WIS 3401 Exam 1 (Lectures 1-4) – Flashcards

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Wildlife
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Multiple definitions: - Game animals, birds, mammals - An organic resource that can be managed on a sustained-yield basis - All undomesticated animals (in a natural environment) - Fish almost always not considered wildlife - All living things (in a natural environment) - Free-living animals (non-domesticated of major significance to man - All animals (TWS) - Specifically, for this class, terrestrial vertebrates >> most common definition - Definition changes through time
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Wildlife Ecology
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Study of the relationship between wildlife and their environment
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Wildlife Management
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- Art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use (A. Leopold, 1933) - Art of making land produce valuable populations (J. Bailey, 1984) - Practical ecology of all vertebrates and their plant and animals associates along sound biological lines (TWS/Journal of Wildlife Mgmt., 1937) - Stewardship of wildlife
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Wildlife Conservation
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- Social process encompassing both lay and professional activities that define and seek to attain wise use of wildlife resources and maintain the productivities of wildlife habitats (J. Bailey, 1984) - Mgmt., admin., education, law enforcement, and research - Application of ecological knowledge to populations of vertebrate animals and their plant and animal associates in a manor that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of people (Bolen and Robinson, 2003)
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Wildlife Mgmt./Conservation
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Application of ecological knowledge to wildlife and habitats that balances the needs of people with that of wildlife (W. Giuliano)
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Wildlife Mgmt./Conservation Goals
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Increase, decrease, maintain, or stabilize - Features (single) species mgmt. - Multiple species mgmt. - Biodiversity mgmt. (maximum species) - Ecosystem mgmt. (maintain species)
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Direct Wildlife Mgmt./Conservation
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Impact animal
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Indirect Wildlife Mgmt./Conservation
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Impact environment (most common) - Manipulative (active) vs. custodial (preservation)
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Wildlife Mgmt./Conservation Characteristics
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- Don't know all vital characteristics for all species; may know large amount about one and not about another -Wildlife Conservation primarily people managing
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The Wildlife Society
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- Journals (Journal of Wildlife Mgmt., Wildlife Society Bulletin, Wildlife Monographs, and The Wildlife Professional)
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History of Wildlife Mgmt.
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Beginning of mankind (~4 MYA) - Native peoples (N. America: 8,000 - 10,000 YA) - Sustained harvest; habitat modifications - Pleistocene Overkill
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3800 B.C.
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Weirs built in Americas
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0 A.D.
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Evidence of wild turkey domestication in Mexico and SW states - Bible (Deuteronomy 22:6)
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1215-1294
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Kublai Khan - Harvest restrictions, food plots, winter feeding, and cover control
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1215
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Magna Charta
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1500s
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Spanish introduce horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle to New World
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1581
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Pheasant and partridge protection statute (no night hunting and corn field falconry)
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1616
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Bermuda protects cahow
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1620
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Bermuda protects green turtles
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U.S. Eras
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Era of Abundance (1600 - 1849) Era of Overexploitation (1850 - 1899) Era of Protection (1900 - 1929) Era of Game Mgmt. (1930 - 1965) Era of Environmental/Ecological Mgmt. (1966 - present)
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Era of Abundance (1600-1849)
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- Most wildlife very abundance, through inexhaustible - People starting to have negative effects - Predators and harmful wildlife persecuted - Some local efforts to boost populations
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1630
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1st predator bounty ($.01 wolves in MA)
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1646
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1st closed season (deer in Rhode Island)
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1650
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Beaver nearly gone in East
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1677
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Connecticut prohibited game exports
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1700s
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Most colonies passed deer harvest laws, but no enforcement
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Early 1700s
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40+ million bison and 10+ million pronghorn roam West
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1708
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1st closed seasons on game birds (ruffed grouse, turkey, northern bobwhite quail, and heath hens in some parts of NY)
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1710
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Massachusetts prohibits some boat types (cam and sails) for hunting waterfowl
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1718
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Massachusetts closed deer season for 3 years
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1739
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1st wardens in Massachusetts
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1768
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Seller's sea cow extinct
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1776
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1st federal game law closing deer season in all colonies except GA
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1782
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Bald Eagle recognized as national symbol
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1790
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Exotic wildlife released (NJ; Hungarian Partridge)
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1800
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Jaguar extinct in U.S.
