WK2 – CH8 – College Essay

TRUE Page Ref: 492 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 492 Difficulty: Moderate

TRUE Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 485-487 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 498 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 506 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 545-546 Difficulty: Moderate

TRUE Page Ref: 514 Difficulty: Moderate

TRUE Page Ref: 515 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 519 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 531 Difficulty: Moderate

TRUE Page Ref: 542 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 545 Difficulty: Moderate

FALSE Page Ref: 549 Difficulty: Easy

TRUE Page Ref: 552 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 489 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 489 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 492 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 493 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 494 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 495 Difficulty: Difficult

D Page Ref: 503, 507 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 497 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 497 Difficulty: Easy

A Page Ref: 539 Difficulty: Difficult

A Page Ref: 524 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 515 Difficulty: Difficult

A Page Ref: 514 Difficulty: Difficult

B Page Ref: 507 Difficulty: Difficult

C Page Ref: 489 Difficulty: Difficult

A Page Ref: 509 Difficulty: Difficult

A Page Ref: 509 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 509 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 510 Difficulty: Difficult

B Page Ref: 511 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 517 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 543 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 518 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 519 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 519 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 520-521 Difficulty: Difficult

D Page Ref: 521 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 491 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 521-524 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 521-524 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 524 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 524-525 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 529 Difficulty: Difficult

C Page Ref: 530 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 531 Difficulty: Moderate

A Page Ref: 532 Difficulty: Easy

C Page Ref: 531 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 532 Difficulty: Moderate

B Page Ref: 534 Difficulty: Easy

C Page Ref: 529 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 536 Difficulty: Moderate

D Page Ref: 504 Difficulty: Difficult

D Page Ref: 544 Difficulty: Moderate

C Page Ref: 500 Difficulty: Difficult

ubiquity Page Ref: 489 Difficulty: Moderate

governance Page Ref: 490-491 Difficulty: Moderate

Open Internet Page Ref: 542 Difficulty: Moderate

anonymous Page Ref: 496 Difficulty: Easy

Profiling Page Ref: 500 Difficulty: Moderate

cyberlocker Page Ref: 524 Difficulty: Moderate

Acxiom Page Ref: 504 Difficulty: Moderate

safe harbor Page Ref: 514 Difficulty: Moderate

Deep linking Page Ref: 535 Difficulty: Moderate

Look and feel Page Ref: 520 Difficulty: Moderate

fair use Page Ref: 521 Difficulty: Difficult

dilution Page Ref: 531 Difficulty: Moderate

trademark Page Ref: 531 Difficulty: Moderate

USA Patriot, Patriot Page Ref: 538 Difficulty: Difficult

net neutrality, Open Internet Page Ref: 542 Difficulty: Moderate

A student might answer this issue by focusing on any one of a number of ethical, social, or political issues currently surrounding the Internet and e-commerce. Possible topics include privacy issues, intellectual property rights issues (copyright, patents, or trademarks), taxation, Internet governance issues, online pornography, gambling, or the sale of cigarettes and drugs. Page Ref: 484-554 Difficulty: Moderate

Privacy is the moral right of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals including the state. Information privacy includes both the right to prohibit certain information from being collected by either governments or businesses and the right to control the use of whatever information is collected about you. The core concept is the control of your own personal information. Informed consent means that an individual has knowledge of all of the material facts needed to make a rational decision and consent has been given to collect information. In the United States, business firms and government agencies can gather transaction data from the marketplace and use it for other marketing purposes without the informed consent of the individual. In Europe, on the other hand, this is illegal. European businesses can only use transaction data to support the current transaction if they have asked for and received the informed consent of the individual. Advertising networks are a threat to people's privacy because they collect information about how you use the Web including the sites you visit, the keywords you use in searches and other queries, your online purchases, the click-through ads you respond to, information you submit to social networking sites, and other information. These advertising networks, with the permission of the Web sites you visit but not your permission, place cookies on your computer that are used to track your movements as you surf the Web. In addition to this information, they may also compile a profile that contains information that the company infers about you based upon the sites you visit. All of this data is entered into a database and analyzed to create a profile that might include your interests, habits, associations, and inferred personality traits. From a privacy protection perspective, the advertising network raises issues about who will see and use the information held by private companies, whether the user profiles will be linked to actual personally identifying information (such as name, social security number, and bank and credit accounts), the absence of consumer control over the use of the information, the lack of consumer choice, the absence of consumer notice, and the lack of review and amendment procedures. The pervasive and largely unregulated collection of personal information online has raised significant fears and opposition among consumers. Contrary to what the online advertising industry has often said, namely, that the public really does not care about its online privacy, there is a long history of opinion polls that document the public's fear of losing control over their personal information when visiting e-commerce sites. Page Ref: 495-502 Difficulty: Moderate

