question

- vast palace where rulers of the Minoan trading empire lived on Crete - it houses rooms for the royal family, banquet halls, and working areas for artisans - there were also religious shrines, areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses - there were frescos on the walls which told much about the Minoans

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Knossos

question

- areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses - there were these at the palace in Knossos on the island of Crete - the frescos in Knossos showed that the people believed in bull gods and mother goddesses - these places were where the people could worship their multiple deities

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Shrine

question

- covered the walls of the palace at Knossos and are colorful watercolor paintings done on wet plaster that were able to last for a long time - they tell us much about Minoans - dolphins reflect the importance of the sea - religious images indicate the worship of bulls and a mother goddess - show people leaping over bulls and doing tricks - they also suggest that women may have appeared freely in public

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Fresco

question

- a long battle that probably took place around 1250 B.C. - probably started from an economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy - the legend is that Prince Paris of Troy steals Helen of Sparta so the Spartan Mycenaeans attack Troy - in 1870 Heinrich Schliemann discovers that Troy was indeed burned down around the time of the possible Trojan War

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Trojan War

question

- narrow water passages - Troy was a rich trading city in present-day Turkey that controlled these connecting the Mediterranean and Black seas - the Spartan Mycenaean may have wanted the power Troy had of these and therefore the Trojan War started

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Strait

question

- the period of time with no writing in Greece, which lasted from about 1100 B.C. - 800 B.C. - it started after the Mycenaeans were attacked by sea traders and then Dorians then invaded - people abandoned the cities and trade declines and no one was recording anything through writing

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Dark Age

question

- the blind poet who is credited for the Iliad and the Odyssey - this man was not the true author, but did tell the stories and through him they were written down - wrote two seminal works that are probably the work of others over time - the myths he wrote show the true value of ancient Greeks - through the Iliad and the Odyssey, myths and writings of Minoan and Mycenaean ideas become part of later heritage

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Homer

question

- thick-walled fortress or walled cities - the warrior leaders of the Greek cities-states made these to protect their people and wealth - the city-states were separate because of the many mountains all through Greece and these protected each separate city-state from attack

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Citadel

question

- Mycenaeans make their own one of these from learning writing to keep records - the Mycenaeans use the Phoenician ____ to create their own version, called Greek B, which our own English ____ is influenced by - the formal definition is: a system of writing in which each symbol represents one sound unit in the spoken language

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Alphabet

question

- Greek word for "city-state" - there were two parts of this: 1. acropolis = "high city" or a large hill where temples were built for gods 2. agora = marketplace where business was conducted - each population was small so each was able to try different governments (this occurred from 750 to 500 B.C.)

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Polis

question

- "high city" or large hill where temples were built for the gods of the Greeks - one part of the Greek polis, or city-states; meanwhile, the other part was the agora of marketplace, which was located on ground not as high - one example is Athens' Parthenon

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Acropolis

question

- free residents - because the Greek city-states' population was not large at all, the ____ had a responsibility for the ups and down of the city-state on the battlefield - the ___ took part in festivals and spent time at the market - the rights of ___ were unequal and male landowners held all the political power - in Athens, adult males whose parents were ____ could be ____ while women were thought to be property, secluded from public decisions and society in general

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Citizen

question

- the type of government in which one person or family rules. The ruling was not shared and was usually passed from one generation to the next. - in the Greek city-states, this was the first type of government practiced - from 750 to 500 B.C. many progressed their governments, practicing aristocracy or oligarchy, while some stayed with this type of government

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Monarchy

question

- type of government in which there is rule by a small, powerful elite group of citizens - in this government, the men who ran the government were usually merchants and artisans - in this type of government the ruling is spread to more people than in a monarchy and people can become part of the ruling class by being a successful artisan or merchant - in this type of government though, the common people, like farmers, still did not have a say

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Oligarchy

question

- type of government in which the Greek city-state is ruled by a powerful hereditary class - this powerful hereditary class is also known as the Nobles and the members of this class automatically became rulers because that is the family they were born to - in this type of government the rulers are hereditary and therefore someone cannot become part of the ruling class by working for a position to be elected into - the common people, like farmers, still did not have a say

