the divine order of justice and peace for all, a principle called ___________.

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Ma'at.

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The dominant palace-state in Minoan Crete was a polity with as many as ___________ inhabitants in the sprawling palace and a few villages outside.

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12,000.

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Around 1200 BCE, the so-called ____________ led to the decline and dissolution of the Near Eastern empires.

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Bronze Age Collapse

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In addition to founding numerous ports and outposts around the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians acquired world-historical importance through their introduction of the ____________.

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Letter alphabet.

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The art of Greek _________ is mostly known to us from small sculptures, masks, drinking vessels, and jewelry found in the tombs of royal warriors.

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Mycenae

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Medical documents from ___________ diagnosed headache as "half-head", which the Greeks translated as "hemi-krania", from which our word "migraine" is derived.

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Egypt

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Early in his reign (1353-1336 BCE), ____________ changed his name to "Akhenaten," meaning "devoted adherent to Aten."

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Amenhotep IV.

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The Natufians:

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Were semi-sedentary foragers.

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The transition from foraging to farming was completed during the:

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Neolithic Age.

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The first farmers from the Fertile Crescent settled in Mesopotamia, establishing the _________ culture of villages (6000-4000 BCE).

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Ubaid

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Mesopotamian assemblies, called puhrum in Sumerian, were:

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gatherings of influential elders

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Nomads were known for their:

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herding of domesticated animals.

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The earliest Mesopotamian city-state was:

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Uruk

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Cuneiform writing was developed around:

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3450 BCE.

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The first unified territorial state or kingdom in Mesopotamia was

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Akkadia

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of an empire?

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Monoglot

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Hammurabi was best known for:

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his codification of Babylonian law

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Horses were first domesticated in:

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the Ural Mountains of Central Asia.

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The Bronze Age collapse was probably triggered by:

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the invasions by Sea People.

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The Iron Age started around:

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1500-1200 BCE

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The are the major Phoenician city-states:

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ByblosSidonTyre

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The final wave of Israelite deportations under the Neo-Babylonians was known as the _______, or gola.

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Babylonian Captivity Babylonian Talmud

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During the middle of the second millennium BCE, the ______ culture arose in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Mycenaean

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A system of government in which most or all of the people elect representatives and in some cases decide on important issues themselves, is called a:

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Democracy

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Among the earliest recorded writings on religious themes is:

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the Epic of Gilgamesh

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Among the best-known ancient texts on the applied science of medicine is

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the Kahun

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Recent historical climate research has established that between the end of the Ice Age (around 11,500 BCE) and 4000 BCE, _____________ extended farther west than they do today.

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Monsoon rain patterns.

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The first agricultural settlements appeared in ____________, a swampy depression off the Nile southwest of modern Cairo, around 5200 BCE.

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The Fayyum

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Around 4300 BCE, some mountain people in the Mesopotamian region had mastered the crafts of mining and smelting ____________, launching what scholars call the "Chalcolithic" Age.

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Copper

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Mesopotamian scribes wrote in ____________ (from the Latin, meaning "wedge-shaped") script on clay tablets using signs denoting objects and sounds from the spoken language.

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Cuneiform

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Depending on the circumstances, the Mesopotamian city assemblies sometimes chose their leaders from self-made figures called a "great man" or __________.

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Lugal.

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Sargon's grandson Naram-Sin added the Zagros Mountains and Syria to the ____________ kingdom and claimed to be the "king of the four (world) shores," considering his state an open-ended kingdom stretching in all four directions.

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Akkadian

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While earlier codifications of Sumerian precepts list around 40 laws, those of Hammurabi number __________.

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282

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Although undeciphered at this point, documents written in Linear A probably contain:

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Records of the materials gathered into the Minoan palaces' storage spaces.

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Hittite kings ruled in their capital Hatusa with a panku, or a(n):

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Assembly of their principal administrators, recruited from the aristocracy.

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The final wave of Israelite deportations, under the Neo-Babylonians in __________, became the infamous "Babylonian Captivity" mourned by prophets in the Hebrew Bible.

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597-582 BCE.

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In Athens, the poorest class still possessed the right to participate in the ekklesia, or _______:

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Citizen assembly.

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Communal rooms and wall paintings of animals at Catal Huyuk document:

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That animistic religious belief was still in force, even if no longer in a cave

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Urban dwellers took the decisive steps of transition from animism to polytheism in the period 3500-2500 BCE when what factors came to the fore?

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Writing developed and kings ruled cities.

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The central character in the Epic of Gilgamesh is:

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A king in early Sumer who carries out heroic deeds but fails to escape death.

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In the Enuma Elish, __________ slaughters his mother Tiamat and splits her body into two halves, which become the heaven and the earth.

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Marduk.

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_________ scribes laid the foundations for geometry and astronomy by devising the system of 60 degrees for arcs, angles, and time—all still in use today.

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Babylonian.

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Some of the world's highest annual rainfall totals—over 100 inches—are regularly recorded in:

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The mountains extending from Bangladesh through Assam.

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In the monsoon system, winds carry moisture northeast over the Indian Ocean from ________ through _________.

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June / October.

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Mehrgarh culture has been dated to about _____________, making it perhaps the oldest on the Indian subcontinent.

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6000 BCE.

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At its height, the city of Harappa:

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Had a population of over 40,000.

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The Harappans may have been the first people to raise cotton for use in clothing, as is suggested by the recovery of __________ at Mohenjo-Daro.

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Cotton seeds and small patches of cloth and fishing line.

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Harappan seals have been found at __________.

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Ur in Mesopotamia

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Sir John Marshall considered it an "all-important matter" to compare the art of Indus Valley with that of the _________.

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Greeks

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The earliest Aryan religious text, the Rig-Veda, refers to a short, dark-skinned people whom the Aryans contemptuously called "dasas," or _______________.

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The others

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The Rig-Veda is currently believed to have been composed between about ________ and ________.

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1400-900 BCE.

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The earliest Aryan migrants may have introduced the ________ to northern India, which became useful for drawing wagons and in battle chariots.

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Horse.

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Sixteen large states, or mahajanapadas, dominated ___________ India in the period 800-600 BCE.

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Northern

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The Bhagavad Gita is the sixth book of the ______________, and it has been called the "Indian gospel".

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Mahabharata

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The original term "jati", or "caste," means:

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"To be born into."

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The Code of Manu advises that, "regarding this as the highest dharma of all four classes, husbands … _______________."

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Must strive to protect their wives.

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A category of "excluded" castes—the so-called untouchables—was added, comprising people ______________.

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Whose occupations were considered ritually unclean.

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Indra was a swashbuckling warrior with a taste for ________, an intoxicating drink used in religious ritual.

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Soma.

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The practices of certain schools of yoga, meaning ______________, were based on the belief that mastery of the body allowed one to escape the restrictions of the material world.

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discipline

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The Indo-Europeans migrated into northern India during the period

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1500-1200 BCE

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The Vedas were composed

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Between 1400 and 800 BCE.

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Archeological remains of Harappan culture were first identified:

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During work on an extension of the East India Railway.

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The land area occupied by the Harappans:

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Was the largest cultural area of the third millennium BCE.

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Religious symbols found in Harappan archeological evidence indicate

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That they may have believed in a life after death.

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The signs of a decline in the major cities of Harappa include:

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The construction of structures of inferior quality over earlier buildings

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A society calling themselves Aryans:

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Entered South Asia through the Khyber Pass and spread across Punjab over a 300 year period, with evidence of some battles, but longer periods of peaceful migration.

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The Vedas

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Were written down after 600 BCE, but grew from an oral tradition composed between about 1400 and 900 BCE.

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After the disappearance of Harappan cities, the re-urbanization of northern India was in large part supported by:

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The cultivation of rice.

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The Mahabharata:

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Provides guidance to those struggling with conflicting civil, social, and religious duties.

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By about 600 BCE, the largest northern Indian states, particularly Magadha and Kosala:

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Developed ideologies of kingship based on a common religious understanding.

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One of the most important concepts in the Vedas was that of dharma, which refers to:

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Diligently fulfilling required duties in accordance with one's place in society

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By 600 BCE, a male householder of the upper class was expected to

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See that all people present - including children, married daughters, the elderly and sick, guests and servants - were fed before he and his wife ate.

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The term formalism is used to describe:

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The belief that only the pure and proper forms of rituals were effective.

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___________ was the capital city of 13 Chinese regimes during its long history, and is the site of a sprawling tomb complex packed with life-sized terracotta soldiers.

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Xi'an.

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The ____________ River gets its name as the result of the loess—a light, dry, mineral-rich soil deposited by strong winds—that it picks up as it flows.

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Yellow

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Rice grains found near the coastal reaches of the Yangzi River have been dated to ___________.

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7000 BCE

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The Book of History or Classic of Documents, the Shujing, provides information concerning China's first three dynasties, which include all of these except:

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Han

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The Shang dynasty was characterized by growing rates of social ______________, as groups became more hierarchically arranged.

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Stratification.

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An expeditionary force led by king Wu Ding in the late 13th century BCE numbered more than ____________ men.

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13,000.

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The ________________ on Shang chariots permitted easy storage and repair.

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Detachable wheels held by linchpins.

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_______ states, which were dependent on or partially controlled by more powerful ones, were useful in Shang foreign relations.

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Client

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The Zhou Dynasty provided the backdrop for one of China's most enduring historical and philosophical concepts: the _______ of Heaven.

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Mandate

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The Zhou system of decentralized government called "fengjian" can be compared with European _______________, in which rule is held by landowners who owe obligations of loyalty and military service to their superiors.

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Feudalism.

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By shrewd diplomacy and careful use of military power, Qi became the first "senior" or ba state in a system of ____________ in which the lesser Zhou states deferred to the ba state as the protector of the Zhou system.

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Hegemony

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The burial site of Fu Hao, the most prominent of the _____ wives of Wu Ding, was discovered in 1975, together with the sacrificial skeletons of 16 people and six dogs.

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64

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Lady Ji of the state of Lu was praised for her ability to ______________.

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Instruct her son in the arts of government.

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The principal Shang deity, ____________, presided over the spirit world, governed both natural and human affairs, and was assisted by the major ancestors of the dynastic line.

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Di or Shangdi

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Throughout the long history of imperial China, the emperor retained the title of ___________, "son of heaven."

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Tianzi

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The Shijing, or ____________, covers a wide range of material, from observations on rural life to protests and cleverly veiled satire.

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Book of Odes / Songs.

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Chinese rulers have always been alert to the possibility that a ______________ change could be signaled by portents or natural disasters.