The different methods being used to protect online privacy include legal protections, industry self-regulation, privacy advocacy groups, privacy protection products, and technology solutions. In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission has taken the lead in researching online privacy and recommending legislation to Congress. The FTC has issued the Fair Information Practice (FIP) Principles, which forms the basis for its recommendations for online privacy. Two core principles are Notice/Awareness and Choice/Consent. The Notice/Awareness principle recommends that sites disclose their information practices before collecting data. The Choice/Consent principle recommends that there be a choice system in place that allows consumers to choose how their information will be used for secondary purposes other than supporting transactions. Although the FIP principles are guidelines, not laws, they have stimulated private firms to develop their own guidelines and are being used as the basis of new legislation, such as the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which requires Web sites to obtain parental permission before collecting information on children under 13 years of age. Recently, the FTC has developed a new framework to address consumer privacy. The main principles are privacy by design, simplified choice, and greater transparency, applied to all commercial entities that collect or use consumer data, not just those that collect PII. It has also called for a "Do Not Track" mechanism for online behavioral advertising. As with FIP, these principles remain guidelines. The emphasis in recent FTC privacy reports is not on restricting the collection of information (as in previous eras of privacy regulation), but instead on giving consumers rights with respect to the information collected about them in large databases and its use by various businesses and agencies. Although several bills have been introduced in Congress to implement them, none have been passed as of yet. Historically, the online industry in the United States has opposed online privacy legislation, arguing that industry can do a better job of protecting privacy than government. However, facing fines, congressional investigations, and public embarrassment over their privacy invading behaviors, with the potential loss of some business and credibility, the major players in the e-commerce industry in the United States are beginning to change some of their policies regarding the treatment of consumer data. Large Internet firms that rely on personal information (Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and many others), along with privacy advocates, are calling on Washington to develop comprehensive consumer privacy protection legislation that would clarify for consumers and business firms the meaning of privacy in the current online commercial environment. The online industry formed the Online Privacy Alliance (OPA) to encourage self-regulation. In addition, the Network Advertising Initiative, a consortium of major Internet advertising companies, was formed to develop policies for the industry. The NAI policies are designed to offer consumers opt-out programs and to provide consumers with redress for abuses. Other forms of self-regulation include various "seals" of approval that sites can display when in compliance with certain privacy policies. However, these seal programs have had a limited impact on Web privacy practices and critics argue that the programs are not particularly effective in safeguarding privacy. In general, industry efforts at self-regulation in online privacy have not succeeded in reducing American fears of privacy invasion during online transactions or in reducing the level of privacy invasion. In addition a number of firms have sprung up to sell products that they claim will help people protect their privacy, from protecting their online reputation to selling their personal information to the highest bidder. Consumer privacy groups have also formed to monitor developments, and there are some technological solutions that help, although primarily in the arena of security. Technological tools include spyware blockers, pop-up blockers, methods to secure e-mail, anonymous remailers, anonymous surfing, and cookie managers. [Student evaluations of which methods are the most effective will vary.] Page Ref: 509-517 Difficulty: Moderate