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Aristocracy

question

- massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers - it came about when in 650 B.C. iron was introduced to the mainland and weapon producing became cheaper than bronze so more people were able to buy weapons - it reduces class differences, because more people from different classes could pay for weapons, and creates unity within each city-state

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Phalanx

question

- Greek city-state on Peloponnesus in the region of Laconia (the people were Dorians who conquered Laconia and enslaved the people who lived there) - this city-state became a military society because the Helots, the state owned slaves, outnumbered the people of the city-state - the government included two kings, a Council of Elders, an assembly, and five ephors - the agoge system was used in this city-state for military training and included harsh training from the age of seven

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Sparta

question

- city-state located in Attica, a peninsula to the north of Peloponnesus - this city-state was the only to evolve into the government of democracy, a government of the people - Solon, Pisistratus, and Cleisthenes all reformed the society - Nonetheless, then city-state still had a limited democracy because only men were citizens and women do not have any say in government

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Athens

question

- means government of the people, the people, every citizen, has a say in government rather than a leader or a few leaders being in charge of everything that goes on in a society - Cleisthenes, one of the leaders of Athens, is thought to be the Father of _____ because he made the Council of 500, which prepared laws and ran day-to-day government, and because he let all male citizens over 30 debate and vote on laws at assembly, therefore making a legislature, a lawmaking body - the ___ that exists in the United States and other countries is based off of many of the aspects of the ____ that Athens later used to run the government

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Democracy

question

- leaders who use their own money to make an army and take control, therefore taking power by force and bringing order - in Athens, some of these ___ were good, but people still pushed again for reform - Ex. Pisistratus forgave the debts of farmers - Ex. Cleisthenes made the Council of 500, which prepared laws and ran the day-to-day government, and let all male citizens at assembly speak their opinion by voting and debating laws, therefore making a legislature

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Tyrant

question

- lawmaking body - Cleisthenes, a tyrant of Athens, made a ___ of the assembly by letting all men over the age of 30 vote and debate different laws and having the Council of 500 prepare laws - in different city-states the ___ would be made of just the leaders, or in Athens' case, all men citizens over the age of 30, depending on the type of government practiced there

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Legislature

question

- the emperor that was able to unify the Persian empire - he ruled from 522 B.C. to 486 B.C. - when Greeks rebelled against Persian rule in 499 B.C., he crushed the rebel cities - in 490 B.C. he sent a huge force across the Aegean to punish Athens for its interference - Athens ended up beating the Persians here at Marathon - died before he could prepare for another attack

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Darius I

question

- the Athenian leader around 490 B.C., when the Persians attacked at Marathon - knew the victory at Marathon had brought only a temporary lull in the fighting - urged Athenians to build a fleet of warships and prepares other defenses

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Themistocles

question

- the Athenian military general at the time of the Persian Wars - while waiting for Sparta's assistance, he asked Callimachus, the commander-in-chief whether they would fight or not - he basically tells Callimachus that if Athens fights, they will be free, but if they do not fight, everything will turn out bad - in the end, he is able to lead the Athenian men against the Persians at Marathon and win, charging the Persians and making them leave on their ships

answer

Miltiades

question

- a plain north of Athens that the mighty Persian army landed near in 490 B.C. - the Persians came here to attack Athens for giving Ionia ships when the Ionians asked for help rebelling against Persia, who was ruling them at the time - here, the outnumbered Greeks kept on rushing forward at the Persians - hand-to-hand combat started and the Persians retreated to their ships

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Marathon

question

- narrow mountain pass - in 480 B.C. the Persians, led by Xerxes, Darius I's son, landed here, trying to conquer Greece - when the other Greeks retreated, a small Spartan force stood here, led by the great warrior-king Leonidas but were eventually defeated - the Persians marched south and burned Athens, but no one was in the city - the Persians were later lured into the narrow strait of Salamis

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Thermopylae

question

- narrow strait that the Athenians lured the Persian navy into - the Athenian warships, powered by rowers, drove into the Persian boats with underwater battering rams - in the end, the Athenian warships were able to sink the mighty fleet of the Persians - the next year the Greeks defeated the Persians on land in Asia Minor