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Dynastic

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of Banpo Village, located on the outskirts of Xi'an?

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It was surrounded by a wall, as protection against its neighbors.

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The most extensive distinctive culture found south of the Yangzi River basin in central China is:

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Dapenkeng

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The most far-reaching agricultural innovation in the area south of the North China Plain was the development of:

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rice

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Wanguo is the Chinese term describing its mythical period down through the end of the third millennium BCE as the land of:

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ten thousand states.

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One of the earliest compilations of ancient Chinese writings available, the Shujing or Book of History, is an important documentary source of information regarding China's:

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First three dynasties

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The Shujing acclaims Yu, the last sage King, as:

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the tamer of the Yellow River.

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The following were the idealized rulers known as the Sage Kings:

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Shun, Yao, Yu

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Which of the following was the first dynasty in China's recorded history?

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Xia

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The Shang dynasty was responsible for importing which of the following military technological advances into China?

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The chariot

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Client States are

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states that are dependent on or partially controlled by more powerful ones

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The historical and philosophical concept of the Mandate of Heaven arose from the recorded practices of:

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The Zhou Dynasty

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The Zhou system of decentralized government, in which rule was conducted by landowners who owed loyalty and military service to their superiors and protection to those under them, was called fengjian, meaning:

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feudalism

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The decline of the Zhou Dynasty was described in

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The Spring and Autumn Chronicles

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The system of state relations in which less powerful states directly or implicitly agree to defer to the lead of the most powerful state is called:

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hegemony

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The capital city at Erligang was characteristic of the:

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late Xia or early Shang period

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Which of the following ranks devised by Zhou rulers for governing their territories referred to commoners?

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shuren

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The principal deity in Shang religion was known as:

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Shangdi

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Of all the innovations commonly associated with Chinese culture, the following is perhaps the one with the longest-lasting impact:

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writing system

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Shang characters found on oracle bones

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are considered to be the earliest known examples of Chinese writing.

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Ancient Chinese writing consisted of two basic types of characters:

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pictographs and ideographs

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The ancient Chinese written language:

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enjoyed a kind of spiritual dimension usually lacking in other world languages

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Bronze casting techniques prevalent in China originated in:

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Southeast Asia

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The perimeter of the _________ settlement is surrounded by a defensive ditch, with 40 homes arranged around a rectangular central structure believed to be a clan meeting house.

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Banpo.

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After ____________, the Longshan and other late Neolithic cultures were at a point where a transition to a society marked by large towns and even small cities was becoming discernable.

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2000 BCE

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According to Chinese legend, the Yellow Emperor's rule was followed by that of the three ___________ kings, who set the example for strong moral leadership and passed power to the land's most worthy men.

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Sage

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The Erlitou excavation, dated to perhaps 2000 BCE, reveals a walled city containing what is believed to be the foundation of China's first ______________.

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Palace

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The chariot was possibly introduced to Shang China through interaction with _____________ around 1300-1200 BCE.

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Indo-Europeans.

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The presence of bronze mirrors in the tomb of Fu Hao suggests that ____________.

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There was an international trade in these items.

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The Spring and Autumn Chronicles depict a world in which repeated attempts are made to create a stable political and social order among the 15 major ___________ states.

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Zhou

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By the late Zhou period, the hierarchy of patriarchy and the growing influence of notions of ____________--felt among members of a family headed by a father—were becoming established.

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Filial piety

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Even today, the written character for "family" or "household" is represented by a character depicting a _______________.

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Pig under a roof

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In the (perhaps idealized) _____________, individual families would work one of eight plots, while a common plot would provide rent and taxes to the landowner.

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Well-field system.

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As in other religious traditions, there was a movement in the Zhou period to go beyond the invocation of gods through proper sacrifice and divination rituals, or _____________, in order to seek insight into the forces that control the universe.

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Formalism

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Written Chinese characters became increasingly stylized and moved away from ___________ or pictographic languages.

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Hieroglyphic.

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Shang and early Zhou ritual vessels themselves, with their richly stylized ________ motifs—fanciful abstract reliefs of real and mythical animals incorporated into the design—are utterly unlike anything outside of east Asia.

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Taotie

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The written characters for "sun" and "moon" placed together came to mean "__________."

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Bright.

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The first urban site in the Americas, Caral-Supe, was probably founded around _________.

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2627 BCE.

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During the period from about 6000 to 4000 BCE, in what is today Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) and the Andes Mountains in South America, people began ___________.

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To settle in villages.

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Cordilleras are a continuous spine of mountain ranges near or along the entire western coast of the Americas, stretching from the _______ Mountains in the north to the Andes in the south.

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Rocky

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The ____________ Shield can be found in the center of South America's southern tip.

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Patagonian

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In El Nino cycles, large areas of abnormally warm water appear off the coasts of ____________.

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Peru and Chile.

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In North America, where spearhead flutes were oval, they are known as __________ points.

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Clovis

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By about _____________, hunters had caused the extinction of most big mammal species in the Americas.

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8000 BCE.

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Archaeologists can learn a great deal from what people discarded into _______________, or refuse piles.

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Middens

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Teosinte was a wild grass, native to Mesoamerica and believed to be ancestral to _____________.

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Maize (corn)

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An intact quipu was found at Caral-Supe, suggesting a continuous system of _____________ up to the Incan period.

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Record keeping

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The small highland city of Chavin de Huantar flourished ca. 1000-200 BCE, and it was discovered in what modern country?

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Peru

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The name "___________" means "rubber people" in the language of the later Aztecs and refers to the rubber tree farming for which the area was later known.

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Olmec

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An Olmec figurine made from _________ depicts a jaguar with a human body, perhaps representing a rain god.

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Jade

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The Inuit lived in pit houses framed by _________, covered with walrus skin, and piled over with sod.

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Whale ribs

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Beginning in eastern Hispaniola around 500 CE, villagers supported the emergence of the _____________chieftain society that by ca. 1500 CE comprised nearly the entire Caribbean.

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Taino

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About 6000 years ago, the first seafaring people left ____________ and, together with subsequent waves of emigrants, spread out in westerly and easterly directions.

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Taiwan

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Lapita culture was created around 1600 BCE on the Bismarck Archipelago, off the eastern coast of ____________.

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New Guinea

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Polynesian migrants reached Easter Island (Rapa Nui) by about __________.

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700 CE

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In 1947 Thor Heyerdahl successfully sailed from Peru to Polynesia aboard a raft named the "Kon-Tiki," after ____________.

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A Peruvian god

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The discovery of ____________ in Polynesia indicates that Heyerdahl may have been correct in his theory about Peruvian voyagers across the Pacific.

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Sweet potato

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Which chronological order below is correct?

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First known American city at Caral-Supe in Peru; Olmec city at San Lorenzo; Chavin de Huantar city in Andes; Olmec city at La Venta

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The most prominent geographical feature of the Americas is:

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A contiguous spine of mountain ranges extending along the entire western coast from the Rocky Mountains in the north to the Andes in the south.

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One of the ways many scientists track and establish dates for the migration patterns of early Americans is through:

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Hunting technology, particularly the design of spears and arrowheads.

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The development and cultivation of corn:

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Seems to have been the result of cross-breeding more than one species of plant.

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Diffusion of corn as a food for both animals and humans

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Has permanently altered global agricultural patterns over the past 300 years.

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Basic food crops in Mesoamerica and the Andes include

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SquashPotatoesAvocado

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Animals in the Americas suitable for domestication included

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LlamasAlpalcasTurkeys

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The largest social class in Andean society was comprised of:

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Farmers

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Quipu was:

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A system of knotted ropes conveying information.

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Excavations of Chavin, a small city in the Andean highlands, indicate that:

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The population of the city, primarily priests, rulers, and craftspeople, were dependent for food upon farmers and herders in the outlying hamlets.

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The Marajo, the most closely investigated of the early Amazonian cultures,:

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Built funeral mounds about 30 feet high and 750 feet long.

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A _______ can be defined as a city-state or a territorial state in which a ruler, claiming a divine mandate and supported by a military force, keeps order and provides for the defense against outside attacks.

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kingdom

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Between 4000 and 3100 BCE, a substantial chiefdom of Nilo-Saharan speakers had emerged in northern Sudan, then called ___________, from a Latinized Egyptian word for "gold"

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Nubia.

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At its height, from the sixth through fourth centuries BCE, Meroe could best be described as a(n) ____________.

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Decentralized monarchy.

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Sometime in the early ___________, a king replaced the chiefdoms of the Ethiopian highlands and established the kingdom of Aksum.

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First century CE.

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The _________ coast was dry and hot, with today's Djibouti posting the highest average temperatures in the world

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The Red Sea

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A centralizing policy characteristic for Aksum was the use of a(n) _______- based currency which facilitated the import and export of luxury goods.

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Gold

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Derived from the Arabic word for "coast", the _________ was an area of steppe or semidesert bordering the Sahara.

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Sahel

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A Ugandan scientist dated ________ phytoliths in the vicinity to the fourth millennium BCE, suggesting that contacts between Southeast Asia and East Africa went back much further than had been imagined previously.

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Banana

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Jan Vansina pioneered the study of ___________ linguistic and spiritual traditions, hoping to recover the roots of "African spirituality".

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Bantu

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Around ________ Mayan towns evolved into cities, where chieftains transformed themselves into kings.

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600 BCE.

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Nakbe contains stepped stone pyramids, as high as ___________, with staircases to the temples on top.

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200 feet.

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Progress made since the 1990s in ___________ has allowed the conclusion that "Mayaland" consisted of some 15-17 fully evolved, dominant kingdoms in the central lowlands.

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Deciphering the glyphic script.

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Mayan calendars were:

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Related to natural processes such as human gestation and astronomical cycles.

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Mayan writing is a __________ as well as a syllabic script, numbering some 800 signs.

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Glyphic

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A basic rule in the Mayan ball game "pitz" was that the ball had to be hit with the _______ only and had to remain aloft.

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Hip

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By around 300 CE, Teotihuacan had grown to as many as ___________ inhabitants.

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100,000

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In the third century CE, the temple of the god of the feathered serpent, ___________ in Nahuatl, was built at Teotihuacan, in honor of the then reigning dynasty.

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Quetzalcoatl.

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The earliest evidence of the emergence of the Moche chiefdoms is the __________ of the "Lord of Sipan", dated to 50 CE.

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Tomb.

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During the extended cold weather and drought periods of the sixth century CE, ___________ chiefs mobilized villagers for the construction of an extensive tunnel network for irrigation.

