question

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States A. obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America. B. faced a growing shortage of laborers. C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth. D. lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market. E. suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit.

answer

C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.

question

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States A. boomed as a result of the expanding United States Navy. B. emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction. C. largely replaced the iron industry. D. resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters. E. barely developed at all.

answer

E. barely developed at all.

question

The open-hearth process of making steel A. was replaced by the Bessemer process. B. was first done in the United States. C. produced small quantities of high-grade steel. D. made the production of large dimension pieces possible. E. was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt.

answer

D. made the production of large dimension pieces possible

question

All of the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT A. Pittsburgh. B. Chicago. C. Atlanta. D. Birmingham. E. Detroit.

answer

C. Atlanta.

question

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in A. Ohio. B. Texas. C. California. D. Michigan. E. Pennsylvania.

answer

E. Pennsylvania.

question

In 1917, automobile production in the United States A. was the nation's largest industry. B. saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car. C. saw five million cars on American roads. D. was almost nonexistent. E. finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford.

answer

C. saw five million cars on American roads.

question

In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations A. occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded. B. led to a diversification of research interests. C. developed similar research goals as in Europe. D. was deemed unnecessary since so many American university laboratories existed. E. centralized the sources of research funding.

answer

B. led to a diversification of research interests.

question

key to Henry Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was A. the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production. B. a reduction in the size of his labor force. C. the use of interchangeable parts. D. the training of highly skilled workers. E. his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.

answer

C. the use of interchangeable parts.

question

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? A. It included the nation's largest businesses. B. It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations. C. It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth. D. It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization. E. It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power.

answer

B. It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.

question

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry? A. Henry Bessemer B. Andrew Carnegie C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. Henry Clay Frick E. James J. Hill

answer

E. James J. Hill

question

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of A. vertical integration. B. horizontal integration. C. diagonal integration. D. central integration. E. vertical and horizontal integration.

answer

E. vertical and horizontal integration.

question

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century, A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing. B. almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements. C. federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. D. most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one. E. rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.

answer

A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing.

question

The social theory of Social Darwinism A. argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. B. contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth. C. was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. D. promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth. E. argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.

answer

D. promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth.

question

In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was A. Henry George. B. Horatio Alger. C. Russell Conwell. D. Jacob Riis. E. Herbert Spencer.

answer

E. Herbert Spencer.

question

In his books, Horatio Alger A. offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy. B. took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism. C. emphasized the value of personal character in business. D. criticized child labor in American industry. E. argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.

answer

C. emphasized the value of personal character in business.

question

In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon A. created the ideas of laissez-faire. B. founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States. C. argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers. D. led the American Federation of Labor. E. became a strong advocate of Taylorism.

answer

B. founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.

question

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward, A. described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth. B. promoted the virtues of economic competition. C. depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan. D. accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy. E. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.

answer

E. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.

question

During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from A. Italy and the Slavic countries. B. Great Britain and northern Europe. C. Poland, Hungary and Russia. D. Japan and China. E. Mexico.

answer

B. Great Britain and northern Europe.

question

By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers A. was about $600. B. allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living. C. remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. D. both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. E. None of these answers is correct.

answer

E. None of these answers is correct.

question

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States A. increased significantly. B. was unregulated by laws in most states. C. saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. D. both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. E. None of these answers is correct.

answer

A. increased significantly.

question

The great railroad strike of 1877 A. began in the West and spread east. B. saw the federal government refuse to intervene. C. was launched in response to a wage cut. D. saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States. E. resulted in only two deaths around the country.

answer

C. was launched in response to a wage cut.

question

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by A. Uriah S. Stephens. B. Eugene Debs. C. Henry Clay Frick. D. Terence V. Powderly. E. John Peter Altgeld.

answer

D. Terence V. Powderly.

question

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 A. saw public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers. B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists. C. took place in Indianapolis. D. resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company. E. proved the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms.

answer

B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists

question

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur? A. steel B. railroad C. meatpacking D. coal E. oil

answer

A. steel

question

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company, A. ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing. B. referred to workers as his "children." C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy. D. refused to implement an eight-hour work day. E. began hiring African-American workers in his factories.