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Bay of Salamis

question

- region of Asia Minor where there were Greek city-states controlled by the Persians, who had an empire stretching from Asia Minor to the border or India - the city-states in ___ were largely self-governing, but they still resented the Persians - in 499 B.C., the people of ___ rebelled against the Persians and were helped by Athens, which sent ships, but were defeated by the Persians in the end

answer

Ionia

question

- formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense - after the Persian Wars the Greeks had an increased sense of their own uniqueness and they felt the gods had protected their superior form of government, the city-states; therefore, many city-states agreed to form an ____ - Athens, the most powerful city-state from the Persian Wars, decided to create one of these with other Greek city-states in order to defend all of Greece from Persia - this particular ____ is known as the Delian League after Delos

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Alliance

question

- the alliance between Athens and many other Greek city-states to come to one another's defense when the Persians attacked again - the meeting regarding this was held at Delos - Athens dominated this in the beginning, creating an Athenian empire, moving the treasury from the island of Delos to Athens, and using the money to rebuild its own city - when the allies protested against Athens for using their money only to better Athens, the Athenians used force to make them remain

answer

Delian League

question

- system in which citizens take part directly in the day-to-day affairs of government - Periclean Athens was a __ __ and some examples of that: - the assembly met multiple times a month - the Council of 500 conducted daily government business - all citizens were able to take part in government - a stipend, or fixed slary, was payed to men who participated in the assembly and the Council of 500 - the people of Athens could be on juries, panels of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgement in a trial - there was ostracism, the process in which a public figure whom they saw as a threat to democracy could be voted by the people to be banished, or sent away, for a decade

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Direct Democracy

question

- Athenian statesman who, after the Persian Wars from 460 B.C. to 429 B.C., was able to create a golden age for the city-state with a thriving economy and more democracy - there was a direct democracy, stipends for the members of the assembly and the Council of 500, juries at court, and ostracism in the government - the acropolis was rebuild with the empire's riches and Aspasia helped in making Athens the cultural center of Greece with public festivals, dramatic competitions, and building programs

answer

Pericles

question

- educated foreign-born woman that helped Pericles turn Athens into the cultural center of Greece - she encouraged arts through public festivals, dramatic competitions, and building programs - thanks in part to ___'s work, the artisans and workers had jobs through the building projects

answer

Aspasia

question

- fixed salary - Athens payed this to the men who participated n the assembly and the Council of 500 - this allows poor people who cannot afford the time or money away from the farm to go into town and voice their opinion to do so - this resulted from the fact that Pericles believed that all citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government

answer

Stipend

question

- the process in which Athenian citizens could vote to banish, or send away, a public figure whom they saw as a threat to their democracy - the person with the largest number of votes cast against them would be banished, having to live out of Athens for a decade - this process limited the amount of corruption in the government and the amount of power the officials in Athens could have

answer

Ostracism

question

- alliance between Sparta and other Greece city-state enemies of Athens - this started forming when many Greeks outside Athens began to resent the Athenian domination - in 431 B.C., the ___ and Athens started fighting what is known as the Peloponnesian War that would engulf all of Greece and last for 27 years

answer

Peloponnesian League

question

- means "lover of wisdom" - people who used observation and reason to find cures for events, challenging the belief that events were caused by the whims of gods - explored many subjects, from mathematics and music, to logic, or rational thinking - thorough reason and observation, they believed, they could discover laws that governed the universe - people include the Sophists, Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato

answer

Philosopher

question

- rational thinking - philosophers studied this rather than accepting the gods controlled everything - through ____, reason, and observation, the philosophers believed they could discover laws that governed the universe

answer

Logic

question

- the art of skillful speaking - Sophists questioned accepted ideas, thought success was more important that moral truth, and developed skills in _____ - ambitious men could use clever and persuasive ____ to advance their careers

answer

Rhetoric

question

- one outspoken critic of the Sophists, an Athenian stonemason and philosopher - wrote no books, but spent his days in the square developing his own method in which he would ask a series of questions to a student or passing citizen and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers - believed this patient examination was a way to help others seek truth and self-knowledge - was considered a threat to Athenian accepted values and traditions, was put on trial, accused of corrupting the city's youth and failing to respect the gods, and was killed by drinking hemlock, a deadly poison