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Early 1800s
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Audubon counts a billion passenger pigeons in a flock
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1836
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Ralph Waldo Emerson - Nature (Writer, nature and conservation in U.S.)
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1842
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U.S. Supreme Court decision - Oysters - Affirms "Public Trust Doctrine" - Natural resources belong to all people in U.S.
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1844
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Great auk extinct
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1846
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1st law against spring shooting some birds (wood ducks, black ducks, woodcock, and snipe; Rhode Island)
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1849
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Dept. Of the Interior (USDI or DOI) established - Protects American's natural resources, heritage, etc.
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Era of Overexploitation (1850 - 1899)
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Theme: destruction - Declines in many game species (e.g. bison) - Increased human population and settlement - Transcontinental railroad - Market hunting - Sport hunting - Some conservation initiated
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1850
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- Eastern elk, bison, beaver gone - 1st protection of non-game (screech owls and insectivorous birds in NJ and CT)
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1850 - 1860
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Wisconsin protected prairie chickens; CA protected elk and pronghorns
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1851 - 1864
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Non-game bird protection established in 12 states
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1852
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1st salaried game wardens (Michigan)
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1854
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Henry D. Thoreau - Walden
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1856
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1st wildlife department (Massachusetts Commission of Fisheries and Game)
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1860
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Estimated 60 million bison in U.S.
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1864
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- Man and Nature published (G.P. Marsh) - 1st state hunting license (NY); closed season (spring) on bison, elk, deer, pronghorn, mountain goat, and sheep
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1872
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- Yellowstone Park Act - Labrador duck extinct
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1878
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1st game bird bag limit (25 PC's in Iowa)
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1880
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By this time, all states had some game laws
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1883
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American Ornithologists Union (AOU) established
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Late 1880s
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Sea mink extinct
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1886
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- Federal Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy established (now U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - federal) - Audubon society formed - Hunter (Grinnell) combats plume trade - Advocates for bird conservation (not against hunting) - 540 bison remain in U.S.
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1887
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Boone and Crockett Club formed - Wildlife and hunting issues; started by Roosevelt and Grinnell
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1889
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150 wild bison in U.S. - Killed them to starve Native Americans - Brought numbers back via Bronx Zoo
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1891
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Forest Reserve Act (President sets aside land/public domain)
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1892
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Sierra Club formed (Muir) - Preservation group (different from conservation)
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1895
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1st resident and nonresident hunting licenses in several states
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1896
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Division of Biological Survey (BS) formed - Was DEOM, still in USDA, later USFWS Greer v. Connecticut - Challenge 1677 law, public trust, and state authority - If you legally harvest something in CT, can keep it but can't remove from state
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1898
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Pinchot named head of USDA division of Forestry - Later becomes U.S. Forest Service
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1899
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Refuse Act - Pollution in navigable waters regulated
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Era of Protection (1900 - 1929)
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Theme: preservation - Many wildlife populations very low - Increase in protection and regulation by government - Except predators and wildlife that's harmful - 1st conservation movement begins - Roosevelt's Wise Use Doctrine - Integrated whole, wise use and public trust; science based - 1st attempts to look at entire systems
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1900
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Lacey Act - Stopped market hunting/commerce in dead wildlife, limited exotic imports, regulates interstate transport, illegally killed wildlife transportation
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1902
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1st wildlife managers meeting (wardens) in Yellowstone - Later the IAFWA >> International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
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1903
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1st federal wildlife refuge established - In FL, Pelican Island (protection heron's and egret's habitat especially breeding habitat) protected them for their feathers
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1905
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Creation of U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
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1907
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Term "conservation" coined (means prudent use)
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1911
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- Seal Treaty (International; seals and sea otters) - American Game Protective and Propagation Association (AGPPA) established (now known as Wildlife Mgmt. Institute; very important NGO)