answer

C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.

question

Eugene Debs played a leading role in what labor event? A. the Homestead strike B. the Pullman strike C. the Haymarket Square riot D. the Railroad strike of 1877 E. All these answers are correct.

answer

B. the Pullman strike

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

central figure in the steel industry; operator of dominant steelworks in Pittsburgh; purchased coal mines, leased Mesabi iron range, operated a fleet of ore ships in the Great Lakes, acquired railroads (controlled steel from mine-to-market); bought out rival competitors and cut costs by striking deals with railroads; sold corporation for $450 million to J.P. Morgan to become a philanthropist (supported the "gospel of wealth").

question

Frederick Winslow Taylor

answer

theoretician who created "Taylorism"; argued for scientific management.

question

Henry Ford

answer

produced first famous American automobiles; employed assembly lines (mass production) in his automobile plants.

question

J. Piermont Morgan

answer

most powerful American financier who purchased Andrew Carnegie's steel corporation for $450 million; created United States Steel Corporation; perfected "trusts".

question

"limited liability"

answer

concept that investors were only responsible for their investments (stocks) if a corporation failed; made stock investments more attractive to investors.

question

Wilbur and Orville Wright (The Wright Brothers)

answer

created the first "successful" airplanes (gliders powered by combustion engine).

question

"scientific management"

answer

controversial industrial production principles known as "Taylorism" (task subdivision, interchangeable employees, machine integration).

question

"horizontal integration"

answer

concept of combining multiple (similar) firms into a single corporation; employed by industrialists (John D. Rockefeller); became method to "absorb" or eliminate competitors.

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

established celebrated corporate empire, Standard Oil, through both horizontal and vertical integration; began in Cleveland; eliminated competing petroleum capitalists by purchasing smaller refineries throughout the Northeast (Cleveland, New York City, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Baltimore); became leading symbol of monopoly (owned 90% of petroleum industry in American).

question

"vertical integration"

answer

concept of purchasing all businesses upon which a company relied for function; employed by Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil; became popular in the 1980's.

question

holding companies

answer

corporate bodies which bought enough stock in various members of a trust to exercise control of these corporations.

question

trust (agreement)

answer

successful consolidation technique in which stockholders of individual corporations transferred their stocks to trustees in exchange for other shares in the combination; allowed stockholders to receive a share of the combination's profits.

question

"Social Darwinism"

answer

application of the "survival of the fittest" to the American economy (competition and "supply-and-demand" dictated the economy, society benefited from elimination of the "unfit") created by Herbert Spencer; became popular economic theory in the 1870-90's; businessmen adopted this theory, but many tried to eliminate competition through consolidation.

question

"gospel of wealth"

answer

more moderate version of "social Darwinism" (idea that capitalists had responsibility to advance social progress); advocated by people of great wealth (Carnegie); many industrialists were actually philanthropists (creators of schools, libraries).

question

Horatio Alger

answer

author of numerous "rags to riches" novels (became wealthy, cultural folk hero); his name became synonymous with advancement through hard work; novels inspired young men to endeavor into (and justify) industrialism.

question

Henry George

answer

influential radical who authored "Progress and Poverty" (blamed social problems on the ability of monopolists to benefit from increases in land prices); believed land revenues should be distributed to the people ("single tax"); supported by socialists and laborers.

question

Edward Bellamy

answer

author of the popular Utopian novel "Looking Backward" (described a society without politics or vice; instituted by the government's control of business, "fraternal cooperation", and "nationalism"); Nationalism Clubs formed to propagate Bellamy's ideas.

question

"grotesque luxury", "conspicuous wealth"

answer

economic states in which the new wealthy class (1% who controlled 88% of national wealth) lived in (numerous estates, elaborate and expensive balls).

question

Adam Smith

answer

defined the law of supply and demand (which dictated the economy's prices, wages, rents, and interest rates); believed the economy operated by the "invisible hand" of market forces and the competitive free market.

question

Louisa May Alcott

answer

author of "Little Women", "Little Men", and "Jo's Boys"; captured ambitions of young women and inspired them to challenge conventional roles of women; began writing adventure novels, but transitioned to realistic fiction (which often modeled her own experiences with poverty and hardship) following her experiences as a Civil War nurse.