answer

Socrates

question

- student of Socrates - set up a school called the Academy where he taught and wrote about his own ideas, emphasizing the importance of reason, thinking that through rational thought people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how to best organize society - wrote the Republic in which he described his vision of an ideal state - rejected Athenian democracy because it condemned Socrates, but ____ argued that the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens' lives in order to provide for their best interests - divided ideal society into: workers, soldiers, philosophers

answer

Plato

question

- Plato's most famous student who developed his own ideas about government - he was suspicious of democracy and favored rule by a single strong and virtuous leader - questioned how people ought to live and discovered the "golden mean," a moderate course between extremes - promoted reason as the guiding force for learning - created the school called Lyceum - wrote about politics, ethics, logic, biology,and literature

answer

Aristotle

question

- temple dedicated to the goddess Athena and located in Athens - most famous example of Greek architecture - showing perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universe - is a simple rectangle, with tall columns supporting a gently sloping roof - its delicate curves and placement of the columns add dignity and grace

answer

Parthenon

question

- questioned accepted ideas - to them, success was more important than normal truth - they developed skills in rhetoric, the art of skillful speaking - some thought these people undermined traditional Greek values

answer

Sophists

question

- school Plato created and taught, where Aristotle was educated - here, Plato taught and wrote about his own ideas including the importance of reason - here, Plato taught that through rational thought people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how to organize society

answer

Academy

question

- school that Aristotle, student of Plato, created - here, students could study all of the branches of knowledge - many universities are based off this school and Aristotle's influence because when the first European universities evolved some 1,500 years later, their courses were based largely on the works and ideas of Aristotle

answer

Lyceum

question

- a moderate course between the extreme - one of Aristotle's theories that he developed in Athens, Greece - it was Aristotle's answer to his question of how people ought to live

answer

"Golden Mean"

question

- plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster - the greatest Athenian playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, who all wrote these - purpose of these were to stir up and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear - Examples: - Aeschylus' Oresteia has a family torn by betrayal, murder, and revenge, showing that even the powerful could be subject to horrifying misfortune - Sophocles' Antigone explored what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state

answer

Tragedy

question

- humorous plays that mocked people or customs - almost all surviving _____ were written by Aristophanes - Example: Aristophanes' Lysistrata shows the women of Athens banding together to force their husbands to end a war against Sparta - ridiculed individuals of the day and criticized society

answer

Comedy

question

- Athenian who wrote tragedy playwrights - wrote Antigone in which he explored what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state - in this play, Antigone's brother has been killed leading a rebellion, but King Creon forbids the brother to be buried, and she buries him and is killed

answer

Sophocles

question

- Athenian who wrote tragedy playwrights - wrote tragedy called Oresteia - in this play a powerful family is torn apart by betrayal, murder, and revenge, showing that powerful can experience misfortune too

answer

Aeschylus

question

- Athenian who wrote comedy playwrights - almost all surviving Greek comedies were written by ____ - wrote Lysistrata, in which he shows the women of Athens banding together to force their husbands to end a war against Sparta - the moral of the play was that fighting is not necessary

answer

Aristophanes

question

- "Father of History" in the Western world because he went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient legends - Before writing The Persian Wars, he visited many lands, collecting information from people who remembered the actual events he chronicles, stressing the importance of researching - he used the Greek word "historic," which means "inquiry" to define his work - he noted bias and conflicting accounts, but was bias toward the Greeks

answer

Herodotus

question

- another historian, a few years younger than Herodotus, who wrote about the Peloponnesian War - he lived through the war and vividly described the war's energy and corrupting influence on all those involved - although he was Athenian, he tried to be fair to both sides, teaching people to avoid bias

answer

Thucydides

question

- took over the Macedonian empire over when he father died - took over most of Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt - he died at the age of 32 because of a fever - legacy: - founded many new cities - encouraged the work of scholars - women were given more rights through him and his successors