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Nazca

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Nazca geoglyphs contain images of all of the following animals

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HummingbirdsMonkeysSpiders

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A stone carving found in Oaxaca, Mexico, contains a 260-day divinatory calendar which has been carbon dated to about:

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5000 BCE

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An astronomical observatory found in Kenya and carbon dated to 300 BCE is the earliest example of the so-called ________ calendar, containing 354 days.

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Borana

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Which of these was not a similarity shared by the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa in the period 600 BCE -- 600 CE?

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Overpopulation

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An agricultural town of up to 1,000 inhabitants, in which people know each other, requiring a person of authority to keep order, is called a:

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Chiefdom

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The earliest evidence of Africans shifting from foraging to agriculture comes from the area of:

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the middle Nile around Khartoum

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At its height, from the sixth through fourth centuries BCE, the city of Meroe encompassed:

answer

20,000 inhabitants.

question

Which of the following was a characteristic trait of the Kingdom of Meroe?

answer

The difference in power between the kings and the chiefs was defined by the royal control over trade.

question

The Kingdom of Meroe was well known in the Greco-Roman world, and it was used as the setting for the popular romance novel ______ written by Hellenistic-Greek author Heliodorus of Emesa.

answer

Aethiopica

question

The preeminence of the Kingdom of Aksum after the decline of Meroe was a result of:

answer

agricultural and commercial wealth.

question

Aksum:

answer

became the third Christian kingdom in 333 CE.

question

The three ecological zones of West Africa are the

answer

steppe, savanna, and rain forest.

question

Which of the following was not an agricultural staple among Maya villagers?

answer

Barley

question

One of the two most powerful Mayan city-states that arose between 600 BCE and 600 CE was:

answer

Tikal

question

Polytheism began to develop on top of traditional spirituality in the Americas after around:

answer

2500 BCE

question

The Mayan Long Count Calendar:

answer

counted the number of days elapsed since the mythical origin of the universe.

question

Mayan males were in charge of growing corn in fields which were cut into the rain forest through ________ techniques.

answer

slash-and-burn cultivation

question

Mayan commoners represented the labor force whose - - __________ supported the ruling dynastic families as well as the craftspeople in the cities.

answer

agricultural surplus

question

Mayan writing is both a(n) ______ as well as a(n) _______ script.

answer

glyphic, syllabic

question

Mayan script consisted of some:

answer

800 signs.

question

The Mayan ball game is a feature of:

answer

an agrarian-urban society and its chiefdom and kingdom patterns.

question

The rulers of Teotihuacan began spectacular building projects on a scale unprecedented in Mesoamerica in the:

answer

first century CE.

question

The following was not a characteristic feature of the Teotihuacan culture:

answer

The absence of a ceremonial human sacrifice tradition

question

The Moche Valley was the location of the two largest ceremonial centers in the Andes:

answer

The Temple Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon

question

The Sahara was relatively hospitable for many millennia, until around 5000-3000 BCE, when ________.

answer

Monsoon rains shifted eastward.

question

When ______, the first empire to unify all of the Middle East, conquered Egypt, the defeated king retreated and relocated himself farther upstream on the Nile at Meroe.

answer

The Assyrians.

question

In spite of its regional orientation, Meroe was well known to the outside world, and it skirmished with ___________ over border issues in the early first century CE.

answer

The Romans

question

Aksum became the third Christian kingdom, after ________ (301 CE) and Georgia (319 CE).

answer

Armenia

question

Aksum lost its provincial holdings in Yemen when the Sasanid Persians invaded by land and sea in _______, establishing their own proxy regime at the commercially important entrance to the Red Sea.

answer

570 CE.

question

Recent analysis of phytoliths has suggested that:

answer

Indian Ocean connections between East Africa and Southeast Asia could stretch back to the fourth millennium BCE.

question

The conversion of the foragers of the savanna south of the _________ rain forest to farming, from the Great Lakes westward to Angola and southward to the tip of South Africa, was the work of multiple branches of Bantus.

answer

Congo

question

A Greek-Hellenistic source called the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions Yemenis intermarrying with locals in the town of Rhapta along the __________ coast.

answer

Kenyan

question

The people in the Yucatan were early on exposed to Olmec cultural influence, but ___________.

answer

It does not appear that there was much Olmec immigration as Maya culture formed.

question

One of the calendars in use among the Mayas was the Long Count Calendar, which counted the days elapsed since the mythical origin of the universe (corresponding to _______________ in the Gregorian calendar).

answer

August 11, 3114 BCE.

question

The final breakthrough in deciphering Mayan writing came during a conference at the Maya site of Palenque in 1973 when participants recognized the syllables k'inchi as ________.

answer

Referring to the Mayan sun god as well as individual kings.

question

Although the archaeological record is debatable, it appears that Mayan ball games took place during ____________.

answer

Royal festivities and fertility rituals.

question

In the first century CE, the rulers of Teotihuacan built the city ___________.

answer

On an urban grid along a north-south axis.

question

In the early 600s CE, the Moche elite dissolved, while smaller elites in other valleys carried on and _____________.

answer

Eventually disappeared also, sometime around 750 CE.

question

Maria Reiche's theory that the Nazca geoglyphs were ____________ inspired frequently outlandish speculation about the site.

answer

Elements of a complex astronomical calendar and observatory.

question

A(n) _______ archaeologist was the first scholar to describe the Nazca geoglyphs, having observed them in 1927.

answer

Peruvian

question

The West African inland Niger delta grew into the urbanized chiefdom of Jenne-jeno ___________

answer

Without recognizable external interactions with other populations.

question

The Persians migrated sometime before the 800s BCE from the Aral Sea region to the southwestern Iranian province of __________, from which the name "Persia" is derived.

answer

Fars

question

The head of one vassal family, ________ of the Achaemenids, assumed the crown of the Persians in 550 BCE and embarked on an ambitious imperial program.

answer

Cyrus II.

question

Persian ___________ were horsemen with protective armor consisting of iron scales sewn on leather shirts.

answer

Cataphracts.

question

Hoplites fought shoulder to shoulder in closed ranks called ___________.

answer

Phalanxes

question

Officially, the Achaemenid ruler called himself "shahinshah", meaning ________.

answer

King of Kings

question

Greeks could consult with priests and priestesses to determine the will of the gods in broad-based institutions called _________.

answer

Oracles

question

A united Greek force (or at least 31 individual city-states) defeated the Persians in a series of battles, including a sea-battle at _____________ in 480 BCE.

answer

Salamis.

question

Altogether, about 1 million Greeks emigrated during the 200s BCE to the Middle East, assimilating to the local populations of 20 million and imprinting their ___________ (Greek-influenced) culture on urban life.

answer

Hellenistic

question

Around 500 BCE, the Romans created a republic, derived from the Latin for _________, or a state without a king.

answer

Public matter

question

In the second century BCE, ruling-class members of Roman society established __________, vast plantation estates on which enslaved war captives grew cash crops.

answer

Latifundia

question

The Roman Peace (__________) clearly rested more on the projection of military might than on a civilian administration, as in Han China.

answer

Pax romana

question

At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Constantine I (r. 306-337 CE), Christianity's adherents numbered about ____ percent of the Roman population.

answer

Ten

question

A result of the Council of _______, convened by Constantine in 325 CE, was a Creed concerning "correct belief" about the divinity of Jesus.

answer

Nicaea

question

The Plague of Justinian first broke out in the Roman Empire around _______.

answer

541 CE

question

Remarkably, the discovery of ____________, a realm of reality beyond the limits of material experience, occurred more or less simultaneously in Mesopotamia, Iran, and Anatolia around the 600s BCE.

answer

Transcendence

question

The themes of a Savior (or Messiah) and of an apocalypse, Greek for "__________", are trademarks of Zoroastrian monotheism and would later become central to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

answer

Revelation

question

In the second half of the 200s BCE, Jewish prayer houses called ___________ emerged in cities and towns for the study of the scriptures and of the new Jewish law.

answer

Synagogues

question

In his work The City of God, ____________ defends Christianity against the accusation by many Romans that its adoption as the state religion in the fourth century CE had contributed to the decline of the empire.

answer

Augustine

question

Hypatia (c. 360-415 CE) was the daughter of Theon, the head librarian at ______________, as well as the first known female scientist in world history.

answer

Alexandria

question

The ___________ in Rome, a temple dedicated to all the Roman gods, consists of a dome placed on top of a drum and lit by a round open skylight at its apex.

answer

Pantheon

question

According to one common interpretation, the underlying cause of the quarrel between Alexander the Great and one of his leading commanders, Cleitus, was that:

answer

Cleitus had implied that Alexander was becoming Persian in his approach to ruling rather than carrying on the Macedonian/Greek traditions.

question

Foot soldiers in Greek armies were called:

answer

Hoplites

question

The Achaemenid Persian Empire:

answer

Included approximately 70 ethnic groups.

question

Provincial governors appointed by the Persian king were called:

answer

Satraps

question

The administrative language of the Achaemenid Empire was:

answer

Aramaic

question

The Greek city-states:

answer

Were engaged in multiple rivalries, making it easier for the Persian Empire to expand.

question

Constitutional reformers in Athens:

answer

Included Solon and Cleisthenes

question

The Greek city-states were targets of Persian imperialism largely because:

answer

Athens's support of rebels in Anatolia attracted Persian attention

question

The war between Macedonia and Persia began because:

answer

Philip declared war on Persia in revenge for an act by Persia 150 years earlier.

question

The Persian state that re-formed about a century after Alexander's death was

answer

Parthia

question

Latifundia were:

answer

Large estates owned by the Roman elite.

question

The Roman Peace on the borders was rarely disrupted during the first two centuries following Augustus, but problems did occur:

answer

Primarily on the eastern border, where it was adjacent to Parthia.

question

The Library of Alexandria:

answer

Was devoted primarily to research in the pure and natural sciences.

question

Although aspects of the stories told about the murder of Cleitus vary, they point to the concern that Alexander the Great ______________.

answer

Was losing touch with his Greek identity and becoming too "Persian."

question

Within a little more than a decade, Cyrus II the Great had defeated the most important powers of the period and had unified all of the Middle East except ___________, which Persia conquered a little later in 525 BCE.

answer

Egypt

question

Around 500 BCE, the Persian empire had become integrated enough that the kings could _______.

answer

Replace indigenous rulers with their own governors from the Persian aristocracy.

question

The Persians' "royal roads" were intended primarily for ___________.

answer

Quick troop movements across the empire.