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

became most important and enduring labor union; rejected Knights of Labor' idea of national (general) assembly (operated in small federations); comprised mainly of skilled workers (generally hostile toward unskilled workers; led by Samuel Gompers; agitated for equal pay for women; demanded 8-hour national workday.

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

persuaded the American Railway Union to boycott Pullman cars and equipment; imprisoned for defying federal court orders in the Pullman Strike (1894).

question

Haymarket Square Bombing

answer

a bomb is thrown into a protesting crowd, killing 7 police officers and injuring 67 others; police respond by shooting 4 civilians; "anarchists" behind bombing are found guilty for murder (event convinced many Americans that labor organizations were terrorist organizations).

question

Henry Clay Frick

answer

controlled Carnegie Steel with Andrew Carnegie; attempted to eliminate the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers in the Homestead Strike by cutting wages and shutting down the Homestead plant after workers strike; hired "Pinkertons" to replace union workers with non-union workers (who were killed in the protest); target of assassination by strikers.

question

Homestead Strike

answer

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (skilled worker union) protests against Henry Clay Frick, killing "Pinkertons"; protesters achieve temporary victory, but ultimately surrender; symbolized the decline of union strength.

question

John Peter Altgeld

answer

Illinois governor who sympathized with workers' grievances (despite most siding with employers); critic of Haymarket trials, pardoned convicted men; refused to call militias to protect employers.

question

(Noble Order of the) Knights of Labor

answer

labor union led by Uriah Stevens, comprised of all workers and professionals (except high-paid workers) and women (Leona Barry enlisted 50,000); loosely organized without central direction (although local assemblies did affiliate with a general [national] assembly); aimed to reform economy (replacing "wage-system" with "cooperative system" [workers control economy]); launched series of (unsuccessful) strikes which dissolved the union's power.

question

Molly Maguires

answer

militant Pennsylvania labor organization; used terrorist tactics (intimidation, violence, murder) which perpetuated the idea that labor activism was operated by dangerous radicals ("anarchists").

question

National Labor Union

answer

labor union founded by William H. Sylvis in 1866; excluded (and was hostile toward) women; not well united and failed in the Panic of 1877.

question

Pullman Strike of 1894

answer

workers in the American Railway Union strike against Pullman Palace Car Company (railroad car manufacturer); opposed by the General Managers' Association; thousands of workers quit, paralyzing national railroad transportation; ended by federal intervention (President Cleveland and Attorney General Olney order troops to stop strike, federal court imprisons strikers who don't stop).

question

Samuel Gompers

answer

leader of the American Federation of Labor; propagated that women should hold only domestic roles (men should support the household); wanted workers to receive a greater share of capitalist profits (rejected economic reform of the Knights of Labor); hostile toward government efforts to protect labor unions; sought increased wages and working conditions (concentrated on the relationship between laborers and management).

question

Women's Trade Union League

answer

formed in response to exclusion from the American Federation of Labor; agitated for protective legislation (rather than general organization or labor mobilization).

question

Bessemer process/Open-hearth process

answer

Efficient smelting methods to convert iron ore to steel

question

Pittsburgh, PA

answer

Steel production center: had hard anthracite coal

question

Great Lakes

answer

Canals and waterways proved essential for Great Lakes region steel production

question

Edwin L. Drake

answer

Established first oil well, oil was used as lubricant

question

Internal combustion engine

answer

Used gasoline (separated from crude oil) to power automobiles and airplanes

question

Henry Ford

answer

Industrialist, popularized cars

question

Wright brothers

answer

Invented airplane that performed the first powered flight

question

Corporate research/laboratories

answer

Engineers and scientists from R&D divisions and universities began to cooperate, universities began to receive corporate funding

question

Taylorism

answer

Scientific management of workers, subdivided tasks to speed up production, made workers more interchangeable

question

Moving assembly line

answer

Far more efficient than previous methods

question

Railroad Tycoons

answer

Railroad dominated by a few rich men

question

Limited liability corporation

answer

A corporation whose stockowners risked only what they invested and were not responsible for debts the company had accumulated

question

Vertical integration

answer

Control of all industries (raw materials, smelting, production, marketing, etc.) related to production of a product