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1913
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- Tariff Act of 1913: Non-meat bird parts cannot be imported (feathers); further protection for herons and egrets - Weeks-McLean Migratory Bird Act (feds get migratory and insectivorous birds, no spring waterfowl hunting)
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1914
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Last passenger pigeon and Carolina parakeet died
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1915
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Act of Congress to control harmful wildlife
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1916/1918
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Migratory Bird Convention and Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) - Great Britain = Canada for this act
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1916
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Creation of National Park Service
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1924
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Gila Wilderness in Gila National Forest becomes first wilderness area
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1929
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Migratory Bird Conservation Act - Acquire more refuge lands
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Era of Game Mgmt. (1930 - 1965)
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- Protection not good enough, needed active management and conservation - "Wise Use" taking hold - Increased funding - Enforcement becomes more effective
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1930
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- American Game Policy (A. Leopold) - Tariff Act of 1930 - Import tax on wild bird parts, no import of illegally killed wildlife form other countries (prevent bringing ivory from another country)
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1931
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Animal Damage Control Act
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1933
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- Heath hen extinct - 1st wildlife professor (training and new profession) - Game Mgmt. (A. Leopold)
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1934
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- Darling's NYC Meeting (leads to Coop units, NWF, WMI, NAWNRC) - Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Duck Stamp) - A financial pillar - Division of Game Mgmt. created within Bureau of Biological Survey - Taylor Grazing Act (Federal lands and state cooperation)
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1935
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- Wilderness Society formed - 1st cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit formed - USDA - Soil Conservation Service formed (later NRCS)
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1936
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- 1st national Wildlife Conference (NAWNRC) - Discuss problems/policies - Mexico joins MBTA (Migratory Bird Treaty Act)
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1937
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- Federal aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (Pittman- Robertson Act) - A financial pillar (11% excise tax included in price) - ~$6.5 billion to states - ~42,500 animals reintroduced - ~ 3 million hunter education students - ~ 173,000 private landowners assisted - ~ 4.9 million acres acquired or leased - Ducks Unlimited (DU) formed - The Wildlife Society (TWS) formed
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1939
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BS moved to USDI
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1940
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service formed
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1946
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- Wildlife Management Institute (WMI) formed - USDI - Bureau of Land Mgmt. (BLM) established
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1947
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
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1948
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Federal Water Pollution Control Act - Federal $$ to states to fix problems
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1949
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Leopold - A Sand County Almanac
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1950
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- Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act (Dingell- Johnson Act) - A financial pillar - The Nature Conservancy (TNC) formed
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1954
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Flood Control Act (Army corps cause problems)
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1956
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Fish and Wildlife Act (must have national policy)
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1960
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- Sikes Act (USFWS, DOD) - Multiple Use Act - Cooperative Research and Training Units Act
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1961
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Wetland Loan Act
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1962
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Rachel Carson - Silent Spring - Helps with 2nd environmental movement
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1964
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- Wilderness Act (established system, review roadless areas) - Land and Water Conservation Fund (oil and gas fees, federal real estate, boat fuel tax)
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Era of Ecological/Environmental Mgmt. (1966-present)
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- Active mgmt. and conservation continue - Increased funding - Non-game, endangered species, community, ecosystem, and biodiversity conservation - 2nd conservation movement begins
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1966
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- National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act (guidelines and directives) - Endangered Species Preservation Act (species and critical habitat)
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1968
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Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
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1969
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- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - Feds work together, EISs - Endangered Species Conservation Act
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1970
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- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established - Protect land, water, and air - Clean Air Act; First Earth Day - Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act - Convention on Wetlands of International Important (Ramsar)
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1972
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- Japan joins MBTA - National Marine Sanctuary Act (establish system, no dumping) - Marine Mammal Protection Act (stopped all hunting) - Clean Water Act - Coastal Zone Mgmt. Act - DDT banned in U.S.