question

In 508 BCE, the Athenian ________________ brought about further constitutional reforms in his city, increasing the powers of the citizen assembly and vesting executive power in a board of 10 elected "generals."

answer

Cleisthenes

question

The Spartans' enslaved population, the helots, were:

answer

The descendants of people conquered in Sparta's early history and tied to the land in perpetuity.

question

Among the indications of Hellenic culture found at Ai-Khanoum in Afghanistan in the 1970s were all of the following except:

answer

A bronze map of Greece with Athens marked on it.

question

In the Isthmus Declaration of 196 BCE, the Romans proclaimed that the Greeks were ____________.

answer

To be "free" and governed by their own laws.

question

The Spartacus revolt of 73-71 BCE ______________.

answer

Held the Roman army in check for three years before it succeeded in defeating him.

question

The victor in the civil war among the members of the "Second Triumvirate" was:

answer

Octavian/Augustus.

question

Rome came close to destroying Parthia when it succeeded in occupying __________ for a short time in 112-117 CE.

answer

Mesopotamia

question

The Persian emperor Shapur II made Zoroastrianism _____________ around 350 CE.

answer

The preferred religion of Persia.

question

Khosrow I seized power and had the ____________ Mazdak executed in the mid-sixth century CE.

answer

Renegade Zoroastrian priest and social reformer.

question

A small but determined group of Jewish monotheists returned to Jerusalem to construct the Second Temple, which was completed by ______________.

answer

515 BCE.

question

The Avestan "saoshyant" was described as the ________________.

answer

Savior who will restore the world and bring immortality in his wake.

question

Euclid provided _________ with its basic definitions and proofs in his Elements.

answer

Geometry

question

The Theogony of _________ is devoted to telling the stories of some 300 divinities descended from Chaos and Gaia.

answer

Hesiod

question

Married Athenian women were:

answer

Under the constant control of a guardian, either their husbands or their nearest male relatives.

question

The philosopher ____________ extended the metaphor of male "superiority" to females to social relations uniting all mankind.

answer

Aristotle

question

Ashoka, the grandson of ______________, emerged as perhaps India's most dominant ruler until the nineteenth century CE.

answer

Chandragupta

question

Ashoka told his own story and outlined his Buddhist-inspired ideas for proper behavior in the form of _____________.

answer

Rock and pillar edicts set up in his kingdom.

question

In the north of Ashoka's kingdom, Taxila and the cities and towns along the caravan routes from China to the west grew wealthy from _____________.

answer

The increasing exchange of silk and other luxury goods.

question

The most famous ruler of Hellenistic Bactria, __________, achieved immortality in Buddhist literature as "King Milinda" by engaging in a debate with—and supposedly being converted by—the philosopher Nagasena

answer

Menander

question

A gold coin of the famous Buddhist king Kanishka (78-101 CE) depicts the king and contains an inscription in the __________ language.

answer

Greek

question

Hewn from a single, solid rock, the Kailasantha ___________, part of an elaborate complex in east-central India, is considered the world's most monumental sculpture.

answer

Temple

question

In the highest state of understanding of atman-brahman, one could attain release from the bounds of the cycles of death and rebirth and thus enter into __________, or moksha.

answer

Transcendence

question

The followers of Nigantha Nataputta were called "Jains" after the title "jina" or "___________" that he had earned after 12 years of meditation.

answer

Conqueror

question

At the age of _______, Siddhartha Gautama left his life of privilege and followed a discipline of extreme asceticism, leading him to fast nearly to death.

answer

29

question

On reaching the final stage of enlightenment, _________, or nothingness, the karmic traces of past lives are "blown out" like a lamp flame.

answer

Nirvana

question

Under the influence of Ashoka, ________ Buddhism became the approved sect, with the first complete surviving texts of "the teachings of the elders" surviving from this time.

answer

Theravada

question

Among the most consistent Hindu beliefs was the idea that the subcontinent was a land united by faith, _______, a name used to describe India ever since.

answer

Bharat

question

Of the many gods singled out for special attention, one of the most significant was _________, the powerful, fertile giver and "Destroyer" of life, the "Lord of the Dance" of the universe.

answer

Shiva

question

Buddhism had enhanced trade ties with the Romans, the Sasanids, and the remnant states of Han China by the ____________.

answer

Fourth century CE

question

The Hellenistic cultural exchange conducted through __________ spread the use of south Indian pepper throughout the Mediterranean world.

answer

Ptolemaic Egypt

question

By the Gupta period, the idea of ritual pollution resulting from unsanctioned contact with __________ becomes increasingly common.

answer

Lower castes

question

In the first of the four "stages of life", boys of "twice-born" upper castes were to be taken into the household of a _______, or teacher, for a minimum of 12 years.

answer

Guru

question

Vatsyayana's famous __________or Aphorisms of Love, written perhaps in the first or second century CE, handles a multiplicity of sexual practices frankly.

answer

Kama Sutra

question

The second century CE medical text Charaka Samhita, like its counterparts in the Mediterranean and later European world, taught a health regimen based on ____.

answer

Balance of humors

question

In the early first millennium BCE, the emerging states along the Ganges River valley developed political systems ranging from_______, often termed republics by scholars, to centralized monarchies.

answer

gana-sanghas

question

Contemporary accounts of ______________'s court and the structure of his government suggest a strong connection to the political practices idealized in the Arthashastra.

answer

Chandragupta Maurya

question

_________ is considered to be perhaps India's most dominant ruler until the nineteenth century CE.

answer

Ashoka

question

Departing somewhat from the Bhagavad Gita's concept of dharma as duty, dharma for Ashoka was simply________.

answer

that which is good

question

In spite of his advocacy of the peaceful principles of dharma, Ashoka's empire seems to have been an early version of a(n) ________.

answer

police state

question

The continual arrival of new peoples from central Asia expanded the cultural resources of northern India and greatly aided the spread of Buddhism, but it also:

answer

hindered the development of stable states.

question

The _____ era is considered to be the classical age of Indian culture and religion.

answer

Gupta

question

During this era, a collection of religious traditions derived from Vedic, Brahmanic, and Upanishadic practices, among others, and collectively called________, flourished, becoming India's dominant faith.

answer

Hinduism

question

Gupta power began to wane as groups seeking greater autonomy in the vicinity of Malwa in central India began to assert themselves, and as a new wave of central Asian nomads, the___________, began to arrive.

answer

Hunas

question

The following was not one of India's southern kingdoms:

answer

Taxila

question

In devotional branches of Hinduism, a worshipper dedicates himself to practices that venerate, honor, or adore:

answer

a particular god or divinity.

question

The authors of the Upanishads and main reformist visionaries of the Vedic tradition were Mahavira and Gautama, the latter also known as_________ or Enlightened One.

answer

Buddha

question

The Upanishads, which favored monism over polytheism, proclaimed a(n) ___________ first principle as universal truth.

answer

transcendent

question

These Indian visionaries sought not only to understand the unity of the universe, but also to attain this unity by merging their personal selves, or_______, into the universal self, or______, and thereby achieve salvation.

answer

Atman, brahman

question

Nigantha Nataputta was the founder of the ascetic religious doctrine known as:

answer

Jainism

question

The founding principle of Jain doctrine is the belief that all things possess jiva, a kind of______ that yearns to be free from the prison of the material world.

answer

soul

question

Jain doctrine teaches followers that the only thing standing between their jiva and freedom from material bondage is something called______.

answer

karma

question

In a deer park in Sarnath, Gautama preached a sermon to his disciples outlining what became known as the ________, a path of moderation.

answer

a path of moderation

question

Guatama's Four Noble Truths

answer

All Life is SufferingSuffering arises from cravingOne stops craving by following the Eightfold Path

question

In Buddhism, the final stage of enlightenment reached through meditation and right mindfulness is described as the blowing out of all karmic traces of past lives, thus achieving an uncluttered state of calm non-attached nothingness or ________.

answer

nirvana

question

Beliefa of Buddhist doctrine include

answer

The Four Nobel TruthsRight ConductNirvana

question

_______ is the practice of acting in an unselfish manner for the good of others.

answer

Altruism

question

The Pali Canon, written in Pali, the sacred language of Buddhism, is a collection of texts that constitutes the foundation of________ Buddhism and serves as the fundamental body of scriptures for nearly all Buddhist schools.

answer

Theravada

question

Texts in the Pali Canon

answer

The Tripitaka The Vinaya The Sutras

question

Around the first century CE, all of these ideas took shape in what ultimately became the largest branch of Buddhism, ________, the Greater Vehicle.

answer

Mahayana

question

The idea that the Indian subcontinent was a land united by faith was one of the most consistent Hindu beliefs and led to the name by which India is now universally recognized, ______.

answer

Bharat

question

The incarnated form of a Hindu deity, such as Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, is known as a(n):

answer

avatar

question

With the decline of the Mauryans and the adoption of Buddhism by peoples of the northwest, the region around Taxila became the nexus of a caravan trade linking all of Eurasia, from:

answer

the third century BCE to the third century CE.

question

A spice _____________ultimately became the world's first global trading system

answer

black pepper

question

Not until the arrival of the______, in the fourteenth century CE, did Indian supremacy in the Indian Ocean trade begin to wane.

answer

Arabs

question

Perhaps the most distinctive marker of Hinduism as a religious civilization is the ______system.

answer

jati

question

The idea of __________results from unsanctioned contact with someone from a lower caste.

answer

ritual pollution

question

As a classical language, Sanskrit was used in a staggering variety of works of poetry, prose, and drama, as well as in the Puranas, which were______________.

answer

genealogies and histories

question

Known for such works as the romance Shakuntala and the epic The Cloud Messenger, __________ is the most influential poet and dramatist of the Sanskrit language and is widely referred to as India's Shakespeare.

answer

Kalidasa

question

In addition to Buddhism, the most profound intellectual influences from India on the surrounding regions were in the realm of________.

answer

science

question

Chandragupta's first attempt to seize power from the ruling Nandas was influenced by his teacher ________, whose Arthashastra became the most influential political treatise in Indian history.

answer

Kautilya.

question

Though forced from his Indian holdings, Seleucus Nikator and his successors ____________

answer

Maintained cordial relations with the Mauryas.

question

One distinctive innovation growing out of Ashoka's support of dharma was his taking up of the Buddhist concept of ahimsa, or _______.

answer

Nonviolence.

question

Ashoka's devotion to dharma even extended to sending his sons as Buddhist missionaries to ______, where it has remained the principal faith to this day.

answer

Sri Lanka.

question

The Indian visionaries were hermit teachers living in the forests of the Gangetic states to "draw [disciples] near" to themselves (the meaning of the Sanskrit "______").