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

Controlled processing of steel from Pittsburgh using vertical integration, sold out to JP Morgan for $450 million

question

Middle manager

answer

An intermediate manager between owners and workers

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

Controlled Standard Oil (90% of oil market)

question

Henry Clay Frick

answer

United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)

question

J.P. Morgan

answer

first formed a banking firm and gained control of Northern railroads. Then created General Electric. In 1910 he formed the US Steel Corporation, combining the Carnegie Steel Company with other steel and iron businesses.

question

Pool vs Trust vs Holding Company

answer

Pools (aka cartels) were agreements among companies to fix prices Trusts were agreements in which stockholders transferred ownership to a legal device called a trust NJ created laws allowing acquisitions, created "holding companies"

question

Idea of "self-made man"

answer

Idea that anyone smart enough could become a rich magnate; ignored corruption, wealthy upbringings, and arrogance

question

Social Darwinism

answer

Idea that the smartest and the best became the rich industrialists Appealed to US ideals of individualism and meritocracy

question

Gospel of Wealth

answer

Rich philanthropists can use their money more efficiently than the poor can for themselves

question

Horatio Alger

answer

US author who promoted the idea of the "success story"

question

Lester Frank Ward

answer

Believed in government intervention, that humans could shape society intelligently

question

American Socialist Party

answer

Not major political influence, theoretical and dogmatic

question

Henry George

answer

"Progress and Poverty" (1879) One tax "to rule them all" supposedly destroyed monopolies, distributed wealth evenly and eliminated poverty, spawned "Single-Tax Societies"

question

Edward Bellamy

answer

"Looking Backward" (1888) "Fraternal cooperation" by a single trust produced a harmonious society, spawned "Nationalist Clubs"

question

Negatives of monopolies

answer

Inflated prices and an unstable economy, conspicuously wealthy magnates

question

New immigration urban work force

answer

Most from England, Ireland, or northern Europe then southern and eastern Europeans near end of 19th century

question

Immigrant job security

answer

Little to none, wages were insufficient, work was monotonous, difficult, and dangerous

question

Working women and children

answer

Proportions increased, were underpaid, child labor laws were ineffective

question

National Labor Union

answer

Unions and reform groups, disappeared after the panic of 1873

question

Labor Contract Law repeal

answer

employers could pay for the immigration of people to the US (recruitment) and deduct that cost from their paychecks later. this helped create a cheaper paid foreign workforce, and continued to happen even after it was repealed in 1885.

question

Women in labor

answer

Generally excluded; viewed as cheap competition for men Some argued that conditions forced women to work

question

Molly Maguires

answer

Militant Irish coal labor group, sometimes used terrorist tactics, scared public, gave bad image to labor

question

Craft unions

answer

Represented small groups of skilled workers

question

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

answer

National strike of railroad workers after 10% wage cut, over 100 deaths, illustrated severity and range of conflict, weakness of labor, ruthlessness of management

question

Knights of Labor

answer

Inclusive national labor group, championed eight-hour work day, abolition of child labor, economic reform to a "cooperative system" Failed due to broken strikes against Gould railroad

question

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

answer

Leader: Samuel Gompers Union of craft unions, wanted better wages, conditions, hours

question

Haymarket Square Bombing

answer

7 Police casualties, 67 other casualties, 8 union deaths, anarchists blamed after unjust trials Anarchism scared middle class

question

Homestead strike of 1892

answer

Failed strike at Carnegie's Homestead plant, broken by National Guard, Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers broken

question

Pinkertons

answer

Hated strikebreakers used in the Homestead strike

question

Pullman strike of 1894

answer

Failed strike in Chicago that was supported by the Illinois governor (Altgeld) but subdued by President Cleveland

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike; he was in and out of jail.

question

Union legislative victories

answer

8-hour government workday, some workers compensation, poor enforcement.