answer

Alexander the Great

question

- lived in Thebes, had come to admire Greek culture, and later hired Aristotle as a tutor to his young son Alexander - gained the thrown in 359 B.C. and dreamed of conquering the prosperous Greek city-states - built a superb and powerful army - through threats, bribery, and diplomacy, he formed alliances with many Greek city states and conquered others - in 338 B.C., when Athens and Thebes joined forces against him, he defeated them at the battle of Chaeronea - assassinated before he could conquer the Persian empire

answer

Philip II

question

- the murder of a public figure, usually for political reasons - Philip II was _______ at his daughter's wedding - after Philip II was ________, his queen, Olympias, outmaneuvered his other wives and children to put her own son, Alexander, on the throne

answer

Assassination

question

- weak Persian emperor who controlled the 2,000 miles from Egypt to India which belonged to the Persian empire - the provinces were often in rebellion against ___ which led to Persia no longer being the great power it had once been - Alexander the Great defeated his army at the Granicus River - before Alexander the Great could capture him, he was murdered

answer

Darius III

question

- to absorb - Alexander and generals who succeeded him founded cities; therefore, with Greek soldier, trader, and artisans settling in these new cities, they had to ____ to the local customs - the local people of these new cities ____ to the Greek temples, statues, and athletic contests that were brought into the new cities

answer

Assimilate

question

- at the heart of the Hellenistic world stood this city, the cultural capital - locate on the sea lanes between Europe and Asia - had markets of many goods, like Greek marble, Arabian spices, and East African ivory - a Greek architect drew up the plans for this city which had a population of a million people - had the great Museum, a center for learning, where there were laboratories, lecture halls, and a zoo - the library had thousands of scrolls representing the knowledge of the ancient world

answer

Alexandria, Egypt

question

- battle in which Philip II of Macedonia defeated Athens and Thebes in 338 B.C. - Philip II had conquered or formed alliances with many cities states, so when Athens and Thebes joined forces against him, he defeated them in the ____ - after the ____, Philip II brought all of Greece under his control

answer

Battle of Chaeronea

question

- on this plain near Arbela the Persians faced Alexander the Great - "Darius...had collected a huge army" and, "although outnumbered, Alexander's army was composed of well-trained veterans" - in the end, "Darius took fright and fled, thus sealing the fate of his empire" Works Cited: Frye, Richard N. "Darius." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2015. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

answer

Battle of Gaugamela

question

- new culture that blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences, was spread throughout the fallen Persian empire, and lasted from Alexander's death to about 100 A.D. - new philosophies include Stoicism, which urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought - improvements in math and astronomy were made by Pythagoras, Euclid, Aristarchus, Erathenes, and Archimedes - Hippocrates improved medical practices

answer

Hellenization

question

- "the horse of Alexander the Great" - when "Alexander offered to mount the horse...the animal willingly submitted to his guidance, though it had never before obeyed a rider" - "Alexander then conceived such an affection for ____ that he never rode any other horse, and ___ was never mounted by any other rider" - ____ "died in 326 B.C., when Alexander was in India, and was buried near the Hydaspes River. In honor of ____, Alexander founded a city over the grave" Works Cited: "Bucephalus." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2015. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

answer

Bucephalus

question

- made advances in math during the Hellenistic age - derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle - this formula is still used today

answer

Pythagoras

question

- most famous Hellenistic scientist who applied principles to make practical inventions - mastered the use of the lever and pulley - boasted, "Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand on, and I will move the world." - used his invention to draw a ship over the land

answer

Archimedes

question

- Greek physician who studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures - was around in the 400s B.C. - made an oath in which he set ethical standards for doctors such as, "help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with a view to injury and wrong." - doctors still take oath today similar to that of _____

answer

Hippocrates

question

- most influential philosophy that developed during the Hellenistic age do to the political turmoil - founded by Zeno, this philosophy urged people to avoid desires and disappointments by accepting calmly whatever life brought - members of this philosophy preached high moral standards, such as the idea of protecting the rights of fellow humans - members of this taught that all people, though unequal in society, were morally equal because all had the power of reason - the philosophy's teachings later influenced many Roman and Christian thinkers

answer

Stoicism

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