answer

Upanishad.

question

Among the earliest Jain doctrines was the idea that all things possess jiva, a kind of "soul" that _______

answer

Yearns to be free from the prison of the material world.

question

Jainism's most distinctive element is that it is rigorously _________, insisting instead on meditatively merging into an eternal unity that is both universal and transcendent.

answer

Atheistic

question

According to Buddhist accounts, the insight gained from Siddhartha Gautama's experiences and a long period of deep meditation sparked his enlightenment one day _________

answer

Under a pipal (fig) tree in the town of Gaya

question

The Four Noble Truths emphasize __________.

answer

The avoidance of craving, in order to avoid the suffering that comes from it.

question

Part of the Pali Canon, the ______ are five groups of "Discourses", most of which are believed to have originated from the Buddha.

answer

Sutras

question

The concept of the _________ was that once one has achieved enlightenment, he should be dedicated to helping the suffering achieve their own enlightenment.

answer

Bodhisattva

question

The idea behind committing transgressive acts and following "tantra" was:

answer

To prove one's mastery over attachment to the acts themselves.

question

The spread of Buddhism and the Indian system of "god-kings" soon reached the Khmers and the state of Champa in modern _________.

answer

Cambodia

question

The urge to break the Islamic monopoly of the spice trade ultimately drove Columbus to sail into the Atlantic, hoping to go directly to _________.

answer

The Malabar Coast.

question

The potential for anyone, regardless of social position, to practice Jainism and Buddhism ________.

answer

Undermined the hierarchical order of the caste system.

question

In the "second stage of life" a man should get up before dawn, offer the appropriate sacrifices throughout the day, and ____________

answer

Busy himself studying the Vedas, Puranas, and Itihasas.

question

The first images of the Buddha looked remarkably like _______.

answer

The Greek god Apollo

question

Cycles of time marking eternity in some philosophical schools were measured in intervals; for one example, the shorter kalpa was reckoned at about __________.

answer

Four billion years

question

The experiences of the Gangetic republics indicate that:

answer

Factionalism and division were in the end fatal to their survival.

question

The historical Confucius is an elusive figure, but he appears to have been born to the Kong family in _____________.

answer

551 BCE

question

Confucius presented his teachings in the Lunyu or __________, arguing that human society was a perfectable moral order.

answer

Analects

question

Confucius described "___________" (shu) as "what you would not want for yourself, do not do to others."

answer

Reciprocity

question

The _________ was, according to Confucius, the "superior man" or "gentleman" who behaves in accordance with the highest ethical and moral standards.

answer

Junzi

question

According to Mencius, a ruler who abused or neglected his subjects upset the social order and ______________.

answer

The natural tendency of people toward good.

question

Since __________ like Han Fei and Li Si believed that compliance on small matters led to compliance on larger ones, they imposed harsh punishments for even the tiniest infractions.

answer

Legalists

question

A classic tale that expresses an aspect of Daoist thought is the story of the philosopher Zhuang Zhou, who awoke from a dream unsure of _______________

answer

Whether he had dreamed he was a butterfly or whether he was a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuang Zhou.

question

In 221 BCE, the Qin ruler _______ proclaimed himself Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of the Qin.

answer

Cheng

question

Unlike earlier rulers, the Han leader Liu Bang, who had taken the reign name Gaozu (r. 202-195 BCE), had been a(n) _________.

answer

Peasant

question

Wudi drove his armies into central Asia, where he established a lucrative trade with the peoples there, and again into northern ________ and Korea, extending Han rule into those areas.

answer

Vietnam

question

The ________ proved so effective that by the fifth century CE the armies of all the Chinese states had adopted and refined the technology, paving the way for the Sui reunification in 589.

answer

Stirrup

question

By the second century CE, bolts of silk with standardized designs were _________.

answer

Produced for export, particularly to Persia and Rome.

question

The Tang continued the policy of land redistribution begun during the brief Sui dynasty by allotting each peasant family a tract of 100 mou, _________ of which was inheritable, while the remainder reverted to the state for redistribution.

answer

One-fifth.

question

The __________ was the name given to a series of overland trade routes that connected eastern and western Eurasia, beginning at the end of the fourth century BCE.

answer

Silk Road.

question

Although some elite women achieved prominence in intellectual pursuits, like the _______ Ban Zhao (48-116 CE), women's education centered primarily on cultivating the domestic virtues of devotion and obedience.

answer

Historian

question

___________ (145-86 BCE) offended the powerful Emperor Wudi in his histories by exonerating a general whom the emperor and the court had accused of cowardice.

answer

Sima Qian

question

The travels of Xuan Zang (596-664 CE) to ________ were later immortalized in the popular collection of fabulous tales called A Journey to the West.

answer

India

question

In 134 CE, Zhang Heng devised what was perhaps the world's first practical ___________.

answer

Earthquake detector.

question

While scholars agree that women's roles deteriorated in some respects, there were also times when they exercised considerable freedom and influence, such as during the ________ period.

answer

Tang.

question

The correct order for the events or eras listed below is:

answer

Spring and Autumn periods; Warring States period; Former Han dynasty; Sui dynasty.

question

The quotation, If Your Majesty says

answer

Mencius

question

The following statements are true of Confucianism:

answer

From the time of the Han Dynasty, Mencius's interpretation has been predominant.been a strong influence on the governmental and bureaucratic systems of China.has been uniformly practical, never straying into abstractions

question

The basic structure inherent in Confucianism is:

answer

Hierarchical.

question

The most severe philosophical school that emerged during the Warring States period was:

answer

Legalism.

question

In the view of Han Fei and Li Si:

answer

The state was all-important, and all subjects must serve the state through productive activities.

question

Which of the following most accurately lists the persons in the order of their birth?

answer

Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Han Fei, the First Emperor.

question

The work of Zhuang Zhou is an example of:

answer

The Daoist tradition.

question

The state that emerged triumphant from the Period of Warring States was:

answer

The Qin

question

The following statement is true:

answer

If the Qin constructed the Chinese empire, the Han perfected it.

question

By the year 2 CE, the population of China had reached:

answer

Just under 60 million.

question

Within a century of Liu Bang's reign, the Han dynasty's political organization:

answer

Had developed a hierarchical structure, ranging from high-ranking ministers down to village clan leaders or headmen.

question

The periods of the Former Han dynasty and the Latter Han dynasty were separated by:

answer

The rule of Wang Mang, a relative of the Han family who seized power.

question

The Northern Wei and the Sui dynasties:

answer

Were formed by members of Mongolian peoples known as the Toba.

question

The Tang dynasty:

answer

Was founded by a 16-year-old who placed his father on the throne for a few years.

question

The philosophical system known as the Han Synthesis:

answer

Shows clearly the influence of Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism.

question

The authors of the text argue that many of the brilliant innovations of Chinese intellectual and cultural history arose:

answer

During the political and social turmoil of the late Zhou era.

question

In the opinion of the text writer, what was the longest lasting benefit of the rule of the First Emperor?

answer

He had established the fundamental pattern for Chinese imperial government.

question

As a member of the growing shi class of well-to-do, educated commoners and lower aristocracy, Confucius _____________.

answer

Sought a position as political adviser to the courts of several states, but was largely unsuccessful.

question

Confucius advised rulers in his Analects to "Lead them [the people] by rules of decorum (li) and they will develop a sense of _________ and moreover, will become good."

answer

Shame.

question

Mencius used water as a metaphor to illustrate:

answer

The importance of allowing behavior to flow naturally, and not be blocked by artificial constructions.

question

The Mengzi is written in more of a narrative form than the Analects and is supplemented by:

answer

Parables and stories.

question

The Legalists argued that all subjects must serve the state through productive activities, and that the highest priorities of the state were agriculture and _________.

answer

Military service.

question

The Confucian Dao, dealing with the particulars of this world, differed from the Daoist Dao in that ___________.

answer

It could be named.

question

The Emperor Cheng:

answer

Demanded that any literature not officially sanctioned by his government be destroyed.

question

Once the First Emperor died, Minister Li Si ______.

answer

Kept his death a secret in order to rule as regent for the monarch's son.

question

Wudi extended the Great Wall begun by the Qin for all of the following reasons except:

answer

To provide greater protection for his subjects. To encourage people to move to areas along the northern and western borders of the empire.To maintain continuity with the previous regime's policies and strength of unity.

question

Throughout the Three Kingdoms period in the ____________ and afterward, the aim of reconstituting the empire was always present.

answer

Third century CE.

question

Around the beginning of the first century CE the first attempts at saddles with straps for supporting a rider's feet began to appear in _________.

answer

Northern India.

question

For a period in the late seventh and early eighth centuries CE __________ became the established state religion, under the remarkable Empress Wu Zetian.

answer

Buddhism.

question

By the time of the late Han, China's old aristocracy had largely died out, its place at the top of the social hierarchy assumed by the so-called _________.

answer

Scholar-gentry.

question

Among the innovations that made China the world leader in agricultural productivity until the eighteenth century CE was the fengche, a ____________.

answer

Hand-cranked winnowing machine that separated the chaff from the grain.

question

The chief treatise on government in the Han era, the Huainan zi, characterized the emperor as:

answer

An intermediary between heaven, humankind, and earth.

question

The male and female members of the _______ family pioneered the writing of dynastic history in the first century CE with the Hanshu (The History of the Former Han).

answer

Ban.

question

An influential _________ school in China was the Tiantai, centered on the scripture of the Lotus Sutra.

answer

Buddist

question

Along with painting and poetry, _________ was considered one of the "three excellences" (sanjue) of the scholar.

answer

Calligraphy.

question

Yang Zhu taught that since life was short and death inevitable, people should _________

answer

Take what enjoyment they can while they can.

question

Mo Di taught that the only humane way to approach the world was to regard _______

answer

All people as members of one's own family.

question

Heraclius (r. 610-641) was able to save the Roman Empire and beat back the Sasanids due to his:

answer

Borrowing huge sums of money to fund an army.

question

A "Muslim" would come to be defined as a believer who _________ the will of God (Allah).

answer

submits to

question

Abd al-Malik may have built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem because he saw himself as the true "________" (Caliph) vis-a-vis the Byzantine basileus.

answer

Representative of Allah.

question

Throughout the Muslim world, autonomous dynasties recognized the Abbasid caliphs in _______, but for all practical purposes they were independent.

answer

Baghdad.

question

________ came to be identified as the paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, would lead to salvation.

answer

Sunna.