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1973
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Endangered Species Act (ESA)
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1974
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Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act - Don't degrade federal lands
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1973 - 1975
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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1976
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- National Land policy and Mgmt. Act - Guidelines to enhance nature reservation on public lands - National Forest Mgmt. Act - Expanded multiple use, public input, more wildlife
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1977
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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
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1978
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Russia joins MBTA
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1980
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- Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act - Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (Non-game Act)
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1981
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Lacey Act amended again
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1984
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Wallup-Breaux Act - Replaces DJ, adds 3% tax on boats and motors
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1985
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Food Security Act (The Farm Bill)
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1986
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North American Waterfowl Mgmt. Plan
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1987
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Montreal Protocol (protect ozone layer)
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1988
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African Elephant Conservation Act - More CITES protection, $ for reservation and conservation, penalties define
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1989
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NA Wetlands Conservation Act
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1990
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- Oil Pollution Act ($ to clean up and plan) - Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act ($ for wetland conservation, especially Louisiana)
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1990 - present
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Several state band use of traps - Loss of mgmt. tools
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1992
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Study climate change, education programs
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1993
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National Biological Service (NBS) formed
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1996
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NBS becomes Biological Resources Division of USGS - USDI researchers
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1997
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- Kyoto Protocol (reduce greenhouse hases, mitigate climate change, sustainable development) - National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act ("organic" legislation for National Wildlife Refuge System)
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2000
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Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act - $ from USDI/FWS to U.S, Louisiana, and Caribbean for conservation
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2002
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Hawaiian Island National Marine Sanctuary
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2006
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- White nose syndrome first discovered (big deal when talking about disease) - PapahanaumJohnokuakea National Marine Monument (not marine sanctuary) - 2nd Bushy is sneaky; wanted to make it protected, but making national parks done by congress didn't allow it; President made it monument instead because presidents can make monuments
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2008
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Lacey Act amended; plants included
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2009
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3 additional marine national monuments established in Pacific
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2010
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- USFWS bands some contractors snakes under Lacey Act - Estimated 30,000 bison in North America - Deepwater Horizon (oil spill)
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2000 - ?
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State Wildlife Grant Program (SWG) - Teaming w/ wildlife - Conservation and Reinvestment Act?
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John Audubon
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- Notable for expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for details illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats - Wrote "The Birds of America" (considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed) - Identified 25 new species
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George Perkins Marsh
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- Considered to be America's first environmentalist - Wrote "Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified - by Human Action - First to raise concerns about the destructive impact of human activities on the environment
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Henry David Thoreau
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- Best known for his book "Walden", a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings
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Fredrick Law Olmsted
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Landscape architect (urban environment)
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John Muir
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Founded Sierra Club; huge impact on Roosevelt
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George "Bird" Grinnell
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Founded Audubon Society; bird hunter, conservationist
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Theodore Roosevelt
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25th president; brought conservation to forefront of society; found for wise use (sustainable usage of land)
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Gifford Pinchot
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- Generally regarded as the "father" of American conservation - Primary founder of the Society of American Foresters
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Stephen Mather
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- First director of the National Park Service
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Jay Norwood "Ding" Darling
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- Recruited by roosevelt to serve on the President Committee for Wild Life Restoration ("Duck" Committee) - Designed the first Duck Stamp for the Duck Stamp Act (1934)
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Aldo Leopold
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Father of wildlife mgmt. (maybe considered founder by some)
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Paul Errington
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- Scientific and literary interpreter of the natural world - Published extensively on the wildlife mgmt. of muskrats, minks, bobwhite quail, and great horned owls - Recipient of the Aldo Leopold Award and named as one of ten outstanding naturalists by Life magazine
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Olaus Murie
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Father of large mammal ecology and conservation; fought for protection in national parks
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Rachel Carson
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Kicked off 2nd environmental movement
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"Conservation means development as much as it does protection... I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land; but I do not recognize the right to waste the, or to rob, by wasteful means, the generations that come after us."
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- T. Roosevelt
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"We seem ultimately always thrown back on individual this as the basis of conservation policy. it is hard to make a man, by pressure of law of money, do a thing which does not spring naturally from his own personal sense of right and wrong."