The purpose of intellectual property law is to balance two competing interests: the public and the private. The public interest is served by the creation of inventions, works of art, music, literature, and other types of intellectual expression. The private interest is served by rewarding creators of intellectual property by a time-limited monopoly that grants exclusive use to the creator. There are three main types of intellectual property protection: copyright, patent, and trademark law. Copyright law protects original forms of expression such as books, periodicals, and other forms of written expression, art, drawings, photographs, music, movies, performances, and computer programs. Patents grant the owner a 20-year exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention. There are four types of inventions for which patents are granted under patent law: machines, manmade products, compositions of matter, and processing methods. Trademark law is used to protect trademarks — marks used to identify and distinguish goods and indicate their source. Page Ref: 518-519 Difficulty: Moderate

The taxation of e-commerce illustrates the complexity of the governance and jurisdictional issues in the global economy. Most of the issues surround the sales tax imposed by various states or countries on products sold to residents of their state or country. Governments the world over rely on sales taxes to fund various types of government initiatives and programs including the building of roads, schools, and sewers or other utilities to support business development. In the United States, between the fifty states and the multiple counties and municipalities, there are thousands of different tax rates and policies. For example, in some states food is not taxed at all and there are a myriad of different exceptions and inclusions depending on the locality. However, with the rise of e-commerce and virtual storefronts, the question is raised as to what locale a virtual storefront is considered to be located in. The development of MOTO (mail order/telephone) retail in the 1970s began the discussion on the taxing of remote sales. State and local tax authorities wanted MOTO retailers to collect taxes based upon the address of the recipients, but the Supreme Court has ruled that states cannot force MOTO retailers to collect taxes unless the business has a physical presence in the state. Legislation to the contrary has never been able to garner sufficient support in Congress due to pressure from the catalog merchants, leaving intact an effective tax subsidy for MOTO merchants. The explosive growth of e-commerce, the latest type of "remote sales," has once again raised the issue of how — and if — to tax remote sales. Since its inception, e-commerce has benefited from a tax subsidy of up to 13% for goods shipped to high sales tax areas. Local retail merchants have complained bitterly about the e-commerce tax subsidy. E-commerce merchants have argued that this form of commerce needs to be nurtured and encouraged, and that in any event, the crazy quilt of sales and use tax regimes would be difficult to administer for Internet merchants. Online giants like Amazon claim they should not have to pay taxes in states where they have no operations because they do not benefit from local schools, police, fire, and other governmental services. State and local governments meanwhile see billions of tax dollars slipping from their reach. As Amazon's business model has changed with its building of large distribution centers close to urban areas to enable next-day delivery, so has its opposition to paying sales taxes softened. Page Ref: 539 Difficulty: Difficult

The five-step process is: 1. Identify and describe the facts. Find out who did what to whom, and where, when, and how. It helps to get the opposing parties involved in an ethical dilemma to agree on the facts. 2. Define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved. Ethical, social, and political issues always reference higher values. Otherwise, there would be no debate. The parties to a dispute all claim to be pursuing higher values (e.g., freedom, privacy, protection of property, and the free enterprise system). 3. Identify the stakeholders. Every ethical, social, and political issue has stakeholders: players in the game who have an interest in the outcome, who have invested in the situation, and usually who have vocal opinions. Find out the identity of these groups and what they want. This will be useful later when designing a solution. 4. Identify the options that you can reasonably take. You may find that none of the options satisfies all the interests involved, but that some options do a better job than others. Sometimes, arriving at a "good" or ethical solution may not always be a balancing of consequences to stakeholders. 5. Identify the potential consequences of your options. Some options may be ethically correct, but disastrous from other points of view. Other options may work in this one instance, but not in other similar instances. Always ask yourself, "What if I choose this option consistently over time?" Other things to consider when appraising a dilemma include basic ethical concepts such as responsibility, accountability, and liability and how these play into the situation. Additionally, you can judge the situation against candidate ethical principles, such as the Golden Rule, the Slippery Slope theory, Universalism, the Collective Utilitarian principle, Risk Aversion theory, the No Free Lunch theory, the New York Times test (Perfect Information rule), and the Social Contract rule. Actions that do not easily pass these guidelines deserve some very close attention and a great deal of caution because the appearance of unethical behavior may do as much harm to you and your company as the actual behavior. Page Ref: 493-495 Difficulty: Moderate