question

After overcoming armed resistance, Muhammad founded the "umma" (__________) of Muslims, who believed that in one God having Muhammad as his Prophet.

answer

community

question

The Arabic word ________ literally meant the "struggle for the path of God (fi sabil Allah)", and this could range from a personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam.

answer

Jihad.

question

The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s came to be called ___________.

answer

Sharia.

question

Shiites are the minority of today's Muslims, comprising about 10 percent of the total population, but they make up the majority in contemporary _____, Iraq, and Lebanon.

answer

Iran

question

One of the most important religious disputes to wrack the Byzantine Empire was the iconoclasm controversy, which concerned:

answer

The removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries.

question

In 971 the Byzantines crushed the _________ and reintegrated their realm into the empire.

answer

Bulgars

question

In 988, Grand Prince __________ of Kiev (r. 980-1015) decreed the conversion of his subjects to Christianity.

answer

Vladimir I.

question

In 1055-1059, Seljuk rulers ended the Buwayhid regime in Baghdad and assumed power under the title "sultan" (from the Arabic for "______").

answer

power

question

When the young, energetic emperor Alexius I Comnenus sent an embassy to ________ in 1095, he found a sympathetic ear.

answer

Rome

question

Saladin [Salah ad-Din], the _______ successor of the Fatimids in Egypt and Seljukids in Syria, nearly ended the crusader kingdom in 1187.

answer

Kurdish

question

________ Islam, or Sufism, was an outgrowth of meditative thought and practices developed from the Christian, Zoroastrian, and Greek philosophical heritages interacting within the Muslim world.

answer

Mystical.

question

Among the surviving Arabic palaces, the best preserved is the Alhambra of __________ (ca. 1350-1450), with its exquisite honeycomb-style decorations.

answer

Granada

question

The most popular collection of short stories was the Maqamat, about an impersonator telling tall stories to gullible listeners, collecting money for his tales, and ________.

answer

Traveling from city to city in ever-new disguises

question

In contrast to western art, both Byzantine Christians and Muslims retained the ________ for rulers, even applying it to ordinary humans.

answer

Halo

question

Among a group of delegates, only Ibn Taymiyya had the courage to stand before the _________ ruler and accuse him of being an infidel, lecturing him sternly on his Muslim duties of adherence to Islamic law and peace.

answer

Mongol

question

The entirety of the Islamic moral and legal code, completed by the mid-900s, is known as the________.

answer

Sharia

question

The first signs of a religious orientation within the Arab Empire occurred during the reign of ___________, the third Umayyad ruler.

answer

Abd al-Malik

question

_______ is the paradigmatic path" of Muhammad's traditions which

answer

Sunna

question

Which of the following is not one of the five religious duties which identify a Muslim?

answer

Repentance

question

_________is a minority faith among Muslims, making up about 10% of the total, although they are in the majority in contemporary Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon.

answer

Shiism

question

Under siege by the_______________, the old Eastern Roman Empire had retreated to Anatolia and parts of the Balkans.

answer

Umayyads and Abbasids

question

The Eastern Roman Empire would ultimately survive under the name of____________.

answer

Byzantium

question

____________ is defined as the removal and destruction of all religious images from churches and monasteries.

answer

iconoclasm

question

In eighth-century Iran, local Persian military lords and Arab settlers revolted, expecting a rightly guided" leader or _______to arrive and establish a realm of justice on earth."

answer

Mahdi

question

Between 1096 and 1099, European Crusaders returned Nicaea to Byzantium and captured_________.

answer

Jerusalem

question

_________ was the Kurdish-descended successor of the Fatimids in Egypt nearly ended the Crusader Kingdom in 1187.

answer

Salah al-Din

question

Turkish military slaves from the Russian steppes and dominant in the armies of Saladin's successors, the ____________established their own regime in agriculturally rich Egypt from 1250 to 1517.

answer

Mamluks

question

After the __________were pushed back to Iraq and Iran and converted to Islam, the Mamluks were able to terminate the Crusader Kingdom in 1291 with the conquest of Acre.

answer

Mongols

question

At the top of the Mamluk state was the______, who controlled the annual purchases of slaves and commanded the largest cavalry regiment.

answer

sultan

question

A system for collecting taxes and rents from the population in which the state grants the right of collection to private individuals is referred to as____________.

answer

tax farming

question

Scholars surmise that the _____________________set off the spread of the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century.

answer

Mongol invasion of Vietnam

question

_________is a mystical and meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.

answer

Sufism

question

The ___________is the best preserved example of an Islamic palace in the world.

answer

Alhambra

question

In contrast to western art, both Byzantine Christians and Muslims retained the ________ for rulers, even applying it to ordinary humans.

answer

Halo

question

To simplify the central administration of the Byzantine Empire, Heraclius replaced Latin with Greek as the language of the bureaucracy and the multiple Latin titles of the emperor with the single Greek title of "king" or _______.

answer

Basileus

question

The founder of the western Christian Carolingian Empire, ___________, beat back Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours and Poitiers in 732/3.

answer

Charles Martel.

question

Local Persian military lords and Arab settlers rose up against the Umayyads under the banner of a "rightly guided" leader (____, or Messiah) in 750.

answer

Mahdi

question

Parallel to the compilation of the Quran, traditions (______) about Muhammad's life were gathered and put into the form of encyclopedic collections as well as biographies.

answer

Ahadith

question

The five-times daily prayer of Muslims requires all of the following except:

answer

The performance of a sequence of bodily motions and prayers. The washing of hands and feet for ritual cleanlinessThe physical enactment of one's submission to the will of Allah.

question

Alms-giving is a small donation or tax given to the poor, generally in the amount of ____ percent.

answer

2.5

question

A compromise between religion and state became codified in Abbasid society, with caliphs executing the laws and the ulama responsible for:

answer

The implementation of Sharia in the judicial system.

question

The tradition of Husayn's martyrdom near _______ in Iraq at the hands of the Sunni Umayyads is central for all Shiites and is commemorated during one of the months of the Muslim calendar.

answer

Karbala.

question

Apart from the conquest of Byzantine Sicily by a dynasty in Tunisia, the only active jihad activities in the 10th century were the campaigns of the Turkish palace guards __________.

answer

On the Anatolian border with Byzantium.

question

In the 7th and 8th centuries, provincial life in Anatolia became increasingly _________.

answer

Poor for its Christian inhabitants.

question

Pressured by popular demand, the Byzantine emperor in 842, like the Abbasid caliph a few years later, ________.

answer

Ended his control over religion and law in his domains.

question

When Vladimir I converted to Christianity in 988, he received a Byzantine princess in marriage but was also asked to:

answer

Contribute 6000 Kievan troops against internal rebels in the Byzantine Empire.

question

The Battle of Manzikert (1071) was:

answer

A miserable failure for Byzantine forces, even though they were numerically superior to the Seljuks.

question

The Catholic Pope in Rome and the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other in _________.

answer

1054

question

A large civilian bureaucracy could be found in ________, composed of Muslim, Coptic Christian, and Jewish scribes and accountants, staffing the three main ministries.

answer

Cairo

question

By 1200, Sunni authorities had:

answer

Adapted Sufism to popular practice in the form of congregational brotherhoods in lodges.

question

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), a philosopher of history and a political theorist, _________.

answer

Found philosophy and speculative theology incompatible with religion.

question

Illustrations in the medical literature translated from Greek and Syriac into Arabic, dating to the 1110s, _________.

answer

Show great similarities with Byzantine icons.

question

The Academy of Florence (in Italy) invited Byzantine _________ scholars to help in the recovery of the texts of this philosopher.

answer

Plato.

question

As a result of his bold stance against the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyya ______.

answer

Was imprisoned by the Mamluks and died in jail.

question

During the coronation of Pepin III 'the Short', the pope included the ceremony of unction (used earlier by the Visigoths), in which the newly crowned person was ______________.

answer

anointing with oil

question

The model for monastic life was established by St. _________ (ca. 480-543), whose Holy Rule governed the rhythms and rituals of a monk's day.

answer

Benedict.

question

The vestiges of Charlemagne's empire were invaded in the 9th century by all of the following groups except:

answer

Angles

question

Feudalism consisted of powerful landed aristocrats (lords) who assembled small private armies consisting of dependents (___________) in order to meet military emergencies.

answer

Vassals

question

Manorialism was primarily a(n) __________ system that came to dominate medieval life in the wake of the Carolingian empire's collapse.

answer

Economic.

question

All territories within France controlled directly by the king, as in the case of the lands controlled by Hugh Capet between 987 and 996 were called his ___________.

answer

Demesne.

question

In 1295, King Edward I convened the so-called Model _________, comprised of an upper house of nobles and a lower house of 'knights of the shires and burgesses of the towns'.

answer

Parliament.

question

The medieval economy profited from several innovative financial and legal instruments, like the commenda, which were devised to facilitate ____________.

answer

Long-distance trade.

question

Comprised of merchants and artisans who lived in 'burghs' (or _________) the bourgeoisie made their livings from producing and selling goods for commercial exchange.

answer

cities

question

________ were associations of merchants and artisans intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest.

answer

Guilds.

question

After many full-scale assaults and episodes of mob violence against Jewish communities, England expelled Jewish people in __________.

answer

1290

question

The 'investiture controversy' erupted between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over the issue of:

answer

The appointment of clergy members.

question

The real breakthrough in the Christian 'reconquest' of Spain occurred in 1085 when ______ was liberated from Muslim control, resulting in almost half of the country returning to Christians.

answer

Toledo

question

In spite of an excommunication pronounced by Pope Innocent III, crusaders from _______ plundered Constantinople in 1204.

answer

Venice.

question

In spite of the innovative nature of scholasticism, the Aristotelian logic upon which it was based was suspected of being:

answer

Incompatible with Christian doctrine.

question

The first attempt to open up gloomy Romanesque interiors—and an early expression of the new Gothic style—was made at the abbey church of St. Denis near ________ in 1144 under the guidance of Abbot Suger.

answer

Paris

question

Rebellions that resulted from the Black Death

answer

Jacquerie Peasants' Revolt Ciompi.

question

Joan of Arc's victory at Orleans in _________ inspired the French to one success after another (even though Joan was burned at the stake two years later).

answer

1453

question

The Hanseatic League was a trade network of allied ports along the North and ______ Sea coasts, founded in 1256.

answer

Baltic

question

Education in the 'vernacular' language was especially popular in the city-states of _________, where the emphasis was on educating students for productive careers in the secular world.

answer

Northern Italy

question

The following order of events is correct:

answer

Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death.

question

The following order of events is correct:

answer

Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Council of Constance.