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- A. Leopold
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Public Trust Doctrine
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- 1842 Supreme Court Decision - Natural rescues belong to all people in U.S. - Entrust gov. to manage on our behalf
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Wise Use Doctrine (Roosevelt Doctrine)
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-T. Roosevelt - G. Grinnell, G. Pinchot, J. Muir (G. Marsh) - All natural resources are an integrated whole - Conservation of natural resources through wise use as a public responsibility and their private ownership as a public trust - Science as a tool for and foundation for conservation - Need to know more, know more through research
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American Game Policy
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- Leopold et al. 1930 - Extend public ownership and mgmt. of game lands - Recognize landowners as custodians of public game on private lands - Encourage and experiment w/ ways to bring hunters, landowners, and the public into production relationships to provide game mgmt. >> Book by Errington: Muskrats and Marsh Mgmt. - Train people in skills of game mgmt. thereby establishing a profession - Determine facts about ways and mans of making land product more game (research) - Recognize as partners, non-hunters and scientists, w/ landowners and hunters for wildlife conservation, including mgmt. and funding - Provide funding from general taxes for the conservation of all wildlife, w/ hunters paying for activities that only affect game species; private funding should help pay for wildlife education and research >> 1956 Fish and Wildlife Act - Right around the time it was published (1930), gov. asked Leopold and others to recommend policies, things our national gov should be doing to further wildlife conservation
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North American Model for Wildlife Conservation
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7 sisters of Conservation - Wildlife held in public trust - Eliminate commerce in dead wildlife - Allocate wildlife use through law - Hunting opportunities for all - Wildlife may be killed only for legitimate reasons - Wildlife is an international resource - Science as basis for wildlife policy
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Leopold, Ethics, and NA model
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- "We seem ultimately always thrown back on individual ethics as the basis of conservation policy. It i shard to make a man, by pressure of law or money, do a thing which does not spring natural from his own personal sense of right and wrong". - A. Leopold - A Sandy County Almanac = speaking to all!
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Who owns wildlife?
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- U.S., Canada - Europe, Asia, Others > Ownership affects mgmt. - States - Resident wildlife - Research - Federal government - Migratory - Exotics - Interstate shipments - Endangered species and their habitats - Federal lands and things that affect it - International agreements
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Political Influence in Fish and Wildlife Conservation
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- Legislature makes Fish and Wildlife laws and funds (increased political influence) - If agency makes laws through commission and get no funds, small amount (if any) of political influence - Commissioners make laws in FL; middle-ground in terms of political influence
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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
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- Divisions - Hunting and Game Mgmt.: smallest in terms of people; manage hunting and game - Marine Fisheries Mgmt.: manage marine (saltwater) fish - Freshwater Fisheries Mgmt.: manage freshwater fish - Law Enforcement: marine patrol, etc.; monitor and enforce laws and policies for wildlife and civil laws; largest in terms of people (game wardens) which makes FWC largest in world - Habitat and Species Conservation: biologists typically here; minoring and conserving habitats and species
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State Wildlife Conservation
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- FL Dept. of Environmental Protection - Division of State Lands - Division of Recreation and Parks - Division of Resource Assessment and Mgmt. - FL Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Forest Service (Division of Forestry) - FL Water Mgmt. Districts - UF/Institute of Food and Ag. Sciences - Cooperative Extension Service - Dept. of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
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Federal Wildlife Conservation
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- From laws established by Congress and policies of President - Dept. Of Interior (USDI) - Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) - Geological Survey (GS) - National Park Service (NPS) - Bureau of Land Mgmt. (BLM) - Bureau of India Affairs - Bureau of Reclamation - Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Forest Service (USFS) - Natural Resources Conversation Service (NRCS) - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) - Wildlife Services - Department of Commerce - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) - National Ocean Service - Department of Defense - Army Corps of Engineers - Defense Agencies
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Private Wildlife Conservation
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- Ducks Unlimited - The Nature Conservancy - Wilderness Society - The Wildlife Society, etc.