question

Sources of labor weakness

answer

Lack of participation and unity, exclusion of minorities, immigrants and physical mobility, and the hope of social mobility

question

Bessemer process

answer

smelting, turns iron ore into steel

question

Pittsburgh, PA and Birmingham, AL

answer

steel production center, and the iron ore production center of the country

question

Edwin L. Drake

answer

first person to successfully use a steam engine to drill for oil

question

Internal combustion engine

answer

used gasoline to power automobiles and airplanes

question

Wright brothers

answer

airplane inventers

question

New research and development trends

answer

corporations should have research and development within themselves instead of outsourcing

question

Taylorism

answer

subdivision of tasks to speed up production, makes workers more interchangeable

question

Mass production

answer

moving assembly line, Taylorism, etc. first used by Henry Ford

question

Subsidies

answer

outside funding

question

Limited liability

answer

risk only what you invested, not debts the company has accumulated

question

Andrew Carnegie and his business methods

answer

Steel, used verticle integration to eliminate the middle man

question

Henry Clay Frick

answer

United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)

question

J.P. Morgan

answer

first formed a banking firm and gained control of Northern railroads. Then created General Electric. In 1910 he formed the US Steel Corporation, combining the Carnegie Steel Company with other steel and iron businesses.

question

United States Steel Corporation

answer

created when Morgan joined together multiple steel companies

question

Middle managers

answer

a link between owners and workers

question

Horizontal and vertical integration

answer

horizontal: buying the competition vertical: eliminating the middle man

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

controlled 90% of the oil industry, but his empire was eventually broken up. donated money to the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research, and helped fund Spellman College and Tuskegee University.

question

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

answer

Rockefeller's oil empire

question

Cartels, trusts, "holding companies"

answer

pool -> trust -> holding companies

question

"self-made man"/("Robber Barons")

answer

ignored ruthless/corrupt business practices. Only Carnegie is truly "self-made"

question

Social Darwinism

answer

survival of the fittest

question

Gospel of Wealth

answer

Carnegie's work about where riches should go, and about how the wealthy have a responsibility to be philanthropists.

question

Horatio Alger

answer

United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys, and a promoter of the "success story"

question

Lester Ward

answer

Sociologist who attacked social Darwinism in his book, Dynamic Sociology. He believed the government should work to meet social needs.

question

Socialist Labor Party

answer

Socialists had an alternative view to what was happening in the country, and they didn't like laissez faire. They were looking for more drastic reform but they never became a real force.

question

Single-tax societies

answer

One tax that eliminated other taxes and supposedly destroyed monopolies, distributed wealth evenly and eliminated poverty

question

Nationalist Clubs

answer

Nationalist clubs wanted everything to be organized under 1 trust controlled by the government and wanted the fruits of the industrial economy distributed equally

question

New immigration

answer

New immigration angered those already working, because new immigrants meant decreased wages and increased hours. this increased tension between ethnic groups.

question

Labor Contract Law repeal

answer

employers could pay for the immigration of people to the US (recruitment) and deduct that cost from their paychecks later. this helped create a cheaper paid foreign workforce, and continued to happen even after it was repealed in 1885.

question

craft unions

answer

represented skilled workers and later combined to help make up larger labor organizations

question

National Labor Union

answer

unions+reform groups, disappeared after panic of 1873

question

Great Railroad Strike

answer

national strike of railroad workers. the strike collapsed after a short time and showed animosity between laborers and employers, how these disputes are on a large national scale, and the hopeless situation of the workers

question

Knights of Labor

answer

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

question

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

answer

labor organization that had different concepts from the knights. they didnt want fundamental change to the economy, just higher wages, better hours and safer conditions

question

Samuel Gompers

answer

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

question

Collective bargaining

answer

workers negotiating together with their employers for the terms of their work. the AFL wanted to use collective bargaining and strikes to achieve goals

question

Haymarket Affair

answer

strike in chicago where many people died. showed middle class support of employers and made labor parties susceptible to accusations of anarchy

question

Homestead Strike

answer

failed strike of iron/steel workers that greatly hurt their position/leverage

question

Pinkertons

answer

hated strikebreakers that were hired to break the homestead strike, but initially failed to do so. they only broke it with the support of federal troops

question

Pullman Strike

answer

failed strike in chicago that was supported by the IL governor, but the president subdues it with troops

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

question

injunction

answer

ORDER (issued by federal court to end pullman strike)

question

Women's Trade Union League

answer

formed for women laborers because they were mostly excluded from other unions. their main goals was to secure protective legislation for women workers. however, they werent supported by male labor groups and as always, had almost no power

WHS AP US History Ch 17" and 1 other – Flashcards

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