question

Pope Gregory I did all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

He encouraged the conversion of the German kings to Christianity.

question

The founder of the Merovingian dynasty was:

answer

Clovis

question

All of the following is true of the Benedictine monasteries EXCEPT:

answer

They were supported by offerings from the peasants around them in exchange for their prayers for a bountiful harvest.

question

Which of the below correctly identifies the liberal arts as taught in the monasteries?

answer

Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

question

During the period between the ninth century and the year 1300:

answer

There was a period of chaos, out of which grew a new model of well-run, centralized governments.

question

Representative assemblies developed in two areas:

answer

The Estates-General established in France by Philip IV and the Parliament established in England during the reign of John.

question

Some of the changes of the eleventh and twelfth centuries included:

answer

The appearance of the military as a new social class.

question

The need for reform of the Western Church during the period 1000 to 1300 seems to have arisen:

answer

From a long period of decentralization and decline of learning.

question

The investiture controversy was:

answer

A power struggle between popes and emperors.

question

The Crusade of the Three Kings was led by:

answer

Frederick I of Germany, Philip II of France, and Richard I of England.

question

The Fourth Crusade is notable because:

answer

The crusaders attacked another Christian city, so angering the pope that he excommunicated the entire army.

question

Scholasticism was:

answer

A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

question

St. Thomas Aquinas

answer

Argued, in his Summa Theologica, that it was possible to compromise between or to synthesize faith and reason.

question

In 596, Pope Gregory I dispatched a group of monks under the leadership of Augustine to __________.

answer

Convert the Anglo-Saxons of southern England.

question

In the early medieval period, the concept of Latin Christendom provided a common identity for those living under the primacy of the ________________.

answer

Pope

question

At some point in his reign, perhaps in 498, ____________ adopted ('orthodox') Christianity, which gave him the backing of Christian bishops in Gaul.

answer

Clovis

question

As a result of _____________ in 732, Charles Martel, 'the Hammer', emerged as not only the most powerful man in Frankland but also the leader of the most powerful force in Latin Christendom.

answer

Defeating advancing Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours.

question

Key to Charlemagne's effort of educational reform was the appointment of Alcuin of ______________ as master of the palace school.

answer

York

question

Henry II of England reformed the judicial system by making his royal courts the _____________.

answer

Final courts of appeal.

question

In gratitude for his putting down disturbances and protests against the church in the 10th century, Otto I of Saxony was proclaimed '__________' by Pope John XII.

answer

Emperor of the Romans.

question

Windmill technology, borrowed from _________ during the twelfth century, helped significantly to increase food production in medieval Europe.

answer

Islamic Iran.

question

Due to its borrowing of the Muslim lateen, a(n) ______________, Italian ships were able to sail into the westerly winds that had previously prevented their sailing through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean.

answer

Front-mounted triangular sail.

question

The largest cities in medieval Europe could be found in _________.

answer

Northern Italy.

question

The designation of time Anno Domini ('in the year of the Lord') was introduced by the Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus in (A.D.) __________ but popularized during Charlemagne's reign.

answer

532

question

The dispute between St. Anselm and Peter Abelard hinged on whether:

answer

Understanding a concept is necessary for belief in it.

question

In the fourteenth century, the 'Merton Calculators' of Oxford University argued that:

answer

Objects of different weights fall at a uniform level of acceleration.

question

In Gothic architecture, pointed arches, _____________, allowed for higher vertical thrusts in weight distribution, resulting in soaring church naves.

answer

Copied from Islamic architecture through contact with Sicily and Spain.

question

Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales were both:

answer

Constructed from bawdy and erotically themed stories.

question

The 'Cathars', or '_________', rejected orthodox church doctrines and the sacraments of Eucharist and baptism, while also railing against the abuses of the clergy.

answer

Pure Ones

question

When he was informed of the existence and the beliefs of the Cathars, Pope Innocent III _____________.

answer

Ordered a crusade against them that was brutal, even by medieval standards.

question

According to the Chachnama, Ibn Qasim died after:

answer

He was sewn up into a stifling raw leather sheath by his cousin's order.

question

The Harshacarita is:

answer

A biography of Harsha Vardhana by the poet Bana.

question

Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate between 1236 and 1240, the sultan Raziya:

answer

Was a woman who dispensed with the veil and wore male attire on the battlefield.

question

Perhaps the most remarkable ruler of the Tughluq rulers between 1320 and 1413 was Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, nicknamed:

answer

Muhammad the Bloody.

question

The Tang capital of Chang'an grew into perhaps the largest city in the world, containing as many as __________ inhabitants.

answer

2 million.

question

In 845, despite official Tang sponsorship, the government forcibly seized all _________ holdings, although followers were allowed to continue their religious practices.

answer

Buddhist.

question

Initially brought to China from __________, tea quickly established itself as the beverage of choice during the Tang era and vied with silk for supremacy as a cash crop.

answer

Southeast Asia.

question

Li Bai (701-762) and Du Fu (ca. 721-770) were famous ______________ in the Tang period.

answer

Poets

question

With a professional army of more than 1.5 million men, the Song emperors:

answer

Nevertheless found it difficult to overpower invading nomadic groups.

question

Temujin gave himself the title 'Genghis Khan' ('__________') of the united Mongol confederation.

answer

Universal Ruler

question

Gunpowder was originally used as:

answer

medicine for skin irritations

question

Khubilai Khan proclaimed the Yuan dynasty in __________.

answer

1280.

question

The most famous travel accounts of the Yuan era, those of the Venetian Marco Polo and ___________, who lived and traveled throughout the Mongol Empire, are testament to the powerful impact of Mongol rule on ease of travel.

answer

Ibn Battuta.

question

The voyages of Zheng He led to an exchange of gifts, including a giraffe, between the emperor Yongle and the king of Malindi in modern __________.

answer

Kenya.

question

An array of sumptuary laws and a court-directed protocol of ____________ signified to which of the nine official grades a member of the scholar-gentry belonged.

answer

Buttons worn on the hats of officials

question

The practice of binding girls' feet, in order to make their feet tinier and their marriage prospects more viable, originated in the ___________ period.

answer

Song

question

Elegant white and celadon (a shade of __________) porcelain vessels were manufactured in great numbers in Song China, often in government-sponsored and –run kilns.

answer

Green

question

Ruling as empress dowager and as regent for her son after the death of her husband in 684, Empress Wu declared ___________ the state religion.

answer

Buddhism

question

In the Song period, China:

answer

Turned inward and broke off contacts with the Buddhist world.

question

The political center of the Indian subcontinent shifted south and, by the latter part of the ninth century, the________ state had consolidated its hegemony over southern India and its control of the trade with southeast Asia.

answer

Chola

question

After several centuries of southward expansion by Muslim sultanates in north and central India, a new Hindu state emerged in 1336 with the founding of the city of____________ or City of Victory.

answer

Vijayanagar

question

___________________is the man credited with founding the Muslim state of Delhi, which would later survive under the name of the Sultanate of Delhi.

answer

Muhammad of Ghur

question

In 1398, one of the last great invasions of central Asian nomads under the leadership of ______, descended on northern India and southwest Asia.

answer

Timur

question

At the height of the __________ dynasty, Buddhist influence at the imperial court made China a Buddhist empire.

answer

Tang

question

Neo-Confucianism was the name given to the new synthesis of official beliefs blending the ideas of:

answer

Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism

question

Tang efforts to control military outposts along the Silk Road brought the empire into conflict with ______________by the early eighth century.

answer

Arab expansion

question

The most extraordinary example of the contradictory Tang trends towards both greater restrictiveness and wider latitude in personal behavior was the Tang Empress____________.

answer

Wu Zetian

question

The widow of a ruler in a monarchical or imperial system in which succession is normally through the male line is referred to as a(n) - _______________.

answer

Empress dowager

question

The following was a characteristic feature of Tang poetry:

answer

five-character eight-line regulated verse

question

With the arrival of the Song dynasty, China would become a religious civilization in which its people reemphasized the indigenous traditions of - - - - _______________________, with elements of Buddhism on a more reduced level.

answer

Confucianism and Daoism

question

Like the Tang, the Song instituted a strong central government based on _______ rather than heredity.

answer

merit

question

The need for bureaucratic and socioeconomic reform spurred the Song official ________________ to propose a series of initiatives aimed at increasing state control over the economy and reducing the power of local interests.

answer

Wang Anshi

question

The unification of various Mongol groups under________, also known as Genghis Khan, led a steady invasion on China which, under his grandson Khubilai Khan, would ultimately bring an end to the Song Dynasty.

answer

Temujin

question

The most momentous invention to emerge from the Song era was:

answer

Gunpowder.

question

In 1280 Khubilai Khan proclaimed the_________ dynasty.

answer

Yuan

question

This dynasty, though___________, pulled China into an empire spanning all of Eurasia from Korea to the interior of Poland, and probing as far as Hungary, Java, and Japan.

answer

short-lived

question

Under the Yuan Dynasty, China became part of a much larger empire, and its culture was widely diffused throughout Eurasia, most notably through the accounts of:

answer

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

question

Which of the following was not a characteristic of Mongol rule in China?

answer

poor imperial administration

question

The ____________

answer

Pig Emperor

question

Hongwu sought to streamline his newly reconstituted bureaucracy by concentrating power and governmental functions around__________________.

answer

the emperor

question

The ______________was a select group of senior officials who served as an advisory board to the Ming emperor on all imperial matters.

answer

Grand Secretariat

question

While China fortified its borders and reinstated political systems that had been dismantled by the Mongols, it also had to contend with a sharp drop in population due to warfare and the lingering effects of ______________ ravaged the country in the 1340s

answer

bubonic plague

question

Ming Emperor Yongle inherited a country on its way to economic recovery took advantage of the increase in prosperity to launch China's first- last great _________under the command of his childhood friend and imperial eunuch, Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433

answer

naval expeditions

question

China boasted some of the world's largest cities more than 85 percent of the country remained rural from the Song to the Ming, with the __________at the top of the local structure of power/influence hierarchy reinforced by an array of sumptuary laws

answer

scholar-gentry

question

Neo-Confucianism one can't sit passively & wait for enlightenment as the Buddhists but must actively seek truth thru facts to understand the relationships of form (li) and substance (qi) as they gov'n the constitution of the totality of the universe or

answer

Supreme Ultimate

question

Many of these technical advances revolved around the development of luxury items, and the most notable among them was the invention of true___________.

answer

porcelain

question

Neo-Confucianism resulted from a synthetic social and political formation, a pattern in which:

answer

The most durable opposing elements of two traditions merge into a compatible whole.