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Funding for Wildlife Conservation
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- Source affects "politics" and how it's spent - General tax revenues - Income taxes and fees - Excise taxes (e.g. P-R$) - Sales taxes, tax checkoffs, etc. - License sales - Special use stamps (e.g. archery stamp) - Private sector
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"There are two spiritual dangers in not owning a farm. One is the danger of supposing that breakfast comes form the grocery, and the other that heat comes from the furnace." - A. Leopold
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- Disconnect from people and natural resources; think impacts this could have on the environment - Don't value resources, so won't fight to protect them
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"Every head of wildlife still alive in this country is already artificialized, in that its existence is conditioned by economic forces."
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- A. Leopold
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Wildlife Values
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- Commercial - Recreational - Biological - Scientific, philosophical, and educational - Aesthetic - Social - Undiscovered or underutilized - Negative
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Commercial Wildlife Values
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- Income (part of economic value) - Selling or trading wildlife or their parts - Conducting business based on access to wildlife - Meat, fur, etc. - Guides, sporting goods stores, motels, etc. - Leases and fee hunting; fee access land (big in U.S.)
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Recreational Wildlife Values
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- Pleasure, adventure, and advanced physical and mental condition from wildlife activities - Hunting, photography, bird watching, etc.
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Biological Wildlife Values
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- Contribution of wildlife to healthy ecosystems - Stability - Pollination, seed dispersal, soil tillage, nutrient transport, etc. (pollination by bees decreasing = crop failure) - "Civilization is a state of mutual interdependent cooperation between human animals, other animals, plants, and soils, which may be disrupted at any moment by the failure of any of them." - A. Leopold
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Scientific, Philosophical, and Educational Wildlife Values
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- Studies (scientific and philosophical) - Understand ecology, physiology, behavior, etc. and ourselves - Baseline information - Use information in classrooms to educate about the environment and develop and environmental ethic - Conservation
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Aesthetic Wildlife Values
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- As objects of beauty, historical significance, or as part of literature, poetry, art, and music - Human communication and expression - Cultural importance - Indigenous peoples
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Social Wildlife Values
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- Any benefits that have a positive affect on the community as a whole - More income, less stress, increases physical and mental health - Overlap w/ others
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Undiscovered or Underutilized Wildlife Values
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- Unknown and underutilized - Medicine, food, etc. - Antlers (dog bones, herbal supplements) - Gall bladders
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Negative Wildlife Values
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- Cost of wildlife damage or its prevention - Main one of those in urban/suburban areas - Beavers, deer, coyotes, Lyme disease, etc.
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Florida Economics of Wildlife
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Recreation - USFWS 2012 - 242,000 hunters spent $720,190,000 (inc.); FL lowest as %; Rhode Island highest - $2,976/hunter/year (3rd) - 3,092,000 fishers (rec.) spent $4,626,975,000 (inc.) - $1,497/fisher/year (1st) - 4,308,000 wildlife watchers spent $3,041,333,000 (inc.) - $706/person/year (2nd) - Over 8 billion dollars spent in 2011!
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U.S. Economics of Wildlife
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- 13,700,000 hunters spent $33.7 billion (inc 9%) - $2,484/hunter/year - 33,100,000 fishers spent $41.8 billion (inc. 11%) - $1,262/fisher/year - 71,800,000 wildlife watchers spent $54.9 billion (inc. 9%) -$766/person/year - Over 130 billion dollars spent in 2011!