question

After his visit to Harsha's kingdom, Xuan Zang pronounced it:

answer

Well run, wealthy, and justly administered.

question

A new Hindu state emerged in 1336 with the founding of the city of ___________, which was deemed fabulously wealthy by the first Portuguese traders in the sixteenth century.

answer

Vijayanagar.

question

The Qutb, built next to Delhi's first mosque, is said to still be the world's largest _________.

answer

Minaret.

question

The northern sultanates, such as the regime of Ala-ud-din of the Tughluqs, supported their economies through __________.

answer

Heavy taxation, including the jizya tax on non-Muslims.

question

The development of Sikhism resulted, in great measure, from the:

answer

Presence of refugees from Mongol raids in the Muslim sultanates.

question

Debates on Neo-Confucianism in China centered on ___________.

answer

The interpretations and approaches to understanding its core teachings.

question

Tang rulers opened diplomatic relations with __________, which in 645 announced the Taika (Great Reform), a wholesale adoption of Tang imperial institutions, record keeping, and Buddhism.

answer

Japan

question

Entry into the Tang government's bureaucratic service was possible only after:

answer

Passing a series of examinations.

question

In the eighth century, Tang armies experienced a series of defeats at the hands of all of the following except:

answer

Mongols

question

With the coming of the Song dynasty, China would become a religious civilization in which people reemphasized the indigenous traditions of Confucianism and __________.

answer

Daoism.

question

In regard to the military uses of gunpowder, the Mongols:

answer

Adapted the Song's use of gunpowder weapons to their own use.

question

By 1368, a coalition led by Zhu Yuanzhang, who was both a soldier and a ____________, had driven the Mongols from their capital and proclaimed a new dynastic line, the Ming.

answer

Buddhist monk.

question

One of Hongwu's first steps in reshaping the government was to create the ______________, a select group of officials who served as an advisory board to the emperor on all imperial matters.

answer

Grand Secretariat.

question

If a promising young man attained the rank of shengyuan, he was enabled to __________ and to draw a small stipend.

answer

Attend a government-sponsored academy.

question

Neo-Confucianism holds that one cannot sit passively and wait for enlightenment, as the Buddhists do, but must __________.

answer

Actively 'seek truth through facts.'

question

The Water Margin (or All Men Are Brothers) is a representative example of a:

answer

Multiauthored adventure novel.

question

Among the scurrilous accusations made against Empress Wu was that she had:

answer

Murdered her child in her quest to achieve political power.

question

The Amnokkang, better known as the _________ River, and Kangnam Mountains form the present dividing line between the Korean peninsula and Manchuria.

answer

Yalu

question

The Korean language may be distantly related to the __________ family of languages, which include Turkish, Mongolian, and Manchu.

answer

Altaic

question

The 'Three Kingdoms' of Korea all seem to have been established in the ____________.

answer

First century BCE.

question

In 1231, ________ forces laid siege to Kaesong, and perhaps 250,000 Koreans were deported as slave laborers after the city had fallen.

answer

Mongol.

question

The chongjon system of Silla, begun in 722, mandated a(n):

answer

Government-sponsored distribution of land.

question

The Korean phonetic script han-gul, introduced in the fifteenth century CE, was closer to the spoken language than written ___________.

answer

Chinese

question

The northernmost of Japan's four main islands is:

answer

Hokkaido

question

By the fall of the _________ dynasty in 220 CE, we have the earliest remnant examples of woodblock printing.

answer

Han.

question

A disk made of finely worked steatite was found in a third-century CE ___________ in central Japan, and similar objects have been found in China.

answer

Burial mound.

question

The Kojiki and Nihongi were:

answer

Chinese-style imperial histories.

question

In many cases, the shoen, or clan estates, were ____________ because of their military contributions.

answer

Given tax-exempt status.

question

The chief military official of Japan was called a _____________, and the office would become hereditary in the Tokugawa period (1603-1867).

answer

Shogun

question

A Mongol armada was smashed by a typhoon in 1281, known ever after by the Japanese as kamikaze, '_______'.

answer

The divine wind.

question

Like the codes of chivalry current in Europe at the time, daimyo and samurai prided themselves on acting according to a strict system of ____________ called 'bushido'.

answer

Honor and loyalty.

question

______ means 'the way of the gods', and Japanese mythology recognized a staggering array of deities.

answer

Shinto.

question

Introduced from China by the Zen monk Eisai (1141-1215), ___________ in Japan became widely adopted as an aid to discipline and meditation among monks in the twelfth century.

answer

Tea drinking.

question

The Tale of _________, credited to Murasaki Shikibu, is often considered the world's first novel.

answer

Genji.

question

'Nam Viet' was the local name for the Chinese 'Nanyue' ('___________'), as the Qin had called their new province.

answer

Far South.

question

The Temple of Literature in _________ was the first national academy for Confucian training in Vietnam, founded in 1076.

answer

Hanoi.

question

The farming of _______ caught on only much later in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, where rainfall and the terracing of hillsides made it feasible.

answer

Rice.

question

There is reference to the kingdom of Choson, 'The Land of the Morning Calm', in _________.

answer

Zhou Chinese annals.

question

The ___________ Wong Kon (d. 943) subdued the crumbling kingdom of Silla and reconstituted it as Koryo, from which comes the name 'Korea'.

answer

Merchant

question

In the fourteenth century, the highly centralized governmental structure of the Ming was echoed in Choson, and the adoption of ____________ slowly began to drive out older local customs.

answer

Neo-Confucianism.

question

One of the chief catalysts for printing was the growing popularity of _______ throughout east Asia.

answer

Buddhism

question

Sometime after 250 CE, Japan's first fully evolved state, Yamato, centered on the Kanto Plain near modern Tokyo, emerged and absorbed its weaker rivals on the island of __________.

answer

Honshu.

question

The Yamato government of the late sixth and early seventh centuries CE made significant moves to:

answer

Connect its culture to the Chinese mainland.

question

Under the shoguns, the Japanese warrior class witnessed the union of bu and bun, the 'dual way' of the sword and __________.

answer

Writing brush.

question

The stability of the Ashikaga Shogunate was undermined by court intrigue in Kyoto and by ________.

answer

The concentration of power in the countryside.

question

The examples of Murasaki Shikibu and Sei Shonagno reveal that:

answer

Women could develop a highly influential cultural world, despite being sequestered.

question

When Buddhism became the state religion of Yamato in 594, followers of Shinto _________

answer

Accommodated Buddhist principles into a fused religious tradition.

question

The problems of using Chinese characters for the Japanese Man'yoshu led to the kana syllabary, a system of ________ symbols that form the building blocks of Japanese words.

answer

50

question

Like their counterparts in Korea and Japan, the new Vietnamese literate elites ____________.

answer

Were incorporated into the far-flung world of Chinese civilization.

question

Dinh Bo Linh, the first emperor of Vietnam, solidified his control of the region in __________ and the next dynasty modeled its institutions on those of Song China.

answer

968 CE.

question

The village headman in Vietnam, the xa troung, was:

answer

Checked by a council made up of the scholar-gentry class.

question

Poets like Nguyen Thuyen and Ho Quy Ly used chu nom ('southern characters') to _________.

answer

Translate Chinese works.

question

It may seem strange that an avowedly _________ creed like Zen Buddhism came to be adopted by the Japanese warrior nobility.

answer

Pacifistic.

question

A practitioner of Zen Buddhism aims to transcend the self, reaching a state in which one is able to apprehend through extreme 'mindfulness' the ultimate insights that bring the flash of enlightenment or __________.

answer

Satori.

question

When one of local chiefs centralized rule in 1137, the new kingdom of ________ unified the highlands and battled the Muslims in the lowlands on the Red Sea coast in the name of a Christian Crusade.

answer

Ethiopia.

question

Nubian kingdoms prospered in large part as the result of the rapid spread of the animal-driven ________ (saqiya) invented in Egypt in the first century CE.

answer

Waterwheel.

question

A ruling in the mid-800s by an Egyptian Muslim judge allowed Nubian Muslims to acquire __________.

answer

Private property.

question

________ Christianity, centered in Egypt, emphasizes the sole divine nature of Jesus.

answer

Coptic.

question

To its neighbors, the Zagwe kingdom was 'Ethiopia' or '_________', names rooted in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles.

answer

Abyssinia.

question

The religious heritage of the Solomonids still lives on in Ethiopia, and among the _________, who form a small minority in Jamaica and are associated with Bob Marley.

answer

Rastafarians.

question

In the mid-1400s, Ethiopian kings adopted a Christianized version of _______________ law, The Law of the Kings (Fetha Nagast) from the Egyptian Copts.

answer

Roman.

question

Many small rivers open into the Indian Ocean, but only the _________ River in the south was large enough to allow longer-range water traffic and the building of inland towns.

answer

Zambezi.

question

Swahili cities were characterized by a central open square containing a __________, the main city well, and the tombs of saints.

answer

Mosque.

question

Among the golden objects found among the items of the royal dynasty of Mapungubwe, signifying the power and magic of the kings, was a ____________.

answer

Rhinoceros

question

At its height between 1250 and 1505, the kingdom of Great Zimbabwe ('the great house built of stone boulders' in the __________ language), represents the culmination of the southern African kingdoms.

answer

Shona.

question

Serving as a model for subsequent kingdoms in the savanna of central Africa, the Luba kingdom survived until the arrival of __________ colonialism at the end of the nineteenth century.

answer

Belgian

question

Ghana came to resemble the states on the Swahili coast and their hinterlands, where only the rulers and merchants were ____________.

answer

Muslims.

question

At the head of a cavalry force borrowed from a chiefdom in the Sahel, Sundiata defeated ancient Ghana in 1235 and founded the empire of Mali, with its capital on an upper Niger tributary in modern __________.

answer

Guinea.

question

Mansa Musa established the city of ________ as a center of learning, focusing on Islamic law but also offering courses in a wide variety of sciences.

answer

Timbuktu

question

Sungbo's Eredo is a ___________ combination up to 70 feet deep/high and 100 miles long.

answer

Moat and rampart.

question

In the Malian epic told about his life, Sundiata prevails over his enemies thanks to a discovery made by his ___________.

answer

Sister.

question

The East and West African expansion of trade under the impact of Islam may have also indirectly led to a __________ in the interior of Africa.

answer

Population increase.

question

In the 400s, Nubian chiefs established three small kingdoms that prospered in large measure as a result of the rapid spread of ________________.

answer

animal-driven waterwheels

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