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U.S. Economics (AFWA 2007)
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- 12.5 million hunters - $725 million/year in license sales - $280 million/year in P-R funds generated - $300 million conservation donations - $9.2 billion/year in paid taxes - $24.7 billion/year in retail spending - Overall economic impact of $66 billion and ~600,000 jobs in 2006
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Non-Consumptive Uses of Wildlife
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- Whooping Cranes - Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, TX - 1993; 78,000 people spent $4 million - Whale Watching (worldwide) - 2008: 13 million people - $2.1 billion in revenue generated - > 13,000 jobs - Ecotourism - Conservation tool or problem? Both! - United States - Bird watchers spent $32 billion in 2001 - $62.6+ million spent feeding birds and other wildlife in 2006 - Wildlife Viewing in U.S. - 66 million participants - Supports 467,000 jobs - Generates $2.7 billion in taxes - Economic impact of $42 billion/year
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Consumptive Uses of Wildlife
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- Farming wildlife: fur, feathers, meat, musk, antlers, milk, trophies (not much in U.S.) -Mink, ostrich, red deer, egrets, chinchillas, etc. - New Zealand: 1.8 million deer (80% red deer) yielded $144,523,400 in 2003 - 38+ million pounds of venison - 388,000+ velvet antler - 565,000 hides - 105, 000 square meters of leather - 2.8+ million pounds co-products (sinews, blood, other) - $30-50+/pound of antler - High quality meat, often less environmental impact, but social problems in U.S. - Hunting Wildlife
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Hunting: Value of each species ($ spent/animal harvested)
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- $11,000+/ Colorado Bighorn Sheep - $250+/pronghorn antelope - $6,500+/black bear - $800+/mule deer - $20+/northern bobwhite quail - $18+/eastern cottontail
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Hunting: Livestock vs. Wildlife
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- 10-50% more money/acre from wildlife versus livestock - Cows, quail, deer, turkey, hogs, waterfowl - Individually or combing - FL leases: $4-18/acre/year - TX leases more expensive - Improves habitat for all wildlife
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Hunting: Harvest fees ($) at Private FL Ranches
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- White-tailed deer: $500-3500 - Elk: $3500-8000+ - Feral hogs: $200-750+ - Alligators: $500-3500+ - Turkey: $500-3500+ - Quail: $50-500 - Helps other wildlife and habitat
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Hunting Preserves and Producers: Game Birds (U.S.)
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- Ring-necked pheasant, northern bobwhite quail, chukar, mallard, turkey - 19 million participants - Industry spends $1.6 billion/year - Industry contributes $0.25 billion in federal taxes - Economic impact: $5 billion/year - Restored and maintained habitat on >16 million acres - Non-target benefits
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Sport Hunting: Harvest fees of Safari companies, S. Africa
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- Ostrich: $350-400 - Rhino: $25,000-30,000 ($350,000 this year in Namibia) - Zebra: $550-700 - Kudu: $700-900 - Giraffe: $1,000 - 2,500
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2001 Hunting
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- 13.7 million hunters spent $33.7 million - $2,484/hunter/year - If hunting was a business, would be in Fortune 500 top 50!
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Costs of Wildlife and Negative Values
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- If hunting and trapping were lost as wildlife mgmt. tools in U.S.: - An additional: - 50,000 injuries and 50 deaths from wildlife-auto interactions (=297,000 injuries and 250 deaths total) - $3.8 billion on auto repair costs - $1.45 billion in health care just from rabies - $128 million in aircraft damage - Governments would need to spend (taxes from citizens): - Up to $9.3 billion/yr to control deer - Up to $265 million/year to control fur-bearers - Loss of renege from hunting licenses and PR$
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Wildlife Attitudes/Values
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- Perceptions, emotions, cultures, and values - Who is correct? - Naturalist: contact with nature (hunters, etc.) - Ecologistic: biological - Humanistic: think of them like pets (affection; against consumptive use) - Moralistic: animal welfare - Scientific: curiosity, source of information - Aesthetic: art value, literature (aesthetic and symbolic) - Utilitarian: something of use (harvest) - Dominionistic: something to control - Negativistic: avoidance, dislike
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Ethics (Part of Some Values)
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- Moral philosophy - Standards we employ to determine our actions and evaluate whether something is good or bad - Ethical obligation? - Include consumptive use? - Necessary for conservation success? - "Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world." - Wikipedia, 2009 - Roosevelt - "Wise Use"
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Leopold's Land Ethic
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- Land is a community (and includes us) - Land is to be loved and respected - Existence of an ecological conscience - See, feel, understand, love, or otherwise have faith in - Outlook: "Examine each question in terms of what is ethically and esthetically right, as well as what is economically expedient. A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."' - Necessary for conservation? - "Ethical behavior is doing the right thing when no one else is watching - even when doing the wrong thing is legal." - A. Leopold - Teddy's Bear - Fair Chase
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